Exercise System Research Articles

A Systematic Map of Non-Clinical Evidence Syntheses Published Globally on COVID-19.

Evidence syntheses perform rigorous investigations of the primary literature and they have played a vital role in generating evidence-based recommendations for governments worldwide during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, there has not yet been an attempt to organize them by topic and other characteristics. This study performed a systematic mapping exercise of non-clinical evidence syntheses pertaining to Covid-19. This study conducted a systematic search on December 5, 2020 across 10 databases and servers: CINAHL (EBSCO Information Services, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States), Embase (Elsevier, Aalborg, Denmark), Global Health (EBSCO Information Services, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States), Healthstar (NICHSR and AHA, Bethesda, United States), MEDLINE (NLM, Bethesda, United States), PsychINFO (APA, Washington, DC, United States), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, London, UK), Research Square (Research Square, Durham, North Carolina), MEDRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, United States), and PROSPERO (NIHR, York, United Kingdom). Only full evidence syntheses published in a peer-reviewed journal or preprint server were included. This study classified all evidence syntheses in the following topics: health service delivery (n = 280), prevention and behavior (n = 201), mental health (n = 140), social epidemiology (n = 31), economy (n = 22), and environment (n = 19). This study provides a comprehensive resource of all evidence syntheses categorized according to topic. This study proposes the following research priorities: governance, the impact of Covid-19 on different populations, the effectiveness of prevention and control methods across contexts, mental health, and vaccine hesitancy.

PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF A DOCTOR's PERSONALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The impact of the pandemic on public health has caused numerous negative consequences. In this regard, the study of the state of psychological health of the personality of a medical worker becomes very relevant. The aim of the study is to investigate the manifestations of the psychological health of a doctor's personality in the conditions of epidemiological uncertainty and to suggest ways to strengthen it. Research hypothesis: doctors who do not systematically engage in moderate physical activity have a lower psychological health status of their personality, compared to those groups where more doctors regularly use physical activity. The study involved 294 doctors in 16 specialties: obstetrics and gynecology, anesthesiology and resuscitation, cardiology, neurology, psychiatry, therapy, pediatrics, dermatovenerology, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, radiology, surgery, oncology, traumatology and orthopedics, dentistry, pharmacy management and economics. For the diagnosis, the questionnaire of pronounced psychopathological symptoms SCL-90 was used, which allows to identify dysfunctional changes in the psyche and the degree of manifestation of the qualities and states of psychological health of the individual. Quantitative data were statistically processed using the IBM SPSS computer program. It is shown that depression, anxiety and hostility are less pronounced in doctors who regularly engage in physical activity, compared with doctors who do not find time for systematic exercise. As a result, the components of psychological health of the personality are better in the first group of doctors. Thus, the systematic use of moderate physical activity can be proposed as one of the ways to preserve and strengthen the psychological health of an individual in conditions of uncertainty.

Demonstrating the Value of Systems Engineering as the Professional Standard of Care

