Paint Systems Research Articles

An efficient Oligo-FISH painting system for revealing chromosome rearrangements and polyploidization in Triticeae.

A chromosome-specific painting technique has been developed which combines the most recent approaches of the companion disciplines of molecular cytogenetics and genome research. We developed seven oligonucleotide (oligo) pools derivd from single-copy sequences on chromosomes 1 to 7 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and corresponding collinear regions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The seven groups of pooled oligos comprised between 10986 and 12496 45-bp monomers, and these then produced stable fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals on chromosomes of each linkage group of wheat and barley. The pooled oligo probes were applied to high-throughput karyotyping of the chromosomes of other Triticeae species in the genera Secale, Aegilops, Thinopyrum, and Dasypyrum, and the study also extended to some wheat-alien amphiploids and derived lines. We demonstrated that a complete set of whole-chromosome oligo painting probes facilitated the study of inter-species chromosome homologous relationships and visualized non-homologous chromosomal rearrangements in Triticeae species and some wheat-alien species derivatives. When combined with other non-denaturing FISH procedures using tandem-repeat oligos, the newly developed oligo painting techniques provide an efficient tool for the study of chromosome structure, organization, and evolution among any wild Triticeae species with non-sequenced genomes.

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology

Vectorized Painting with Temporal Diffusion Curves.

This paper presents a vector painting system for digital artworks. We first propose Temporal Diffusion Curve (TDC), a new form of vector graphics, and a novel random-access solver for modeling the evolution of strokes. With the help of a procedural stroke processing function, the TDC strokes can achieve various shapes and effects for multiple art styles. Based on these, we build a painting system of great potential. Thanks to the random-access solver, our method has real-time performance regardless of the rendering resolution, provides straightforward editing possibilities on strokes both at runtime and afterward, and is effective and straightforward for art production. Compared with the previous Diffusion Curve, our method uses strokes as the basic graphics primitives, which are able to intersect each other and much more consistent with the intuition and painting habits of human. We finally demonstrate that professional artists can create multiple genres of artworks with our painting system.

Three Babylonian Youths in the Paintings of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

In order to realize our own identity, we look closely at the past, at the sacred cult tradition of our ancestors. The real treasury of this tradition is St. Sophia of Kyiv, a monument of the first half of the 11th c., where hundreds of images of holy men, women and youths have been preserved. Among the saints of all times, children occupy an important place in the Orthodox calendar. Orthodox piety has a special love for children who have fallen victim to sudden violent death. This article analyzes how the Old Testament story “Three Hebrew youths in the fiery furnace” is illustrated in the monumental fresco painting of St. Sophia of Kyiv. The characterization of the images of the holy youths, specification of the attribution of their individual images and accentuation of the role of the plots in the general system of painting are given. The Babylonian youths are depicted four times in the monumental painting of St. Sophia Cathedral. In three cases, it is the primary fresco painting of the 11th c. in the central nave, St. George’s Chapel and the choirs. In the fourth case, this is a 17th c. painting in the central nave. According to the Byzantine tradition, in the paintings of St. Sophia of Kyiv the images of the three children are related to the theme of the Saviour’s Resurrection, which was relevant at the time of the creation of the cathedral. The multiple depiction of the three Babylonian youths in the monumental painting of St. Sophia of Kyiv testifies to the popularity in old Rusian religious art of these young righteous and the miracle that happened to them “in the fiery furnace”, as well as to the symbolic importance of this Old Testament story in the baptism of Rus and in the inheritance of old traditions in the art of Ukraine.Manuscript received 15.03.2020

Optimal sampling plan for an unreliable multistage production system subject to competing and propagating random shifts

Sampling plans play an important role in monitoring production systems and reducing quality- and maintenance-related costs. Existing sampling plans usually focus on one assignable cause. However, multiple assignable causes may occur, especially for a multistage production system, and the resulting process shift may propagate downstream. This article addresses the problem of finding the optimal sampling plan for an unreliable multistage production system subject to competing and propagating random quality shifts. In particular, a serial production system with two unreliable machines that produce a product at a fixed production rate is studied. It is assumed that both machines are subject to random quality shifts with increased nonconforming rates and can suddenly fail with increasing failure rates. A sampling plan is implemented at the end of the production line to determine whether the system has shifted or not. If a process shift is detected, a necessary maintenance action will be initiated. The optimal sample size, sampling interval, and acceptance threshold are determined by minimizing the long-run cost rate subject to the constraints on average time to signal a true alarm, effective production rate, and system availability. A numerical example on an automatic shot blasting and painting system is provided to illustrate the application of the proposed sampling plan and the effects of key parameters and system constraints on the optimal sampling plan. Moreover, the proposed model shows better performance for various cases than an alternative model that ignores shift propagation.

