Synthesis Of Sn Research Articles

Synthesis of Sn and Zr‐Doped BiVO4 Nanocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Activity

AbstractHerein, a facile microwave route to synthesized of Tin (Sn) and Zirconium (Zr) doped BiVO4 with enhanced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance are demonstrated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the monoclinic‐tetragonal structure of metal doped BiVO4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM) images confirmed the sphere like morphology while bare is in floral structure. The Raman (RS) and Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FT‐IR) Spectroscopy indicate the functional group of composition. Photoluminance (PL) spectroscopy revealed that the doped BiVO4 showed better excitation then the bare BiVO4. The UV‐Visible diffused reflectance (UV‐vis‐DRS) spectroscopy exposed improved visible light driven by narrow band gap of metal doped BiVO4. Further Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Linear Sweep voltammetry characterization (LSV) report that the metal doped BiVO4 established better photoelectrochemical activity in water splitting. The impact of metal doping in the crystallinity, optical properties, electrical properties and photocatalytic activity were evaluated using model pollutant of azo dyes and gaseous acetaldehyde under visible light irradiation. The Zr doped BiVO4 exhibit better performance for degradation of dyes, acetaldehyde decomposition and water splitting properties then the Sn doped BiVO4 and bare BiVO4. This work founds that the metal doping with semiconductor is effective in creating heterostructured nanomaterials, which result in reduce the recombination processes, leading to improved photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance.

Synthesis of Sn‐MCM‐41 at Low Temperature: Effect of the Synthesis Parameters on the Structural, Textural, and Catalytic Properties

AbstractSn containing MCM‐41 has gained attention for catalytic applications due to the recent popularization of the Sn‐Beta Zeolite as a water‐compatible Lewis acid catalyst. In the synthesis of Sn containing MCM‐41 at high temperature, it has been shown that the silica source, the type of base, and the temperature can affect the structural, textural, and catalytic properties. Herein, a sustainable synthesis of Sn‐MCM‐41 at low temperatures (25 to 75 °C) and using the low (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)/SiO2 molar ratio of 0.11 is proposed. It is also studied the effect of the synthesis temperature, reaction pH, nature of the base, and Sn loading in the structural, textural, and catalytic properties of Sn‐MCM‐41. Sn‐MCM‐41 synthesized with NH4OH as base presented XRD patterns typical for the MCM‐41 structures, while the synthesis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) led to porous materials with a low periodicity of the pores. Using both NH4OH or TMAOH as hydroxides allowed the introduction of Sn in the silica framework, although the materials prepared with TMAOH displayed a higher contribution of pentacoordinated and extraframework Sn. All the Sn‐MCM‐41 prepared in this work were active in converting glucose into fructose, showing performance superior to Sn‐MCM‐41 prepared at high temperature.

Synthesis of Sn nanocluster@carbon dots for photodynamic therapy application

Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively applied in clinical and coadjuvant treatment of various kinds of tumors. However, the photosensitizer (PS) of PDT still lack of high production of singlet oxygen (1O2), low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility. Herein, we propose a facile method for establishing a new core-shell structured Sn nanocluster@carbon dots (CDs) PS. Firstly, Sn4+@S-CDs complex is synthesized using the sulfur-doped CDs (S-CDs) and SnCl4 as raw materials, and subsequently the new PS (Sn nanocluster@CDs) is obtained after vaporization of Sn4+@S-CDs solution. Remarkably, the obtained Sn nanocluster@CDs show an enhanced fluorescence as well as a higher 1O2 quantum yield (QY) than S-CDs. The high 1O2 QY (58.3%) irradiated by the LED light (400–700nm, 40mW/cm2), induce the reduction of 4T1 cancer cells viability by 25%. More intriguingly, no visible damage happens to healthy cells, with little impact on liver tissue due to renal excretion, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that Sn nanocluster@CDs may become a promising PS, owning a high potential for application in PDT.