AbstractOne of the most difficult challenges systems engineers face when attempting to introduce or expand the application of systems engineering (SE) is the demonstration of the systems engineering value. As SE is an upfront investment that may not pay dividends before sometime in the possibly distant future, business leaders unfamiliar with the process can be skeptical about the value of SE, especially in industries where SE is still an emerging discipline without a proven track record.Sometimes, however, the value of systems engineering can be demonstrated by the increased risk of NOT applying systems engineering, for example the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (CA/T), commonly known as the Big‐Dig. Designed and built between 1982 and 2007, it was the most expensive highway project in the US at the time (approx. $21 billion in 2020 dollars), and was plagued by thousands of water leaks, design flaws, charges of poor execution, use of substandard materials and other issues, which eventually led to the death of a motorist and criminal arrests (Wiki, 2020, NTSB, 2006). The project managing consortium agreed to pay $407 million in restitution and several smaller companies agreed to pay a combined sum of approximately $51 million (AP, 2008). The settlement agreement included a statement of facts as the basis for liability, specifically addressing several areas of construction management oversight failures, including the use of non‐specified material, the use of substandard materials, as well as ignored observations of failing epoxy bolt load tests (AP, 2008). The consortium was paid more than $2 billion in fees (AP, 2008) that would have resulted in approximately $160M in profit (applying an 8% profit target). Looking at this project purely from an ROI perspective, however, the consortium not only lost all profit, but faced an additional $247M ($407M ‐ $160M) in losses.The issues identified above are typically addressed in construction specifications describing in detail the scope of work, materials, installation, and quality of workmanship. The Big Dig example should provide a cautionary tale of the risks associated with managing and overseeing construction projects, such as infrastructure, transportation, water, energy, or other projects.This paper describes the application of systems engineering principles to construction specifications in a large infrastructure project using a case study approach. The paper demonstrates the systematic exercise of a reasonable level of care, diligence, and skill, commonly described as the professional standard of care, thereby demonstrating the value of systems engineering as a successful liability protection and risk mitigation strategy.

ФИТНЕС-АЭРОБИКА КАК ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ СТУДЕНТОК В ВУЗЕ

Statement of the problem. The state of health of the population of Russia (especially the younger generation) is of national importance. At the present stage, it is noted that over the past 10–15 years, the health of student youth in the Russian Federation has significantly deteriorated – almost 2 times. Herewith, the quantity of healthy students decreases and the number of students with a low level of health increases every year. It is noted that the content of the existing generally accepted traditional training programs for the physical education of girls studying at universities does not provide a full-fledged solution to the problems of improving their physical health. The purpose of the article is to develop a technology for the use of health-improving fitness-aerobics to improve the health of female university students. Methodology of the research consists of analysis and synthesis of regulatory documents in the field of higher education, works of foreign and Russian researchers. Research results. The use of health-improving fitness-aerobics in physical education of female university students provides better improvement of their physical health than general physical training. Conclusion. The effect of using this technology is realized in a more complete use of the potential of female students in their physical education. This is expressed in improving physical health, working capacity, increasing motivation for systematic physical exercises and the formation of their stable need for improvement.

Evaluation of Third Degree Football Referees’ Physical Fitness at the Referees’ Football Training Centre in Baghdad City

Background: The link between physical fitness and systematic training in the referees training center is one of the important basics that every athlete must follow in any sporting activity. The shortage in the level of physical fitness as a result of not following the systematic exercises of the third class referees in the training center for football referees in the city of Baghdad led to the decline of their practical level in terms of physical fitness and the important elements that follow physical fitness.Aims of the study: The present study aims at evaluating third degree football referees’ physical fitness at the Football Referee Training Centre in Baghdad City.Methodology: Quasi-experimental design, using one group test-retest approach, is carried throughout the present study for the period of 25 \ October \ 2019 to 10 \ March \ 2021. Non-probability, convenient sample of (40) third degree football referee while they are attending the Referees’ Football Training Centre for the purpose of training. All subjects who have agreed to participate in the study have signed consent form for maintenance of their confidentiality and ethical considerations. Self-report questionnaire is constructed out of the program for the purpose of the study. Such instrument is comprised of two parts; part I: Socio-demographic Information which include age, education, body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES) and part II: Third Degree Football Referees’ Physical Fitness Scale. Content validity of the questionnaire is determined through panel of experts and test-retest reliability for equivalence is obtained throughout a pilot study.Results: Results of the study depict that physical fitness of third degree football referees have dramatically and positively changed while they are involved in the training center. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between these referees’ physical fitness and their socio-demographic characteristics of age, education, body mass index and socioeconomic status.Conclusion: The study concludes that the third degree football referees’ physical fitness has been positively changed as a matter of pursuing benefits out of the training.Recommendations: The study recommends that regular and periodic investigations should be carried out to monitor the third degree referees’ physical fitness and further research can be conducted on the same topic with wide-range sample size, variety of variables and different settings.

INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHOFUNCTIONAL INDICES OF STUDENT YOUTH

The article reveals the influence of physical exercises on the development of morpho-functional indicators of student youth. It was found that in students who regularly exercise, physical development indicators are within normal limits. In addition, exercise improves the psychological state of those who engage, increases motivation for physical education, improves well-being.
 The modern focus on the creative assimilation of physical culture by the future specialist requires an orderly system of effectiveness on his intellectual, emotional, volitional and practical activities. This allows us to talk about physical education as an important way of forming a personality, citizen and future specialist, purposeful pedagogical process of involving student youth in the values of national physical culture. The purpose of physical education in higher education - the formation of physical culture of personality, creation conditions for general and professional training of students and increase on this basis of intellectual, creative and cultural wealth of the state. Achieving this goal involves the formation of the necessary motivational core of physical education and self-education, systematic physical culture and sports activities and development of physical abilities.
 It is known that movements are the final expression of almost all processes occurring in the body. Unmet need for muscle activity has negative consequences for the functional state of the body and physical performance. Systematic physical exercises for a long period of time naturally lead to specific changes in the physical development of students. At the same time, the data of physical development studies become especially important when they are associated with indicators of the functional state of the organism, its efficiency and preparedness.

A single bout of hybrid intradialytic exercise did not affect left-ventricular function in exercise-naïve dialysis patients: a randomized, cross-over trial.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, especially those receiving hemodialysis (HD) therapy. HD has many side effects that are related to patients' hearts, such as recurrent myocardial ischemia and global or segmental left-ventricular dysfunction, which is associated with intradialytic hypotension, long-term loss of systolic function, and high incidence of cardiovascular events and death. Systematic exercise training has a beneficial effect on measures of cardiovascular fitness and reducing cardiovascular risk factors in ESRD. Whether there is an acute benefit of exercise during HD on left-ventricular function is not well known. The current study aimed to investigate whether a single bout of hybrid (aerobic and resistance) intradialytic exercise could affect left-ventricular function during HD sessions. Twenty-one exercise naïve and clinically stable HD patients participated in the study. All participants completed two different HD trials on two different days, separated by 1 week: (1) standard HD and (2) HD including a single bout of hybrid intradialytic exercise. Hybrid intradialytic training included the usual intradialytic cycling followed by resistance training using elastic bands and dumbbells. Echocardiographic assessment of left-ventricular function was completed before HD, half an hour before the end of HD, and 30min after the end of HD. Cohort data for left-ventricular function indices were not different between trials and did not change across time in either the standard HD or HD plus exercise trial. Cohort data for the change in ejection fraction from baseline to during HD did mask considerable inter-individual variability (HD -0 ± 15; HD plus exercise (-2 ± 20). Despite this, the variability was not mediated by the addition of intradialytic hybrid exercise. A single bout of hybrid intradialytic exercise did not affect left-ventricular function during the HD therapy. It is important to determine whether chronic exercise training could beneficially affect left-ventricular function abnormalities often observed during the HD therapy. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01721551) as a clinical trial.

Η σχέση της μουσικής εκπαίδευσης με τις φωνολογικές και αναγνωστικές δεξιότητες μαθητών προσχολικής και πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the training of morphological awareness of spelling words by 27 students following 4th and 6th grades of a primary school. They were compared with a group of 26 classmates who did not take part in the intervention. All students were assessed via standardized tests of spelling and reading comprehension and non-standardized tests of analogy and meaning of compounds. The intervention included a pre-test, an educational program and a post-test. Experimental material entailed compound words categorized into two conditions of morphophonological transparency (transparent/ non-transparent) and two conditions of compositionality (Modern Greek/Ancient Greek morphemes). Results showed that the systematic exercise of the morphological structure of words improved students' spelling performance in every compound type. Considerably, non-transparent items entailing ancient morphemes received the highest gains, where students presented the lowest performance before intervention. These findings underline the importance of morphological awareness in the acquisition of spelling of morphologically complex vocabulary, whose teaching is important in the highest grades of primary school.