Interactive Multi-Robot Painting Through Colored Motion Trails.

In this paper, we present a robotic painting system whereby a team of mobile robots equipped with different color paints create pictorial compositions by leaving trails of color as they move throughout a canvas. We envision this system to be used by an external user who can control the concentration of different colors over the painting by specifying density maps associated with the desired colors over the painting domain, which may vary over time. The robots distribute themselves according to such color densities by means of a heterogeneous distributed coverage control paradigm, whereby only those robots equipped with the appropriate paint will track the corresponding color density function. The painting composition therefore arises as the integration of the motion trajectories of the robots, which lay paint as they move throughout the canvas tracking the color density functions. The proposed interactive painting system is evaluated on a team of mobile robots. Different experimental setups in terms of paint capabilities given to the robots highlight the effects and benefits of considering heterogeneous teams when the painting resources are limited.

ASSESSMENT ON MARKING SPECIFICATION OF REAR SIDE OF HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES IN MALAYSIA

A vehicle's conspicuity is determined by the colour and pattern of painted surfaces, height, lighting system, reflectorization and fluorescent markings. In Malaysia, the better visibility of heavy goods vehicles has to be marked with retroreflective marking. The objectives of the study to analyse percentages of marking requirement that compliant with the MS 828:2011. The study was conducted at Jawi Toll Plaza, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m for three days. As a result, the highest compliance level of marking requirement was 96% which is box truck two axles. Meanwhile, other categories were between 17% to 91%. Many HGVs were not installing rear-end marking type 5, while all trucks and trailers with a maximum gross vehicle weight (GVW) of 3500 kg and above had to be marked with Type 5 (contour marking) as of 1 July 2019. Some improvement needed to reduce the severity and the number of road accidents by recommended a safe following distance.

Development of an Autonomous Robotics Platform for Road Marks Painting Using Laser Simulator and Sensor Fusion Technique

SUMMARYThe design and experimental works of an autonomous robotic platform for road marks painting are presented in this paper as the first autonomous system of its kind. The whole system involves two main sub-systems, namely: an autonomous mobile robot navigation system which is used for recognizing the roads and estimating the position of road marks, and automatic road marks painting system that is attached to the mobile robot platform to control the spray of the paint on the road’s surface. The experimental results show the capability of the proposed system to perform the task of autonomous road marks painting with accuracy of ±10 cm.

Sub-millimeter resolution pressure measurement on free flight model at Mach 1.5 using novel non-intrusive optical technique

A motion-capturing pressure sensitive paint (PSP) system is developed and demonstrated by collecting transient pressure data on the surface of a 30 mm diameter sphere model in free flight at Mach 1.5, where a conventional pressure tap is unable to be mounted. The developed non-intrusive measurement technique is able to cancel out changes in signal intensity due to variations in illumination during free flight. Images of the sphere model are collected using a high-speed camera at a rate of 100 kHz with an exposure time of 3.75 μs. Motion blur is estimated as 6.5% of the sphere diameter. The sphere is fully in view for 7 frames, or 70 μs. Transient data from each frame is collected to produce a free flight pressure map on the surface. In order to validate the measurement, a time-averaged CFD simulation of a sphere model at Mach 1.5 is run using far field pressure boundary conditions and a mesh of 6.96 million cells. An uncertainty analysis is performed using the signal to noise ratio of the PSP measurement. The PSP measurement is in agreement with the CFD simulation quantitatively across a centerline pressure trace. The accuracy of the PSP measurement compared to the CFD simulation was within 7.4 kPa.

