Vessel System Research Articles

Suitability of novel 3D-printed and coated vessels for water calorimetry.

In water calorimetry, absolute dose to water is determined by measuring radiation-induced temperature rises. In conventional water calorimeters, temperature detectors are housed in handmade glass vessels that are filled with high-purity water, thus mitigating radiation-induced exo/endothermic chemical reactions of impurities that would otherwise introduce additional heat gain/loss, known as heat defect. Being hand-crafted, these glass vessels may suffer from imperfections, have shape and design constraints, are often backordered, and can be prohibitively expensive. The purpose of this work is to determine suitability of 3D-printed plastic vessels that are further coated for use in water calorimetry applications, and to study their stability and characterize their associated heat defect correction factor ( . This novel vessel production technique would allow for cost-effective rapid construction of vessels that can be produced with high accuracy and designs that are simply not practical with current glass vessel construction techniques. This in turn enables water calorimetry applications in many novel radiation delivery modalities, which may include spherical vessels in GammaKnife ICON water calorimetry as an example. Eight vessels were 3D-printed using Accura ClearVue in an SLA 3D-printer. Two vessels were coated with Parylene C and four were coated with Parylene N. The water calorimetry preparation procedures followed for these vessels was identical to that of our traditional glass-vessels (i.e., same cleaning procedures, same high purity water, and same saturation procedures with high purity hydrogen gas). The performance of each vessel was characterized using our in-house built water calorimeter in an Elekta Versa using both 6MV flattening filter-free (FFF) and 18MV beams. The stability of the coating as function of time and accumulated dose was evaluated through repeated measurements. of each vessel was determined through cross-comparisons against an Exradin A1SL ionization chamber with direction calibration link to Canada's primary standard laboratory. of the two uncoated vessels differed by 2.8% under a 6MV FFF beam. Vessels coated with Parylenes resulted in a stable and reproducible heat defect for both energies. An overall of 1.001±0.010 and 1.005±0.010 were obtained for Parylene N and Parylene C coated vessels respectively. All Parylene coated vessels showed agreement, within the established uncertainties, to the zero-heat defect observed in a hydrogen-saturated glass vessel system. An additional long-term study (17 days) of a Parylene N vessel showed no change in response with accumulated dose and time. Electron microscopy images of a Parylene N coated vessel showed a uniform intact coating after repeated irradiations. An uncoated 3D-printed vessel is not viable for water calorimetry because it exhibits an unstable vessel-dependent heat defect. However, applying a Parylene coating stabilizes the heat defect, suggesting that coated 3D-printed vessels may be suitable for use in water calorimetry. This method facilitates the creation of intricate vessel shapes, which can be efficiently manufactured using 3D printing.

Progress in Fast Modular Reactor Conceptual Design

The Fast Modular Reactor (FMR) is a 100-MW(thermal) gas-cooled fast reactor being developed by General Atomics Electromagnetic System with the goal of developing a FMR for flexible and dispatchable power to the U.S. electricity market in the mid-2030s. The conceptual design aims to develop and verify simplified design features. These include an inert helium gas coolant, pellet-loaded fuel rods, installations with air cooling as ultimate heat sink, and small and passive heat removal systems. The goal is to ensure the development of a safe, maintainable, cost-effective, and distributed nuclear energy-generating station. The baseline technologies selected to achieve this goal are a helium coolant that is an inert gas with no chemical reaction with structural components, not activated, single phase, enabling high-temperature operation and a high thermal efficiency Brayton cycle; conventional uranium dioxide (UO2) fuel, which is the most widely used and well-known fuel material, capable of high burnup (100 MWd/kg) and a long fuel life; and silicon carbide composite (SiGA®) cladding and internal structures that are chemically inert in the helium environment, exceptionally radiation tolerant, and being derisked by accident tolerant fuel technology development. The reactor was specifically designed with passive safety features, including high-temperature in-core materials and a reactor vessel cooling system consisting of cooling panels of naturally circulating water. The passive safety of the core was confirmed for the depressurized loss-of–forced cooling accident, which showed the peak cladding temperature at ~1600°C during the transient, which is below the current design limit of 1800°C. The conceptual design of the FMR has been conducted for the reactor system, vessel system, generator and turbomachine, instrumentation and control, residual heat removal system, plant service system, and containment, as well as pre-application licensing documents.