One pot synthesis and characterisation of two dimensional tin doped strontium oxide nanostructured electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitor applications

ABSTRACT In this research work, we report a facile one pot synthesis of Sn doped SrO (Sr1-xSnxO1-δ; where x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) based two dimensional nanoparticles. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared materials were characterized by XRD, EDAX, SEM and TEM. XRD confirmed that the prepared samples are cubic. The presence of appropriate atomic percentage of elements was predicted by EDAX. SEM and TEM data confirmed the presence of nanostructured grains in the samples. The electrochemical techniques such as, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to characterize the reproducible performance of the Sn doped SrO nanostructured electrode materials in 1 M of H2SO4 medium. Among the different samples studied, Sr0.6Sn0.4O1-δshowed a maximum specific capacitance of 56.49 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV. Hence, Sn doped SrO can be good electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitor applications.

Template assisted synthesis of Sn@C microspheres and SnO2@C micro bowls as anode for Li‐Ion batteries

AbstractThere are ongoing efforts to improve the energy density of current day Li‐ion batteries by using alloy‐based anodes such as Si, Sn, or SnO2 in place of graphite. Here we report template‐assisted synthesis of Sn@C microspheres and SnO2@C microbowls prepared by phloroglucinol (P) − formaldehyde (F) gel method. The structural and morphological characterizations are carried out using XRD, FESEM, and HR‐TEM. The electrochemical performance of SnO2@C as anode for Li‐ion battery is investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycling. At 1C rate, SnO2@C delivers a discharge capacity of 651 mA h g−1 over 150 cycles. Even at 5C rate, a reversible capacity of 494 mA h g−1 is observed with 72% of capacity retention over 200 cycles. Electrochemical impedance measurements also infer faster Li‐ion transport kinetics in the electrode material. The postmortem FESEM images on electrochemically cycled material show that porous hollow structure is retained even after prolonged cycling. For comparison, the Li storage property of Sn@C microspheres (MS) tested as anode for Li‐ion battery applications. This Sn@C composite delivered an excellent cycling capacity of 636 mA h g−1 at 1C rate over 400 cycles. When cycled at higher rate 5C, Sn@C composite exhibits high reversible capacity of 257 mA h g−1 with 68% of capacity retention over 250 cycles. These results highlight that combination of hollow architecture and porous carbon matrix of Sn@C and SnO2@C electrode provides better mechanical support to alleviate volume expansion issue of Sn electrode.

Synthesis of Sn4P3/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites as highly efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction

Sn4P3/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites exhibit high activity and selectivity for CO2 electroreduction to CO.

Electrochemical synthesis of Sn–Ag alloy coatings in sulphate solution

The optimal conditions for the electrochemical synthesis in the sulfate electrolyte of low-melting Sn–Ag alloy coatings used in the assembly of electronic equipment containing 7.1–8.3 at. % of silver and with total current yield of metals equal to 88.8–87.0 % are determined. It is established that electrochemical reduction of Sn(II) and Ag(I) on the surface of the alloy is accompanied by the process of contact displacement of Ag(I) with tin included into the coating. The process of contact displacement is intensified with the electrolyte temperature growth and leads to the increase in silver content in the alloy, to the appearance of dendrites on the surface of the coating due to its passivation.

Laser pyrolysis synthesis of Sn–Fe–N@polycarbosilazane nanocomposites, characterization and evaluation as energy storage materials

