System Including Wind Turbine Research Articles

Investigation of the effects of synthetic wind speed parameters and wind speed distribution on system size and cost in hybrid renewable energy system design

The accuracy of wind speed data has an important impact on determining power output from a Hybrid Renewable Energy System including wind turbine. For a better estimation of energy price or payback period, it is crucial to determine both monthly average wind speed values and distribution parameters. Studies evaluating the sensitivity of wind speed distribution parameters concerning the optimal system size are lacking in the literature. This work fills the gap in the literature and for the first time, the effects of wind speed distribution parameters and wind speed distribution on the optimum system are statistically demonstrated. According to this case study, if these parameters are not set correctly, the Cost of Energy may be faulty between −14.024% and +37.804% for the Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery-Inverter system, may be faulty between −19.024% and +97.05% for the Wind-Battery-Inverter system and may be faulty between −56.437% and +65.250% for the Wind-Inverter system. When the default distribution parameters of the HOMER software are used, the errors are −0.609%, −18.30%, −34.215% respectively. This study reveals that in addition to monthly average wind speed values, distribution parameters should be chosen as accurately as possible. The innovative aspect of this work is the statistical presentation of how synthetic wind speed distribution can affect Hybrid Renewable Energy System sizing and at the same time Cost of Energy. Its importance is that it provides more precise results by guiding optimization studies using synthetic meteorological data, which is a popular field of study.

Decentralized Robust Control of a Coupled Wind Turbine and Diesel Engine Generator System

This paper presents the design of a robust decentralized controller for the frequency and active power control of a single stand-alone (off-grid) mechanically-coupled generator system including wind turbine and diesel engine generator subsystems. Two robust decentralized controllers are designed and optimized for the two subsystems by using the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> -synthesis technique. The decentralized controllers address the mechanical coupling between the two subsystems without communicating with each other. In addition, both controllers are designed in such a way that they are robust against the concurrent variations of all the system parameters, which in turn improves the frequency and power control performances significantly. Simulation results indicate that the proposed decentralized controllers have a better performance as compared to the benchmark decentralized model predictive controllers and decentralized linear-quadratic Gaussian controllers. It is also demonstrated that the proposed control scheme is able to damp out mild and large disturbances originating from the load and wind power changes, and has an acceptable robust performance against the concurrent variations in all parameters of the system.

Optimization dispatching of isolated island microgrid based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm

Aiming at the microgrid system including wind turbine, microgas turbine, diesel generator, fuel cell and battery under the isolated island mode, the optimization dispatching model was established by taking the comprehensive cost considering economy and environmental protection as the objective function and combining with the constraints of system power balance and output limit of each unit. In view of the prematurity and convergence problems of the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm, an improved PSO algorithm with adaptive inertia weight and contraction factor is proposed to enhance the global and local search capability of the algorithm. Finally, the simulation analysis is carried out based on the operation data of typical daily island microgrid. The results show that the improved PSO algorithm adopted in this paper effectively reduces the comprehensive target cost and achieves good optimization effect.

Novel load frequency control scheme for an interconnected two-area power system including wind turbine generation and redox flow battery

This paper presents a novel load frequency control (LFC) model for an interconnected thermal two-area power system in the presence of wind turbine generation and redox flow battery (RFB). The study model includes frequency and voltage excitation loops with needed interactions between them along with the power system stabilizer. A two-degree of freedom (2DOF)-based controller called 2DOF-Hybrid controller is developed as secondary controller in automatic generation control (AGC) to adjust the power outputs of generator and RFB. Also, the dynamic performance of the proposed controller in the RFB loop is evaluated. The Hybrid controller comprises a fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller and a tilt-integral-derivative (TID) controller. In order to obtain accurate and realistic results, the outputs of thermal power plants are restricted by considering the limitations of the governor dead-band and generation rate constraint. Since the controller performance depends on its parameters, these parameters are optimized using a modified sine–cosine algorithm (MSCA). The dynamic performance of the proposed 2DOF-Hybrid controller as secondary controller of the AGC loop is compared with integral-double-derivative (IDD), integral-tilt-derivative, proportion-integral–derivative (PID)-DD, 2DOF-PID, 2DOF-TID, and 2DOF-FOPID ones under different scenarios. In addition, the superiority of the MSCA is compared with benchmark metaheuristic methods including an SCA, a genetic algorithm, a particle swarm optimization, and a differential evolution. The sensitivity analysis is also carried out to show the robustness of the proposed controller versus the changes of the parameters. The simulation studies on two-area and New England 39-bus power systems are carried out to examine the advantage of the presented LFC scheme. A range of power system signals such as frequencies of areas, terminal voltages, and tie-line power flow is demonstrated to compare the controllers. The results disclose that the proposed LFC scheme provides better dynamic performance compared to other ones. Moreover, RFB modeling based on the proposed controller is superior to conventional RFB modeling in reducing the amplitude of the oscillations.