Влияние окружающей среды влажных субтропиков на цветовые характеристики защитных полимерных покрытий

To increase the reliability and durability of structures and equipment, various protection methods are used, the most common of which is the application of protective and decorative polymer coatings. The surface layers of the coatings are most sensitive to external factors. The processes occurring in these layers are one of the main reasons for the change in decorative properties, including color indicators. At the same time, high weather resistance of the outer layer provides enhanced protective properties of the entire paint system. The paper studies the persistence of color indicators of various polymer coatings in a subtropical climate, characterized by high aggressiveness of the factors. Using instrumental methods for field exposure of samples in an open atmospheric area for 2.5 years, the colorimetric indicators in the CIELAB system and their color difference between the initial state and after aging were determined. The test samples were exhibited on the coastal test site on the Black Sea coast in the Imereti Lowland at Cape Imeretinsky (43o23′ N, 39o59′ E) 40 meters from the water edge. The tests were carried out on open atmospheric stands at an angle of 45o to the horizon with the control of the environmental parameters during the exposure of the samples. High color stability was shown by the coatings of the fluoroplastic group – enamel Viniftor and VE-46, while the worst performance was shown by perchlorovinyl enamel XV-518. The results of such studies under natural conditions are most valuable for a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the protective and decorative properties of coatings.

The Effect of Silicate Fillers on Adhesion and Adhesion Strength Properties of Water-Based Coatings

The properties of coatings largely depend on the nature of the interaction of the film material with the substrate – the type of bonds between them. The degree of this interaction, associated with the nature of the paint and varnish material, mineral fillers and the nature of the surface to be protected, may be a criterion for evaluating the protective and operational properties. Therefore, an urgent scientific and practical task is to study the silicate fillers effect on the nature of adhesive interactions at the interface of water-based coatings with a steel substrate and to establish the relationship of adhesion strength properties with the thermodynamic adhesion work. It is shown that the adhesion strength in the paint systems for steel is significantly affected by the thermodynamic adhesion work, in which the dispersed component of the surface free energy makes the greatest contribution when the degree of filler content changes.

ЗОБРАЖЕННЯ ОДЯГУ І АТРИБУТІВ СВЯТИХ В ІКОНОПИСІ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНОЇ УКРАЇНИ ТА КИЇВЩИНИ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ XVII – ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ XVIII ст.

To identify and analyze ways of depiction of clothing in the iconography of the Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv region in the second half of the 17th - the first half of the 18th centuries. The author conducted a field exploration of painted icon monuments from the mentioned period in the collections of Ukrainian museums. The data obtained was supplemented with information from published scientific papers and archival sources. The analysis performed made it possible to trace the peculiarities of the depiction of different fabrics in the iconography of the Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv region in the second half of the 17th – first half of the 18th centuries, and to identify the aspects of the effects on it of Byzantine and Western European painting techniques. It is revealed that in the Ukrainian icon painting till the end of the 17th century was used a method for depicting fabrics, whose roots go back to the Byzantine system of tempera painting. Although white levkas remained dominant in Ukrainian iconography, by the beginning of the 18th century masters could tone grounds and make imprimaturas, which had their influence on the process of painting clothing and the icon in general. Since about the second quarter of the 18th century the use of grisaille underpaints has been encountered in some icons. These innovations demonstrate the impact of Western European painting at the technical and technological level. Gold and silver were widely used for decorating icons. In that time to decorate the icons were widely used leaf gold and silver and powdered gold and silver. For the first time, the subject of research is the process of painting the garment part of the icons of Left-Bank Ukraine and the Kiev region in the second half of the XVII - the first half of the XVIII centuries. The methods of depicting clothing and common techniques for decorating and depicting texture of fabrics are described and analyzed in detail. The study expands knowledge about Ukrainian icon painting and reveals the technique of its creation.

Improving the Durability of Streak and Thermal Insulation of Petroleum Pipes by Using Polymeric Based Paint System

This research deals with increasing the hardening and insulating the petroleum pipes against the conditions and erosion of different environments. So, basic material of epoxy has been mixed with Ceramic Nano Zirconia reinforcement material 35 nm with the percentages (0,1,2,3,4,5) %, whereas the paint basis of broken petroleum pipes was used to paint on it, then it was cut into dimensions (2 cm. × 2 cm.) and 0.3cm high. After the paint and percentages are completed, the samples were immersed into the paint. Then, the micro-hardness was checked according to Vickers method and thermal inspection of paint, which contained (Thermal conduction, thermal flux and Thermal diffusivity), the density of the painted samples was calculated,. The results of the research indicate that the concentration (5%ZrO2) gives the best results that the hardness of this concentration reached to (92 Hv). By contrast, the thermal conduction was continued at a insulation limit (2.4 W/m.K). The thermal diffusivity was (1.16 mm2/sec.), the thermal flux reached to (70.4 w.s 1/2/m2.K) and the density at the same percentage was (4.87 g/m3). This means that there is a linear proportionality and development with increasing in the percentage of Nano Zirconia additive to epoxy.