A high‐performance cell‐labeling NIR‐II dye for in vivo cell tracking

AbstractFluorescent dyes that emit in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II, 1000–3000 nm) region have provided significant advances toward real‐time and high‐resolution imaging of vessel and lymphatic system. However, in vivo NIR‐II tracking of the fate of labeled cells still remains challenging. Here, we develop a shielding unit–donor–acceptor–donor–shielding unit (S‐D‐A‐D‐S) NIR‐II fluorophore (FE‐4ZW) with zwitterionic terminal groups for high‐efficiency cell labeling without using cell‐penetrating peptides, which provides for enhanced non‐invasive in vivo determination of the location of cell migration. The tethering terminal sulfoammonium inner salts are featured with its high affinity for cell membranes, thereby enabling the stable labeling even for fixed cells. The fate of transplanted stem cell and the tumor cell migration along lymphatic system in brain or periphery tissues are clearly monitored by the cell‐internalized FE‐4ZW. We also confirmed that a clinically used surfactant, D‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol‐1000 succinate, can reduce the liver and spleen uptake of FE‐4ZW. The fluorophore design strategy and cell‐labeling technology reported here open a new realm in the visualization of cell migration and insight into the relocation process, thereby ultimately providing an opportunity to investigate in greater detail of the underlying mechanisms of stem cell therapy and tumor metastasis.

A long short term memory network-based, global navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system for unmanned surface vessels

In recent years, research on unmanned surface vessels has entered a new phase, demanding the increased accuracy and reliability of integrated navigation and positioning systems. However, in complex environments, due to intermittent sensor failures or communication limitations, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are unreliable. Various errors that emerge in the system make it impossible to complete the measurement update process of filtering algorithms. This study provides a mechanism for improving the accuracy of combined GNSS/Shipborne Inertial Navigation System (SINS) integrated navigation when a GNSS outage occurs. Firstly, a SINS denoising method combining Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD) and an improved wavelet threshold algorithm is proposed. Secondly, a method based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network assisted GNSS/SINS integrated navigation is proposed to address the issue of poor information fusion performance when GNSS outages occur. The trained LSTM model is combined with SINS data to predict velocity and position during GNSS outages, providing high-precision velocity and position information. This ensures continuous, high-precision, navigation of unmanned surface vessels. Finally, to confirm the validity of the proposed methodology, a sea trial is performed to compare the different methods, and the results reveal the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION TOPOGRAPHIES OF THE VESICO-UMBILICAL TRIANGLE IN THE PRENATAL PERIOD OF HUMAN ONTOGENESIS

On the front abdominal wall, there is a section of the vesico- umbilical triangle, which is bounded on the sides by the umbilical arteries, and below by the bladder. In the available sources of scientifi c literature, there is practically no information on the patterns of prenatal morphogenesis and the formation of the topography of the area of the vesico- umbilical triangle of a person. However, accurate knowledge of the topography of the constituent formations of the vesico- umbilical triangle determines the choice of incision during operations and provides a theoretical explanation for the occurrence of various pathological conditions: umbilical, postoperative ventral hernias, abdominal cavity organ eventration, and the spread of purulent- infl ammatory processes.The purpose of the study was to clarify the features of prenatal morphogenesis and topographical- anatomical relationships of the vesico- umbilical triangle of a person.The study was conducted on the preparations of 7 embryos of 4-6 weeks, 14 pre-fetuses of 7-12 weeks, and 26 human fetuses aged from 4 to 10 months using the production of a series of histological sections, microscopy, macromicroscopic preparation, and injection of vessels.In embryos of 4.5-5.5 mm parietal- coccygeal length (PCL), the allantois is located in the direction of the abdominal wall, connecting with other structures in the area of the future umbilical ring. In the mesoderm of the allantois, there is a layer of vessels that form a system of umbilical vessels. On frontal sections of 10.5-12.0 mm PCL embryos, narrowing of the allantois duct is observed: a more gradual narrowing near the umbilical ring, and a sharper one closer to the cloaca. At this stage of embryogenesis, there is a clear division of the cloaca into ventral (urogenital sinus) and dorsal (rectal lining) sections.It was established that the bladder is formed from two sources – the body and top – from the caudal part of the allantois, the bottom, and neck – from the pelvic part of the genitourinary sinus. In the 3rd month of intrauterine development, the middle and deep layers of the vesico- umbilical triangle are formed, which are represented by the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle, rectus and pyramidal muscles, prostatic and allantoic leaves. Fascial spurs, departing from the latter, divide the prostate space into four interfascial slits. The surface layer of the vesico- umbilical triangle is still poorly diff erentiated at this stage of intrauterine development. At the end of the 4th month of intrauterine development, the surface fascia of the vesico- umbilical triangle is formed as independent formations. During macro- microscopic dissection of the area of the vesico- umbilical triangle in 6-month-old fetuses, in addition to the fascial formations of the superfi cial layer, all the structures of the deep layer can be distinguished: the transverse fascia, the vestibular and allantoic fascial sheets, as well as two fascial spurs that divide the vestibular space into four interfascial gaps. From our point of view, it is appropriate to call the prostatic fascia and prostatic fi brous space vesico- umbilical.