Fractional Order PID Controller for DC Link Voltage Regulation in Hybrid System Including Wind Turbine- and Battery Packs- Experimental Validation

This paper presents a fractional order PID (FOPID) to control the operation of a stand-alone hybrid energy system with a wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a battery bank. In order to maintain the DC-link voltage at its reference value, regardless the variation in wind speed and load impedance a FOPID controller using a DC-DC buck-boost converter fed by a lead acid battery bank is used. The line to line AC output voltage regulation based on PID controller to supply RL load with constant amplitude and frequency has been achieved. The proposed FOPID controller is examined through simulation using MATLAB-simulink and experimentally via an experimental test bench under step change variation of wind speed and load impedance. The obtained simulation and experimental results using FOPID controller show better performances than the conventional PID regulator in terms of less settling time and lower overshoot in the transient state as well as a minimum steady state oscillation.

Parallel Fuzzy Logic and PI Controller for Transient Stability and Voltage Regulation of Power System Including Wind Turbine

Parallel Fuzzy Logic and PI Controller for Transient Stability and Voltage Regulation of Power System Including Wind Turbine

Fractional order PID controller for DC link voltage regulation in hybrid system including wind turbine- and battery packs-experimental validation

Fractional order PID controller for DC link voltage regulation in hybrid system including wind turbine- and battery packs-experimental validation

A Harmonics Elimination Method Using a Three-Winding Transformer for HVDC Transmission Systems

A high-voltage dc (HVdc) transmission system including wind turbine generating systems has been proposed. In the system, the thyristor converter and inverter are used in the same way as in traditional HVdc transmission systems. Hence, the system is suitable for large-scale wind farms and it has high reliability. However, since the traditional HVdc transmission systems generate harmonic currents, a large number of ac filters with capacitors are required. In this paper, a novel harmonics elimination method using a three-winding transformer for the HVdc transmission systems without capacitors is proposed. The theory of the proposed method is discussed and the simulation model of the system is derived first. The method is confirmed through theoretical and experimental investigations to be effective when a static load is connected to the output terminal of the system. It is shown that the proposed method is useful to eliminate harmonic distortions generated at the inverter. Finally, current waveforms and voltage waveforms of the system when a receiving-end grid is connected to the output terminal of the system are discussed.

A Study on Capacity Credit and ESS Evaluation for WTG and Multi-ESS in Power System

This paper proposes a new method for evaluating Effective Load Carrying Capability (ELCC) and Capacity Credit (CC) of a power system including Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) combined with Multi Energy Storage System (ESS). The WTG can only generate electrical power when the wind is available. Because of the fluctuation of wind speed, WTG generates intermittent power. In the reliability viewpoint of power system, the intermittent power of WTG is similar to the probabilistic characteristics based on the on-off power due to the mechanical availability of conventional generators. Therefore, high penetration of WTG will cause difficulties in power system operation. The high penetration of numerous and large capacity WTG can risk the power system adequacy, quality, and stability. This study develops a new method to assess how much the penetration of WTG can be extended when WTG is combined with ESS. This paper demonstrates various case studies of ELCC and CC of a power system containing WTG combined with Multi ESSs using a model system similar to Jeju island power system in Korea.

Power management for hybrid distributed generation systems

The design of a new power management tool able to manage the power flow from different renewable energy sources is proposed in this paper. PV and wind are the primary power sources for the system, and a fuel cell with electrolyser and batteries are used as reserve. The designed controller purpose is to manage power flows among the different energy systems and to assure a continuous supply of load. Modelling and simulation of the various energy sources of distributed generation (DG) systems including wind turbine (WT), fuel cell-electrolyser (FC), photovoltaic (PV) and battery are developed. The coordination controller is designed based on the criteria of providing the load demand and the excess power is used either to produce hydrogen through electrolyser for the FC or to store it in battery. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment and the results show satisfactory performance of the coordination scheme to satisfy the load requirements.