Η επίδραση των μορφοφωνολογικών αλλαγών στην καλλιέργεια της ορθογραφικής δομής των σύνθετων λέξεων: μια μελέτη παρέμβασης

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the training of morphological awareness of spelling words by 27 students following 4th and 6th grades of a primary school. They were compared with a group of 26 classmates who did not take part in the intervention. All students were assessed via standardized tests of spelling and reading comprehension and non-standardized tests of analogy and meaning of compounds. The intervention included a pre-test, an educational program and a post-test. Experimental material entailed compound words categorized into two conditions of morphophonological transparency (transparent/ non-transparent) and two conditions of compositionality (Modern Greek/Ancient Greek morphemes). Results showed that the systematic exercise of the morphological structure of words improved students' spelling performance in every compound type. Considerably, non-transparent items entailing ancient morphemes received the highest gains, where students presented the lowest performance before intervention. These findings underline the importance of morphological awareness in the acquisition of spelling of morphologically complex vocabulary, whose teaching is important in the highest grades of primary school.

Exercise-Induced MicroRNA Regulation in the Mice Nervous System is Maintained After Activity Cessation.

Physical exercise can improve synaptic function and protect the nervous system against many diseases by altering gene regulation. MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as vital regulators of gene expression and protein synthesis not only in the muscular system, but also in the brain. Here we investigated whether exercise-induced miRs expression in the nervous and muscular systems is activity-dependent or it remains regulated even after exercise cessation. The expression profile of miR-1, -16, and -206 was monitored by RT-PCR in the dorsal root ganglion, in the spinal cord dorsal and ventral horn, and in the soleus muscle of mice after 5 weeks of swimming training and after swimming exercise followed by 4 weeks of sedentary conditions. Control animals consisted of mice that swan daily for 30s during the 5-weeks training period, returning to the non-swimming activity for additional 4 weeks. After exercise, miR-1 was upregulated in all tissues investigated. However, the upregulation of miR-1 continued significantly high in both aspects of the spinal cord and in the soleus muscle. The expression profiles of miR-16, and -206 were increased only in the nervous system. However, miR-16 upregulation persisted in the DRG and in the spinal cord after exercise interruption, whereas miR-206 continued upregulated only in the spinal cord ventral horn. Exercise training can cause long-lasting changes in the expression of miRs independently of exercise maintenance. Spatial and temporal expression of miRs is to some extent dependent on this activity. The data raised a new conceptual hypothesis on the biogenesis of miRs, indicating that long-lasting and systematic exercise can potentially cause irreversible miR regulation after activity cessation.

16주간의 유연성 운동과 저항성 운동이 노인여성의 혈압, 혈중지질 및 신체조성에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of flexibility exercise versus resistance exercise on blood pressure, blood lipid and body composition in elderly women. A total of 28 elderly women in B metropolitan city were of flexibility exercise group(n=9), resistance exercise group(n=10), and control group(n=9). The flexibility exercise group used to stretching exercise(1-8 weeks in 25-34 %HRR, 11-13 RPE, 9-16weeks in 30-34 %HRR, 12-13 RPE), the resistance exercise group used dumbbell(1-8weeks in 13-14 RPE, 9-16weeks 14-15 RPE) three times a week for 16 weeks. This study used two-away AVOVA repeated measures, paired t-test. Post-hoc was Scheffe test and significant level was set to .05 The results of this study were as follows; Triglycerides(TG) and HDL - Cholesterol(HDL - C) had main effect(p<.05) in flexibility exercise group(FEG). Systolic pressure, %FAT had main effect(p<.05), (p<.001) in resistance exercise group(REG) each. Weight had main effect (p<.01) in control group(CG). The changes of weight in the control group(CG) was occurred due to the limitation of the physical activity causing the decrease in both fat and muscle. The result that the impact of the low intensity flexibility exercise is more effective if the duration of the period longer will be featured in various aspects according to the intensity and the way of the regular physical activities. considering the Instruction of the exercise improves the basal-metabolic rate of the energy, about 4 months of regular flexibiliy exercise and resistance exercise affects positively in the variation of the body composition, blood lipid and blood pressure of the elderly women. Further research will be needed to study changes in blood pressure, blood lipid and body composition through the development of more long-term and systematic flexibility exercise and resistance exercise program for elderly women.