Application of a text mining method in navigation and communication for enhancing maritime safety.

This paper introduces a model for the translation of natural language into ontology and vice versa in an autonomous navigation system of a sea-going vessel. The system comprehensively executes communication tasks at sea. The authors use machine learning methods in the field of text mining and basic and additional properties of ontologies. The newly developed ontology is applicable in shipping. The key elements of the prototype are the sequence of communication commands given from the ship's bridge, decomposition, extraction of the communication sequence and the rule base. The presented model has been implemented and verified in selected scenarios of collision situations at sea. The test results confirm that the assumptions, the designed system architecture and the algorithms in the prototype are correct.

Event-triggered trajectory tracking control for USV with prescribed performance and time delay based on differential flatness

This paper presents a trajectory tracking control scheme for underactuated surface vessels (USVs) with input delay. Firstly, the underactuated surface vessel system is transformed into a fully actuated system using differential flatness theory. To estimate the unknown nonlinear terms introduced in the transformation process, a fuzzy neural network (FNN) is employed. Secondly, to conserve control resources and communication bandwidth, the controller of the system under prescribed performance is designed using the backstepping method. This method updates the controller according to an event-triggered condition that is designed using a Lyapunov function. Finally, theoretical proof and simulation experiments are conducted to demonstrate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed method.

The exposure routes of micro- and nanoplastics and their potential toxic effects on human health

This article discusses the classification of micro- and nanoplastics (MNP), the routes of their exposure and the effects of MNP on the reproductive, respiratory, digestive and immune systems based on in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as available epidemiological data. The MNP can enter our body through inhalation, food or skin. The presence of microplastics (MP) in tap, bottled and deep sea water, as well as in sea salt, fruit and vegetables has been demonstrated. Due to their small size, MNP can be absorbed and easily distributed through the blood and lymphatic vessel system to tissues and organs. Recent studies have provided evidence of the accumulation of MNP in human lungs and even in the placenta. The accumulation of MNP in the body may have long-term effects and lead to health problems in humans, such as bronchitis, development of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation and cancer. The information included in the article gives partial insight into how MNP may affect the human body. However, to fully assess the toxicity of MNP, comprehensive research is necessary, including standardization of MNP detection techniques and determination of the MNP content in food and water. It is also advisable to assess toxicokinetic parameters, as well as to determine the daily dose of exposure and interaction of MNP with various cells. Insufficient data on direct exposure to MNP in the work environment, as well as in other public places, constitutes a factor hindering the establishment of appropriate legal standards. In 2024, work on establishing the first act of EU law enabling the monitoring of MP in drinking water should be completed, which raises great hopes that in the future limit values for MNP in water and food and in workplaces will also be established. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(1):81-96.