에너지저장장치와 결합한 WTG를 포함하는 전력계통의 Capacity Credit 평가 및 ESS 적정규모 평가방안

This paper proposes a new method for evaluating Effective Load Carrying Capability(ELCC) and capacity credit(C.C.) of power system including Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) combined with Battery Energy Storage System(BESS). WTG can only generate electricity power when the fuel(wind) is available. Because of fluctuation of wind speed, WTG generates intermittent power. In view point of reliability of power system, intermittent power of WTG is similar with probabilistic characteristics based on power on-off due to mechanical availability of conventional generator. Therefore, high penetration of WTG will occur difficulties in power operation. The high penetration of numerous and large capacity WTG can make risk to power system adequacy, quality and stability. Therefore, the penetration of WTG is limited in the world. In recent, it is expected that BESS installed at wind farms may smooth the wind power fluctuation. This study develops a new method to assess how much is penetration of WTG able to extended when Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) is combined with Battery Energy Storage System(BESS). In this paper, the assessment equation of capacity credit of WTG combined with BESS is formulated newly. The simulation program, is called GNRL_ESS, is developed in this study. This paper demonstrates a various case studies of ELCC and capacity credit(C.C.) of power system containing WTG combined with BESS using model system as similar as Jeju island power system. The case studies demonstrate that not only reasonable BESS capacity for a WTG but also permissible penetration percent of WTG combined with BESS and reasonable WTG capacity for a BESS can be decided.

A Novel Optimized Fuzzy Approach Based on Monte Carlo Method for System Load, Wind Turbine and Photovoltaic Unit Uncertainty Modeling in Unit Commitment

Developing usage of renewable resources, such as wind turbine and photovoltaic units, and their output uncertainty beside the system total load forecasting imprecision leads to the uncertainty of unit commitment solution. This article presents a new fuzzy approach for modeling of these uncertainty sources behavior in a power system including wind turbine, photovoltaic, and thermal units. For the first time, based on Monte Carlo simulation, a new concept called Monte Carlo mismatch index is proposed as a criterion for uncertainty modeling precision, which is used as a fitness function for optimization of the proposed fuzzy system parameters by genetic algorithm. Then this stochastic-optimized fuzzy system is applied for uncertainty modeling. The fuzzy system output is that part of the power system total load, which should be distributed among thermal units. Then, this output is fed to a crisp unit commitment program based on particle swarm optimization. Finally, optimal thermal units generation cost and scheduling is presented and the proposed method performance is compared with other uncertainty modeling methods.

풍력발전기와 BESS를 결합한 전력계통의 공급신뢰도 기여함수

This paper presents a study on reliability assessment and new contribution function development of power system including Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) combined with Battery Energy Storage System(BESS). This paper develops and proposes new reliability contribution function of BESS installed at wind farms. The methodology of reliability assessment, using Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS) method to simulate sample state duration, is proposed in detail. Forced Outage Rate(FOR) considered probabilistic approach for conventional generators is modelled in this paper. The penetration of large wind power can make risk to power system adequacy, quality and stability. Although the fluctuation of wind power, BESS installed at wind farms may smooth the wind power fluctuation. Using small size system as similar as Jeju island power system, a case study of reliability evaluation and new proposed contribution function of power system containing WTG combined with BESS is demonstrated in this paper, which would contributes to BESS reliability contribution and assessment tools of actual power system in future.

Reliability Contribution Function considering Wind Turbine Generators and Battery Energy Storage System in Power System

Abstract: This paper presents a study on reliability assessment and new contribution function development of power system including Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) combined with Battery Energy Storage System(BESS). This paper develops and proposes new reliability contribution function of BESS installed at wind farms. The methodology of reliability assessment, using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method to simulate sample state duration, is proposed in detail. Forced Outage Rate(FOR) considered probabilistic approach for conventional generators is modelled in this paper. The high penetration of wind power can make risk to power system adequacy, quality and stability. Although the fluctuation of wind power, BESS installed at wind farms may smooth the wind power fluctuation. Using similar size model system as Korea power system, a case study of reliability evaluation and new proposed contribution function of power system containing WTG combined with BESS is demonstrated in this paper, which would contributes to BESS reliability contribution and assessment tools of actual power system in future.