Design of flying robot painting system for Indian railway passenger coaches

This design is primarily aimed at studying the surface of Railway Passenger Coach, present method of painting, its inabilities, quality defects and to explore an improved, affordable, user friendly Robotic Painting system and generation of trajectory with desired paint quality.This design also intended to decrease the paint consumption, minimize environmental aspect/ impact, reduce painting time and increase productivity.Based on the computer-aided drawing of coach, the tool model, task constraints and optimization criteria the trajectory is generated in an integrated manner.

System for ammonia removal from anaerobic digestion and associated ammonium sulfate production: Simulation and design considerations

A side-stream ammonia stripping system coupled with a full-scale anaerobic digestion plant is considered. The system is based on an ammonia stripping unit (thin film evaporator, TFE), a Venturi scrubber and a reactive absorption column. A portion of the sludge treated in the digesters is continuously withdrawn and transferred to the TFE, where ammonia is stripped through a biogas stream. The ammonia rich biogas is then treated with a sulfuric acid/water solution in the Venturi scrubber and in the absorption column, with production of an ammonium sulfate solution, which is stored in a tank until utilization as a fertilizer. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive engineering framework supporting the design of a full-scale ammonia stripping system with associated ammonium sulfate production, to be coupled with pre-existing anaerobic digestion plants. On the one hand, an analytical equation is proposed for the simulation of ammonia desorption and the design of the ammonia stripping unit as a function of the selected operating conditions of flowrate, temperature and pH. On the other hand, corrosion issues affecting the storage tank are studied. Corrosion tests, carried out on a selected paint system, demonstrate no development of coating degradation or disbonding, even if local damage occurs in the film. Thus, guidelines to avoid corrosion are given.

Highlighting performances of lanthanum-intercalated stevensite and the commercially available triphosphate aluminium (TPA) as anticorrosive pigments for brass in 3 % NaCl solution: Electrochemical and morphological study

This study aims to develop and characterize the active corrosion protection properties of lanthanum ions intercalated through cation exchange with the clay fraction of stevensite which has been previously saturated with sodium. The corrosive medium was 3% NaCl solution, while the immersion time was 24 h. To improve these properties, the pigment was incorporated into an alkyd resin coating and tested for 240 h. This additive guarantees on the one hand a progressive release of the inhibitor and on the other hand it does not cause holes or defects in the polymer film over time. The two stevensite clay samples: homoionic (Na+-ST) and intercalated (La3+-ST) were characterized by mean X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The basal spacing d001 increased from 14.2 Å (Na+-ST) to 16.2 Å (La3+-ST), confirming the exchange of La3+ with Na+. The kinetic release of La3+ from the exchanged clay was followed during its dispersion in the studied medium. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was about 73 meq/100 g. Electrochemical measurements revealed effective protection against corrosion. This property was improved by incorporating the before-hand intercalated stevensite into a paint system and compared to that of the commercial corrosion inhibitor (TPA), pigmented in the same type of coating. Corrosion products and the protective layer were analyzed by using SEM-EDS and optical microscope techniques. The results showed that it was possible to replace a large volume of TPA with a very small amount of lanthanum ions.

Identification of Synthetic Organic Pigments (SOPs) Used in Modern Artist's Paints with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with MeV Ions.