Barrier Lyapunov function-based adaptive optimized control for full-state and input-constrained dynamic positioning of marine vessels with simulation and model-scale tests

For practical marine engineering, ensuring system performance and avoiding violations of safety-related system constraints in various scenarios remains a challenging problem. To tackle this problem, this paper addresses adaptive neural network (NN) optimized control for dynamic positioning (DP) of marine vessels suffering from unknown model uncertainties and control gains, ocean disturbances, and full-state/input constraints. To realize model-free optimized control, the reinforcement learning (RL) with a critic–actor–identifier architecture is constructed on the basis of NN approximation, in which the actor, critic, and identifier NNs are designed to perform control actions, evaluate control performance, and estimate unknown dynamics, respectively. To effectively guarantee the system safety, the critics and actors in the corresponding subsystems are decomposed into a guaranteed safety-related constraint term with respect to the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) and an unknown dynamic term to be learned. Such a control strategy can ensure that all the state variables are restricted to a predefined safety region, even in the learning control process. From the above logical ideas, the adaptive optimized kinematic and kinetic control laws are presented to guarantee that the whole vessel system is optimized. Moreover, the motion control responses of vessels in various scenarios are realistically simulated through convincing simulations and model-scale tests. The validation results prove the applicability and feasibility of the proposed DP control strategy for practical offshore engineering.

Full-scale tests of deicing with seawater

Sea-spray icing is one of the major hazards for small- and medium-sized vessels in polar regions. Predominant anti- and deicing measures include prevention by heeding the weather forecasts and avoiding high-risk situations, protection by enclosing exposed and high-priority areas, manual ice removal by personnel, heat tracing and surplus heat. Energy is in limited supply on vessels, and alternative ways of ice protection are sought after. Seawater is readily available, and as evident from wave-washing, either naturally occurring or increased by provocative maneuvering, seawater can hold an efficient deicing capacity. This study contains knowledge gained from four separate full-scale deicing tests. Deicing is achieved during the field tests by utilizing the vessel's external fire sprinkler systems and in one case a fire hose. To the author's knowledge, no recent tests with deicing of vessels using flushing seawater have been performed, and this article is considered a first step towards evaluating the viability of the method. Targeted high-volume, low-pressure systems seem to be an effective method for deicing, particularly combined with favorable design. However, because of the risk of increased icing or freezing run-off the method is suitable for vessels and structures with sufficient run-off capabilities. Vessel safety can be improved by incorporating the proposed method.

Systematic Review of Hyrtl’s Anastomosis of Umbilical Arteries and Placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

ABSTRACT Background: Pregnancy-Induced hypertension (PIH) is a common health problem that occurs during pregnancy and may lead to limited fetal growth and other major health problems. Being a serious public health issue, PIH is responsible for a significant number of deaths across the globe. Hyrtl’s anastomosis of the umbilical arteries and placenta is a blood vessel system that can affect the growth and development of the fetus. The studies conducted earlier have suggested that the abnormalities in Hyrtl’s anastomosis may be associated with the development of PIH and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Aim: The aim of the current systematic literature review is to investigate the potential advantages and restrictions of Hyrtl’s anastomosis as a medical diagnosis and treatment tool for PIH by reviewing the available evidence. Materials and Methods: The current study is a systematic literature review that involves the selection of 10 articles published in or after 2019 from reputed journals that evaluated the effectiveness of Hyrtl’s anastomosis in PIH. The inclusion criteria for this review are as follows: studies that involved human subjects, were published in English, were randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, observational studies, or systematic reviews, and evaluated the effectiveness of Hyrtl’s anastomosis. The exclusion criteria are as follows: studies published in other languages did not involve human subjects and did not measure the effectiveness of Hyrtl’s anastomosis in PIH. The search strategy includes a comprehensive search of the relevant databases using keywords related to Hyrtl’s anastomosis, umbilical artery, placenta, and PIH. Both data collection and analysis were conducted when the authenticity and validity of the articles used in this study were maintained. Data extraction was carried out by identifying the key findings of the articles selected for review in this particular study. The quality of the studies included in this review was assessed based on the JADAD scale. Findings and Conclusion: The aim of the systematic literature review is to evaluate the effectiveness of Hyrtl’s anastomosis in the detection and management of PIH. The current study design involved the selection of 10 articles published in or after 2019, with inclusion and exclusion criteria defined for the selection process. The search strategy included a comprehensive search of relevant databases. Both data collection and analysis were conducted when the authenticity and validity of the chosen articles were maintained. The quality of the studies included in the review was assessed based on the JADAD scale.