We report the single-step synthesis of novel tin-based core–carbosilazane shell nano-composites using laser pyrolysis technique. Controlled NH3 flows were used to entrain the vapors of volatile precursors: Sn(CH3)4 (TMT) and Fe(CO)5 injected through center for the core and [Si(CH3)3]2NH (HMDS) through the annular nozzle for the shell. Both NH3 and HMDS plays also the role of absorbers of the IR laser radiation. The obtained nanoparticles shown polydispersity with sizes from 5 up to around 120 nm, having spheroidal crystalline core—disordered shell morphology as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy images, where also short amorphous nanofibers were observed. The dominant crystalline phase β-Sn (having mean crystallite size between 22 and 29 nm) and minor tin-iron intermetallic and nitride phases were identified by X-ray diffraction. Infrared spectra show the presence of Si–N and Si–C bonds, pointing to a carbosilazane composition of the shells, accompanied by Si–O bonds due to partial oxidation after air exposure. Three different samples were obtained by keeping constant the Sn and Fe precursors flows and diminishing the HDMS flow, together with the corresponding NH3 flows. Preliminary tests of these materials as anodes for Li-ion battery showed an initial discharge capacity near 800 mAg/h which decreased to 300 mAh/g after 20 cycles for the sample having the highest Sn content.

Synthesis of Sn Nanoparticles/Graphene Nanosheet Hybrid Electrode Material with Three-Dimensional Conducting Network for Magnesium Storage

Synthesis of Sn Nanoparticles/Graphene Nanosheet Hybrid Electrode Material with Three-Dimensional Conducting Network for Magnesium Storage

Influence of La(III) on the reactivity and sensor properties of nanocrystalline SnO2

Synthesis of Sn(IV) and La(III) based nanocomposites has been effectuated. According to the data obtained by XRD and TPR-H2 methods, it is supposed that La in nanocompites is located in amorphous La2Sn2O7 segregation. The effect of La(III) on the adsorption properties of SnO2 surface and concentration of chemisorbed oxygen was determined. Sensor properties of obtained materials towards 10 ppm of CO in air were studied by in situ DC conductance measurements. It is shown that La introduction allows to increase sensor response of SnO2 during CO detection in air.

Synthesis of Sn–Co@PMMA nanowire arrays by electrodeposition and in situ polymerization as a high performance lithium-ion battery anode

Transition metals have attracted much attention due to their high energy density in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

ChemInform Abstract: Facile Room Temperature Ion‐Exchange Synthesis of Sn2+ Incorporated Pyrochlore‐Type Oxides and Their Photocatalytic Activities.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Electrochemical synthesis and study of coordination compounds part 1: tin(II) catechol complexes

The electrochemical synthesis of tin(II) complexes of catechols, Sn(O2Ar) (1a–9a), have carried out using tin metal as a sacrificial anode in acetonitrile, in the presence of catechol derivatives. The cyclic voltammetric characteristics of the synthesized complexes Sn(O2Ar) (1a–9a) have been studied at glassy carbon electrode in dichloromethane. Anodic oxidation of Sn(O2Ar) produces a single wave which shows irreversibility. Also, the electronic effects of ligands on the redox potential of complexes 1a–9a have been investigated. The synthesis of Sn(O2Ar) species in high yields and purity has been successfully performed in an undivided cell using constant current conditions.

Synthese und Festkörperstruktur des Koordinationspolymers {Zn[Sn(CH2SMe)4]0.5Cl2}n

AbstractSynthesis and Solid State Structure of the Coordination Polymer {Zn[Sn(CH2SMe)4]0.5Cl2}nThe tin compounds Sn(CH2SMe)4 and Sn(CH2PPh2)4 are accessible from reaction of SnCl4 with LiCH2SMe and LiCH2PPh2, respectively. X‐ray quality crystals of Sn(CH2PPh2)4 (tetragonal, ) are obtained from a benzene solution at 4 °C. The lithium methanide [Li(PMDTA)CH2PPh2], which was a starting material in the synthesis of Sn(CH2PPh2)4 crystallized from a mixture of diethyl ether and pentane at −20 °C in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The coordination polymer {Zn[Sn(CH2SMe)4]0.5Cl2}n was synthesized from Sn(CH2SMe)4 and ZnCl2 in benzene. The solid state structure of this coordination polymer reveals that {Zn[Sn(CH2SMe)4]0.5Cl2}n possesses an infinite [Zn‐SMe‐CH2‐Sn‐CH2‐SMe‐]‐chain as its backbone (monoclinic P21/c).