Use of acceptable daily intake (ADI) as a health-based benchmark in nutrition research studies that consider the safety of low-calorie sweeteners (LCS): a systematic map

BackgroundIt is well-recognized that consumers face many challenges in understanding and applying nutritional guidance for low-calorie sweeteners (LCS). Thus, this research aims to (1) assess how benchmarks for safe levels of consumption of LCS are utilized by researchers, and (2) understand how varying use of such benchmarks may contribute to challenges in understanding and applying nutritional guidance for LCS consumption.MethodsA systematic mapping exercise was employed to characterize when and how acceptable daily intake (ADI) values are used as health-based benchmarks in nutrition research studies that consider the safety of LCS.ResultsBased on results from charting 121 studies, our findings demonstrate that comparisons of LCS intake to an ADI derived by an authoritative body have been made in a diverse set of published literature, varying widely in their objectives, approaches, and populations of interest. The majority of studies compared the ADI to intake in a population under study; these represent the type of comparison that is most consistent with the intent of the ADI. Other applications of the ADI included use as a benchmark in experimental studies, risk-benefit analyses, and metabolism studies.ConclusionAlthough most instances of ADI use were reasonable within the context of the individual studies’ objectives, the diversity in use by original-study authors amplifies the continued need for development of “best practices” regarding the use and interpretation of the ADIs in current research. Using comparisons to the ADI can be a helpful way to provide context to research findings. However, in doing so, it is important that researchers utilize the value in a manner specific with its intent, as the ADI is a metric that represents an estimate of the amount of a substance that can be consumed daily over a lifetime without presenting an appreciable risk to health.

ROLE IN A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE OF THE GROWING GENERATION - PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONTROL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUPILS

The article states that systematic physical exercises and sports have an impact not only on the physical health of a person, but also on the development of his personality. Raising generations of physically and morally healthy people is one of the most important tasks facing the school.

Integration of medical device design training in clinical teaching - A case study

Dental practitioners often encounter situations that require customising the prosthesis to satisfy the needs of patients. Artificial devices called dental appliances or prosthesis is custom fabricated for the functional, aesthetic, and psychological wellbeing of patients (Chu et al. 2013). The patient’s complaints may vary from missing natural teeth to extensive maxillofacial defects, and there is no single best rehabilitative therapy for these conditions. Designing our product is the choice, and this demands adaptive expertise, i.e., the ability to generate potential solutions (Mylopoulos et al. 2018). Maxillofacial Prosthodontics applies a variety of learning methods like systematic simulation laboratory exercises, See One, Do One, Teach One (SODOTO method), and supervised clinical practice to train the routine technical skills and clinical practice. To maximise the outcomes in the complex prosthetic treatment, the course specialists designed an “Interdisciplinary Device Development program (IDDP)”—a value-added course for the postgraduates in collaboration with the Biomedical Instrumentation Engineering Faculty of our Institution. IDDP is the first of its kind challenge-based learning model in Dentistry that uses innovations to deal with rehabilitation care beyond routine practice. This paper aims to present our IDDP model and programme outcomes.