Enhancing CAR Macrophage Efferocytosis Via Surface Engineered Lipid Nanoparticles Targeting LXR Signaling.

The removal of dying cells, or efferocytosis, is an indispensable part of resolving inflammation. However, the inflammatory microenvironment of the atherosclerotic plaque frequently affects the biology of both apoptotic cells and resident phagocytes, rendering efferocytosis dysfunctional. To overcome this problem, a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) macrophage that can target and engulf phagocytosis-resistant apoptotic cells expressing CD47 is developed. In both normal and inflammatory circumstances, CAR macrophages exhibit activity equivalent to antibody blockage. The surface of CAR macrophages is modified with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive therapeutic nanoparticles targeting the liver X receptor pathway to improve their cell effector activities. The combination of CAR and nanoparticle engineering activated lipid efflux pumps enhances cell debris clearance and reduces inflammation. It is further suggested that the undifferentiated CAR-Ms can transmigrate within a mico-fabricated vessel system. It is also shown that our CAR macrophage can act as a chimeric switch receptor (CSR) to withstand the immunosuppressive inflammatory environment. The developed platform has the potential to contribute to the advancement of next-generation cardiovascular disease therapies and further studies include in vivo experiments.

NIR-IIb fluorescence antiangiogenesis copper nano-reaper for enhanced synergistic cancer therapy.

The formation of blood vessel system under a relatively higher Cu2+ ion level is an indispensable precondition for tumor proliferation and migration, which was assisted in forming the tumor immune microenvironment. Herein, a copper ions nano-reaper (LMDFP) is rationally designed not only for chelating copper ions in tumors, but also for combination with photothermal therapy (PTT) to improve antitumor efficiency. Under 808nm laser irradiation, the fabricated nano-reaper converts light energy into thermal energy to kill tumor cells and promotes the release of D-penicillamine (DPA) in LMDFP. Photothermal properties of LMDFP can cause tumor ablation in situ, which further induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) to promote systematic antitumor immunity. The released DPA exerts an anti-angiogenesis effect on the tumor through chelating copper ions, and inhibits the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which synergizes with PTT to enhance antitumor immunity and inhibit tumor metastasis. Meanwhile, the nanoplatform can emit near-infrared-IIb (NIR-IIb) fluorescence under 980nm excitation, which can be used to track the nano-reaper and determine the optimal time point for PTT. Thus, the fabricated nano-reaper shows powerful potential in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis, and holds great promise for the application of copper nanochelator in precise tumor treatment.

Development of Representative Sailing Mode Construction Methodology Using Markov Chain

The strengthening of regulations such as EEXI, EEDI, and CII on ship emissions is underway. Despite their application, objective comparisons of ships are hindered by diverse navigation patterns and varying velocity regulations in different seas and ports. Additionally, a lack of basic data impedes comparisons of the optimal design and objective energy efficiency for ships. To address these issues, representative sailing modes, similar to those in the automobile industry, are needed. However, there is no reference for marine applications. This study introduces a methodology for representative sailing modes using the Markov chain. A hundred candidate sailing modes were created, and representative modes were identified through an evaluation equation. All chi-square values for representative sailing modes are within 1%, indicating significant results. This study’s findings can aid in designing optimized systems for new vessels and computing authorized fuel efficiency for vessels with diverse sailing patterns.

Status Identification in Support of Fishing Effort Estimation for Tuna Longliners in Waters near the Marshall Islands Based on AIS Data