Kinetics of Ion Beam Synthesis of Sn and Sb Clusters in SiO2 Layers

AbstractIn this work we investigate the ion beam synthesis of Sn and Sb clusters in thin oxides. 80 keV (fluences of 0.1-1 × 1016 cm−2) Sn implantation in 85 nm thick SiO2, followed by annealing (800-1000°C for 30-300 sec under Ar or N 2 dry ambient) in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) system, leads to the formation of two cluster bands, near the middle of the SiO2 layer and the Si/SiO2 interface. In addition, big isolated clusters are randomly distributed between the two bands. Cluster-size distribution and cluster-crystallinity are related to implantation fluence and annealing time. Low energy (10-12 keV) Sb and Sn implantation (fluences 2-5 × 1015 cm−2) leads to the formation of very uniform cluster-size distribution. Under specific process conditions, only an interface cluster band is observed.

Synthesis of epitaxial Sn xGe 1− x alloy films by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

The group IV metastable Sn x Ge 1− x alloy system is an interesting semiconductor material with potential applications in the fabrication of Si-based heterojunctions and long wavelength infrared optoelectronic devices. Band structure calculations have suggested that the Sn x Ge 1− x alloys may have direct energy gaps continuously tunable from 0.55 to 0 eV for compositions x from 0.2 to 0.6 with very small electron effective masses and hence high electron mobilities. However, syntheses of Sn x Ge 1− x alloy films in the direct gap composition range by conventional epitaxial or polycrystalline thin film growth techniques have not been successful due to the severe surface segregation of Sn during the film growth. In this work, we report the synthesis of epitaxial Sn x Ge 1− x /Ge/Si(001) with compositions up to x=0.34 by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy with 30–100 eV Ar + ions produced by an electron cyclotron resonance ionization source with ion to atom flux ratios of the order of unity in the substrate temperature range of 120 to 200°C. High flux low energy ion beam irradiation greatly inhibits Sn segregation without interrupting epitaxy. In situ reflection high energy electron diffraction as well as X-ray rocking curve indicated epitaxial Sn x Ge 1− x alloy films, and Rutherford backscattering spectra confirmed the Sn x Ge 1− x alloy compositions and indicated an absence of Sn segregation.

Silica Based Double Salts as Cation-Exchangers II. Synthesis and Analytical Applications of Sn(IV) Phosphosilicate

Abstract This paper deals with the synthesis of Sn(IV) phosphosilicate as a new, reproducible and stable inorganic ion-exchanger. The composition, ion-exchange capacity for different metals, pH titrations, chemical stability, distribution and IR studies have also been performed on a sample of this material. On the basis of distribution studies, a number of binary separations of analytical importance have been achieved. The limits of separations have also been determined by taking various ratios of the two components.

Silica Based Double Salts as Cation-Exchangers-I Synthesis and Analytical Applications of Cerium (IV) Phosphosilicatte

Abstract This paper deals with the synthesis of Sn(IV) phosphosilicate as a new, reproducible and stable inorganic ion-exchanger. The composition, ion-exchange capacity for different metals, pH titrations, chemical stability, distribution and IR studies have also been performed on a sample of this material. On the basis of distribution studies, a number of binary separations of analytical importance have been achieved. The limits of separations have also been determined by taking various ratios of the two components.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tin(iv) Complexes of Azines

Abstract Synthesis of Sn(OAc)4-2n(AZ)n and SnCl4.nAZH2 (where n = 1, 2 and AZ represents the anion of salicylaldazine (SAZH2), o-hydroxy naphthalaldazine (HNAZH2) and o-hydroxy acetophenazine (HAAZH2) type of derivatives is reported. As evidenced by electronic, infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectral studies, these ligands show tridentate behaviour in the resulting complexes. Further, the replacement reactions of acetoxy tin(IV) derivatives with 1, 2-dihydroxy-benzene have resulted in the formation of pentacoordi-nated mixed ligand complexes.