This work reports on the first systematic study using secondary ion mass spectrometry with MeV ions (MeV-SIMS) for analysis of synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) that can be usually found in modern and contemporary art paints. In order to prove the applicability of the method to different chemical classes of SOPs, 17 pigments were selected for the analyses. The focus was on blue and green phthalocyanines, yellow and red (naphthol AS) azo pigments, red quinacridone, anthraquinone, and diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigments. Since there are no reference spectra available for this technique, pure pigment powders were measured first to create a database. Simple two-component paint systems were also prepared for testing purposes by mixing synthetic organic pigments with alkyd and acrylic binders. Commercial paints that contain the SOPs with identical C.I. numbers as in the prepared two-component samples were analyzed. All pigments were successfully identified in commercial products in the MeV-SIMS mass spectra through molecular and larger specific fragment ion peaks in the positive-ion mode. The main advantages of MeV-SIMS over other techniques used in SOPs identification, like pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), direct-temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDIMS), can be summarized as follows: (i) pigments and binders can be detected simultaneously in the same mass spectrum acquired over a short measurement time (up to 500 s), (ii) only small sample flakes are required for the measurements, which are analyzed without any chemical treatment prior to the analyses, (iii) samples are not consumed during the analyses and can be reused for other measurements, e.g., multielemental analysis by other ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques, such as particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Compared to, e.g., Raman spectroscopy, the significant benefit of MeV-SIMS is the exact identification of the SOPs in the paints even if pigments of similar structures are measured.

Discovering the colours of industrial heritage characterisation of paint coatings from the powerplant at the Levada de Tomar

AbstractThe paint coatings of three energy generators from the 20th‐century powerplant at Levada de Tomar, Portugal, were investigated using micro‐Raman and micro‐X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopies and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. This multi‐analytical approach was used to identify the colouring agents, thus providing a chronological chromatic pallet and allowing to infer on the use of the three energy generators. Together with traditional pigments like Prussian blue, red iron oxide, and carbon black, pigments used in industrial areas like copper phthalocyanine and toluidine red were identified as colouring agents. Complex paint systems of the oldest equipment (1924) were revealed as well as maintenance procedures of the equipment that worked during a longer time (1944–1990). Powdery carbon black layers, resulting from incomplete hydrocarbon combustion and present between metallic substrates and coating layers, suggested the inexistence of paint coatings replacement after the powerplant shutdown. The identification of magnetite as a corrosion product of iron alloy substrate revealed that corrosion developed after the engine shutdown and not during the operation period. The results obtained highlight the potentialities of scientific‐based approach and Raman spectroscopy to the industrial heritage study, an emergent cultural area.

За триединството: живопис, калиграфия и поезия в Китай. Символизмът на облаците в китайската живопис

The text is based on Hubert Damish’s thesis in „A theory of (cloud): toward a history of painting“ (2002), where the cloud is interpreted as non-inclusive, not participating in the perspective model as a painting system. Respectively, the cloud as an anachronism of the picturesque as opposed to a linear (perspective) dominant Western norm (in Damish terminology) is traced as functioning in Eastern, Chinese painting itself as a kind of cultural and historical rudiment. And it is through the synthesis of painting and word in Chinese painting: 1 / it is demonstrated in contrast to Foucault’s thesis in “This is not a pipe“ how it is possible for a verbal sign and visual representation to be given simultaneously; 2) the historical origin of the letter is displayed as a sign from the image as a hieroglyphic symbol; 3) demonstrates how the third dimension is constructed not in perspective, but in a meaningful depth, and precisely through the clouds as a metaphor for the Maya (illusion) of the visible and all-in-one nature of things; 4) so summarizing: the cloud rises from scenic scope and instrument to the level of universal cultural metaphor.

Bioreceptividade de diferentes sistemas de pintura ao desenvolvimento de fungos em paredes de tabique e placas de gesso cartonado

Mould growth on the inner surfaces of building elements is a common pathology found in buildings, resulting not only in the early degradation of the materials but also in the deterioration of the indoor environment. On the other hand, building renovation provides an exceptional opportunity to improve the quality of life of its users. Within this scope it is therefore relevant to understand the effect that different painting solutions may have on mould growth. This work evaluated the mould growth in four kinds of substrates, with different painting systems. The selected case studies were: two "tabique" walls (constructive solution with strong implantation in the built heritage), one with lime mortar and another with lime and cement mortar; and two gypsum plasterboards (a constructive solution that is widely applied in building renovation), a normal and a water repellent. To evaluate the mould growth, two methodologies were adopted: counting the number of colony forming units (CFU) in six sampling periods; and visual inspection through photographic recording, including the quantification of the percentage of "dark pixels". At the end of the test it was established that plasterboard was more favourable to mould growth when compared to "tabique" walls. Moreover, the roughness of the substrates and the sampling location had also significant impact on the results.