Visualising the fishing behaviour of vessels and quantifying the spatial distribution of fishing effort is the scientific basis for assessing and managing fisheries resources. The information on the dynamics of fishing vessel voyages provided by the automatic identification system (AIS) of vessels serves as high-precision fishery data and provides a means of quantifying fishing effort with high spatial and temporal resolution in the tuna longline fishery. Based on the AIS data of five tuna longliners operating in the waters near the Marshall Islands from 2020 to 2021, this study used three methods, namely the threshold screening method, the construction of a BP neural network and the support vector machine (SVM) to identify the fishing and non-fishing status of the tuna longliners, respectively. This study investigates the status identification and fishing effort estimation of the tuna longliner (VESSEL A) in 2021 based on the constructed optimal model, and spatial correlation analyses are performed between the fishing effort estimated in hours based on AIS data and in hooks based on fishing logbook data, by month. The results showed (1) the recognition accuracy of the threshold screening method is 89.9%, the recognition accuracy of the BP neural network classification model is 95.11%, the kappa coefficient is 0.51, the recognition accuracy of the SVM classification model is 95.74% and the kappa coefficient is 0.52; (2) in comparison, the SVM classification model performs better than the other two status identification methods for tuna longliners; and (3) the correlation coefficients between the two types of effort of VESSEL A were greater than 0.79 on all fishing months, indicating that there was no significant difference in the spatial and temporal distribution between the two types of effort. This study suggests that the SVM model can be used to identify the status and estimate the fishing effort of longliners.

Improving the operational characteristics of electrical power systems of marine vessels

THE PURPOSE. Consider the experience of use and conduct a study of the electrical power systems of sea vessels to determine the possibility of improving their operational characteristics. Obtain data on noise and vibration levels of electrical power systems elements.METHODS. The article analyzes the electrical power systems of the Azipod type steering columns of the Baltika icebreaker. The issue of regulating the rotation speed of propulsion electric motors using frequency control based on a DC link and parallel-connected inverter units on IGBT transistors is considered. Motor control on the frequency converter side can be based on direct torque control, scalar and vector control. There are control modes for reducing and increasing voltage.RESULTS. Typical dependences of structure-borne noise levels of main engines and generators are given. Measurements were taken at various frequencies of engine sound power levels, exhaust gases and vibration of generator sets. Experimental oscillograms of studies of the parallel operation of diesel generator sets were obtained, on which power exchange and common-mode oscillations were recorded.CONCLUSION. It is proposed to use multiphase AC electric motors to improve performance characteristics, including reducing noise and vibration. The existing experience in using frequency converters based on a rectifier section and inverter units in electric rowing installations with Azipod propellers makes it possible to implement such a change. To do this, it is necessary to parallelize the inverters that supply each of the three phases and provide the appropriate phase shifts.

Co-Design and Energy Management for Future Vessels

The maritime industry is undergoing a significant shift towards more sustainable and efficient forms of transportation. As a result, designing Power, Propulsion and Energy (PPE) Systems for future vessels presents new challenges that require a systematic approach that reduces the risk in development and implementation. This paper focuses on three aspects of such a systematic approach: Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE), Co-design, and Verification and Validation. The MBSE approach can be used to mitigate the risks associated with the transition by maintaining a clear traceability of user needs, functional requirements and physical realizations. A rigorous needs analysis and functional design reduces the optimisation design space that results in a significant reduction in the complexity of a design optimisation problem. Further, co-design is discussed as a methodology for a combined optimisation of the hardware and software design where the Modular Energy Management approach supports automated controller generation for the optimisation, a key challenge when optimising PPE systems. An important aspect of the MBSE approach is the use of models for the verification and validation of the developed designs. However, the successful use of models is contingent on their applicability. This paper proposes a way to categorise model confidence for verification and validation studies.

Optical diagnostic system for visualization subcutaneous blood vessels

Optical diagnostic system for visualization subcutaneous blood vessels

A POMDP model-based online risk mitigation method for autonomous inland vessels

Autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) increasingly gain appeal in the maritime industry for their high efficiency and improved navigational capabilities. However, risks originating from various internal and external factors such as faults, traffic, harsh weather conditions, etc., can affect their guidance and control capabilities and impact nominal vessel operations. The existing risk mitigation methods mainly focus on the vessel's guidance system and do not consider unsafe actions due to the control system. In this paper, we propose a new method based on a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model for the online risk mitigation of autonomous inland vessels. The POMDP model-based method utilizes information about situational awareness to assist the vessel's planning and control system in real-time decision-making during hazardous situations, thereby ensuring that the vessel remains in a minimum-risk condition. Based on the identified risk-influencing factors (RIFs), the transition probabilities are updated by a Bayesian belief network (BBN). A case study of an autonomous inland vessel navigating in a confined waterway is presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method.

Bi-Layered Real-Time Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Power Systems in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vessels

Bi-Layered Real-Time Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Power Systems in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vessels