A positive psychology intervention to promote health outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: the PATH proof-of-concept trial.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients often experience deficits in positive psychological well-being (PPWB) due to intensive treatment and follow-up care. Positive psychology interventions (PPIs) that promote PPWB via deliberate and systematic exercises (e.g., writing a gratitude letter) have consistently improved PPWB in medical populations, yet have never been studied in early HSCT recovery. In this single-arm, proof-of-concept study, we assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a novel eight-session, telephone-delivered PPI in early HSCT recovery. A priori, we defined feasibility as >50% of eligible patients enrolling in the study and >50% of participants completing 5/8 sessions, and acceptability as mean ease and utility scores of weekly participant ratings of PP exercises as 7/10. Of 45 eligible patients, 25 (55.6%) enrolled, 20 (80%) completed baseline assessments, 15 (75%) started the intervention, and 12 (60%) completed the intervention and follow-up assessments. The intervention was feasible (55.6% of eligible participants enrolled; 60% of baseline assessment completers finished 5/8 sessions) and led to very small-to-medium effect-size improvements in patient-reported outcomes. A novel, eight-week, telephone-delivered PPI was feasible and acceptable in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Larger, randomized studies are needed to examine the efficacy of PPIs for improving outcomes in this population.

Embedding researchers into organisations: a study of the features of embedded research initiatives

Background: ‘Embedded research’ (co-locating researchers within non-academic organisations) is advocated as a way of developing more effective services through better creation and application of knowledge. Aims and objectives: The existing literature on embedded initiatives has largely been descriptive. There has been less in the way of analysis, for example, disaggregating the components of such schemes, unpacking underpinning logics, or comparing the diverse ways in which schemes are instantiated. We aimed to explore the nature and organisation of such schemes in health settings in the UK, with the objective of providing a systematised means of understanding their makeup. Methods: This study uses a focused literature review combined with a systematic scoping exercise of extant initiatives. We assembled documentation on each scheme (n=45) and conducted in-depth interviews in twelve of them (n=17). Analytically, we focused on surfacing and articulating the key features of embedded research initiatives in relation to their intent, structure and processes. Findings were then tested and validated during a co-production workshop with embedded researchers and their managers. Findings: We identified 26 ‘clusters’ of peer-reviewed papers detailing specific embedded research initiatives, and we explored 45 extant initiatives. The initiatives were varied in intent, structure and processes, but we were able to surface ten themes representing common features: intended outcomes, power dynamics, scale, involvement, proximity, belonging, functional activities, skill and expertise, relational roles, and learning and reflection. Discussion and conclusion: The themes uncovered can be used as a framework for guiding further systematic and evaluative enquiry on embedded research initiatives.

Detection of sports energy consumption based on IoTs and cloud computing

In the fields of sports training, nutrition, labour physiology, etc., the research of exercise volume and energy consumption has received great attention. However, many current methods for detecting exercise energy consumption are not low-precision, and their operation and realization are relatively difficult. Through cloud services and Internet of Things (IoTs), it can directly provide sports training athletes with monitoring of sports energy consumption. Establishing an effective data model can realize rapid query and accurate response of large-scale complex sports energy consumption data. Therefore, according to the current survey of exercise energy consumption detection, this research studied the use of new technologies, that is, IoTs and cloud computing to detect sports energy consumption, proposed the IoTs architecture model and cloud computing model for sports energy consumption detection, and the method of data collection in the process of exercise energy consumption detection was given. Moreover, this study also studied the accuracy of the system's exercise energy consumption detection results. The research results showed that the sports energy consumption detection system in view of IoTs and cloud computing designed in this research had an error of less than 2%, which has high accuracy.