DFIG 풍력터빈이 연계된 전력계통의 CCT 영향분석

풍력발전시스템은 기존의 발전시스템과 매우 다르다. 그러므로 전력계통에 풍력시스템을 연계하기 위해서는 동적특성에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 풍력발전기의 안정도해석은 전력계통의 운영에 있어서 중요 쟁점이다. 기존의 동기발전기만으로 구성된 전력계통의 위상각 안정도는 풍력발전기가 포함되면 그 결과가 달라진다. 즉, 풍력터빈에 연계된 발전기는 대부분 비동기인 유도발전기이기 때문이다. 위상각의 동기화 여부로 판별하는 위상각 안정도는 임계고장제거시간(CCT)을 계산하여 평가한다. 계통해석용 풍력터빈의 모델은 다양하여 그 해석에 어려움이 있으나 지금은 크게 4가지 타입으로 표준화가 되어있다. 본 논문에서는 PSS/E-32에서 제공하는 풍력터빈의 3번째 표준모델인 DFIG(Doubly-Fed induction Generator)모델을 이용하여 풍력단지가 연계된 전력계통의 CCT를 풍력단지의 위치와 용량을 고려하여 분석한다. Wind generation systems are very different in nature from conventional generation systems. Therefore it is necessary to research dynamic characteristics of wind generation systems connected to a power system. The stability analysis of wind turbine generator is an important issue in the operation of the power system. The result of angular stability of the power system that consists of only synchronous generators is different from that of the power system including wind turbine generators. This is due to the fact that generators connected to wind turbines are generally induction generators. The angular stability assessing synchronization of generators is determined by its corresponding critical clearing time(CCT). Wind turbine models for the analysis of power system are varied and difficult to use, but now these are standardized into four types. In this paper, the analysis of the CCT of the power system connected to wind farm considering the location and capacity is performed by using DFIG(Doubly-Fed induction Generator) wind turbine built-in type3 model in PSS/E-32.

DSM Considered Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation and an Information System for Power Systems Including Wind Turbine Generators

This paper proposes a methodology for evaluating the probabilistic reliability, considering demand side management (DSM) and Web based on a daily interval reliability information system for a grid constrained composite power system including wind turbine generators(WTG). The proposed model can consider capacity limitations and transmission line unavailabilities and the operation of WTG modeled by multi-states. The importance of renewable energy sources is growing at a rapid rate due to environmental concerns. A web based online daily time interval reliability integrated information system (WORRIS) is applied using the methodology proposed in this paper. This paper describes the architecture of the WORRIS Version 7.0 system.

Probabilistic Reliability Based Grid Expansion Planning of Power System Including Wind Turbine Generators

This paper proposes a new methodology for evaluating the probabilistic reliability based grid expansion planning of composite power system including the Wind Turbine Generators. The proposed model includes capacity limitations and uncertainties of the generators and transmission lines. It proposes to handle the uncertainties of system elements (generators, lines, transformers and wind resources of WTG, etc.) by a Composite power system Equivalent Load Duration Curve (CMELDC)-based model considering wind turbine generators (WTG). The model is derived from a nodal equivalent load duration curve based on an effective nodal load model including WTGs. Several scenarios are used to choose the optimal solution among various scenarios featuring new candidate lines. The characteristics and effectiveness of this simulation model are illustrated by case study using Jeju power system in South Korea.

The Research on Direct Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generator Vector Control

Direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator have the advantages of direct drive, simple structure, high efficiency and so on, in which make it become one of mainstream models within MW wind turbine presently. Making the direct drive permanent magnet wind power generation system as the main research object, based on the principle of the operating characteristics of direct drive permanent magnet synchronous wind generator ( DDPMG ), establish mathematical model of the whole system including wind turbine, direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator and machine side converter, applying the method of stator flux orientation to make the study of vector control strategy, to build the simulation model of direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator system with Matlab to simulate the operation of generator when wind speed changes by step, the results validate the reasonableness of the model and the correctness and feasibility of the control strategy.

Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation of Composite Power Systems Including Wind Turbine Generators

This paper proposes a new methodology for evaluating the probabilistic reliability of a grid constrained composite power system including wind turbine generators(WTG). The proposed model can consider capacity limitations and transmission line forced outage rates. The importance of renewable energy sources has been growing at a high rate as a result of being environment friendly. In particular, wind energy is one of the most successfully utilized such source to produce electrical energy. The random nature of wind speed can be incorporated in the evaluation by representing the WTG by multi state models. A simple case study shows in detail how it is used to perform a reliability evaluation study in proposed model.

Reliability-Based Grid Expansion Planning of Power Systems Considering Wind Turbine Generators

AbstractThis paper describes a new methodology for grid expansion planning considering the probabilistic reliability of a composite power system including wind turbine generators (WTG). The proposed model includes capacity limitations and transmission line unavailability. The importance of renewable energy sources has been growing at a rapid rate due to environmental concerns. In particular, wind energy is one of the most successfully utilized such source in producing electrical energy. The random nature of wind speed can be incorporated in the evaluation by representing the WTG as a multi-state model. This type of model comes from a nodal equivalent load duration curve based on a nodal effective load model developed in recent years. In this paper, a heuristic method is used to search for the best reliability level among various scenarios with candidate lines.