How do natural changes in flow magnitude affect fish abundance and diversity in temperate regions? A systematic review protocol

Abstract Natural flow regimes play important roles in maintaining the ecological integrity and diversity of aquatic ecosystems. Wildlife has adapted over time to the natural dynamics of their environment, including changes in flow regimes. Changes in flow, including changes in magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and rate of change, may affect the physical characteristics of aquatic habitats, access to habitats, food availability, population dynamics and community composition. Given the importance of natural flow regimes for fish, it is necessary to understand the extent to which natural flow regimes alter fish abundance and diversity. Here we present a protocol for a systematic review that will estimate how fish abundance and diversity are affected by natural variation (resulting from climatic variability and broad‐scale drivers such as climate‐induced change) in flow. This systematic review will use evidence published before 2016 that was identified in a recent systematic mapping exercise on the broader topic of flow regime change impacts (both natural and anthropogenic) on direct outcomes of freshwater or estuarine fish productivity. An updated English language search will be performed using six bibliographic databases, Google Scholar and networking tools to include commercially published and grey literature that has been published after 2016. Eligibility screening will be conducted at two stages: title and abstract, and full‐text. We will include all studies that evaluate the effect of natural changes in flow magnitude on fish abundance (broadly defined to also capture density and biomass metrics) and species diversity (broadly defined to also capture species richness and composition metrics). Any freshwater or estuarine fish species in temperate regions will be considered. Included eligible studies will be assessed for study validity. We will extract information on study characteristics, intervention/comparator details, measured outcomes and effect modifiers. A narrative synthesis will describe the quantity and characteristics of the available evidence, and where sufficient numbers of similar studies are available, a meta‐analysis will be conducted to estimate an overall mean and variance of effect.

The Effect of Irisin as a Metabolic Regulator and Its Therapeutic Potential for Obesity.

Obesity is a worldwide health problem due to the imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Irisin, a newly identified exercise-responsive myokine, which is produced by the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to combat obesity and obesity-related complications. Various studies in mice have shown that irisin could respond to systematic exercise training and promote white-to-brown fat transdifferentiation, but the role and function of irisin in humans are controversial. In this review, we systematically introduced and analyzed the factors that may contribute to these inconsistent results. Furthermore, we also described the potential anti-inflammatory properties of irisin under a variety of inflammatory conditions. Finally, the review discussed the existing unresolved issues and controversies about irisin, including the transcription of the irisin precursor FNDC5 gene in humans, the cleavage site of the yet unknown proteolytic enzyme that cleaves irisin from FNDC5, and the reliability of irisin levels measured with available detection methods.

Effects of an exercise program on health of people with epilepsy: A randomized clinical trial

To evaluate the effects of an exercise program on the health of people with epilepsy (PWE) and seizure frequency. A randomized clinical trial was carried out in Pelotas/Brazil. Recruitment was conducted through social media, in local press, and Public Health System facilities. The intervention program was performed at the gym of the Physical Education School/Federal University of Pelotas. A total of 21 people, aged 18–60 years, diagnosed with epilepsy and who were not engaged in systematic physical exercise in the last three months were divided into two groups: (1) exercise (EG) – 12 weeks of a structured physical exercise program; (2) control (CG) – no exercise and maintenance of usual activities. The allocation rate 1:1 was used. The exercise program consisted of two 60-min weekly sessions including warm-up (5-min), aerobic training (15–25 min at 14–17 on Borg scale), resistance training (2–3 sets, 10–15 repetitions), and stretching. Sociodemographic, clinical and health variables (frequency and number of seizures, quality of life, depression, anxiety, and side effects), anthropometrics (weight, height, hip and waist circumferences), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), and strength (dynamometry) were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and Bonferroni posthoc tests were used for the comparison between moments and groups. Eleven participants were randomized to EG and 10 to CG. One EG participant did not complete the study. There was a reduction in frequency of epileptic seizures during the 3-month intervention period in EG (p = 0.010) with no improvement in CG. Improvement in quality of life (p = 0.004), stress levels (p = 0.017) and physical fitness (p = 0.017) were also observed in the EG compared to CG. A structured physical exercise program improved overall health of PWE and decreased seizure frequency.