Synthesis Of Materials Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence‐Assisted Ultrafast High‐Throughput Screening of High‐Entropy Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts

AbstractThe development of high‐entropy alloy (HEA) catalysts is hindered by the “combinatorial explosion” challenge inherent to their complex component design. This study presents an artificial intelligence‐assisted high‐throughput framework that synergizes large language models (LLMs) for literature mining and genetic algorithms (GAs) for iterative optimization to overcome this challenge. Here, LLMs analyzed 14 242 publications to identify 10 critical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)‐active elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, etc.), narrowing the candidate pool to 126 Pt‐based HEA combinations. GA‐driven experiment optimizes this subset via ultrafast high‐throughput material synthesis and screening using ultrafast high‐temperature thermal shock technology, achieving convergence in 4 iterations (24 samples) for 60% reduction of the versus conventional GA approaches. The optimal IrCuNiPdPt/C catalyst exhibits the record‐low HER overpotentials of 25.5 and 119 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm⁻2, surpassing commercial Pt/C by 49% and 18%, respectively, which demonstrates 300‐h stability with negligible decay. This work establishes a paradigm‐shifting strategy bridging computational intelligence and autonomous experiment, that slashes the discovery time from millennia to hours, enabling rational design of multi‐component catalysts for sustainable energy applications.

Comparison of laser‐based and solid‐state syntheses of ytterbium aluminum garnet Yb3Al5O12

AbstractThe utility of laser‐based heating for the rapid synthesis of small quantities of ytterbium aluminum garnet (Yb₃Al₅O₁₂, YbAG), a high‐temperature ceramic material, was demonstrated. YbAG was synthesized in air using a 400 W carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser in a copper hearth, starting from ytterbia (Yb2O3) and alumina (Al2O3) powders. The process produced spheroidal YbAG beads in a single step through the direct reaction of the mixed oxides. For comparison, YbAG was also synthesized as a pellet via solid‐state reaction in an electric box furnace. The resulting phases and microstructures of both a laser‐synthesized bead and the furnace‐synthesized pellet were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The laser‐synthesized beads were predominantly single‐phase YbAG, with minor eutectic formation of Al₂O₃ and YbAG in one bead at grain boundaries and pores. Laser‐based synthesis proved to be a fast and efficient method for producing small quantities of high‐temperature ceramic powders. Although not a novel technique, laser heating is rarely applied in high‐temperature materials synthesis. The rapid reaction observed here suggests the potential for forming YbAG coatings through a combined reaction and deposition process during thermal spray methods.

Synthesis of Porous Materials Based on Coal Combustion by-Products from Thermal Power Plants Using Self-Foaming

Synthesis of Porous Materials Based on Coal Combustion by-Products from Thermal Power Plants Using Self-Foaming

Sustainable Microporous Carbon Derived from Defatted Cotton Waste for High‐Performance CO₂ Capture

The increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration necessitates the development of efficient carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to mitigate climate change. Porous carbon materials are promising candidates for CO2 adsorption due to their high surface area, tunable pore structures, and chemical stability. However, the high cost and environmental impact of conventional precursors limit their large‐scale application. Herein, we report a sustainable and cost‐effective synthesis of microporous carbon materials derived from defatted cotton waste, an underutilized byproduct, via a simple activation process. The optimized material (DCW‐700‐3) exhibits exceptional CO2 adsorption capacities of 4.55 mmol/g at 25 °C and 6.81 mmol/g at 0 °C under 1 bar, owing to its well‐developed microporous structure, high ultramicropore volume, and oxygen‐containing surface functional groups. Furthermore, DCW‐700‐3 demonstrates excellent CO2/N2 selectivity (56), moderate isosteric heat of adsorption (19–45 kJ/mol), and outstanding cyclic stability with less than 2% capacity loss over five cycles. By valorizing defatted cotton waste, this work not only offers a sustainable and eco‐friendly pathway for industrial‐scale CCS but also addresses global waste management challenges, aligning with circular economy and sustainable development principles.

From Ancient Techniques to Modern Solutions: In Situ Synthesis of C-S-H for Sandstone Conservation.

Hydraulic calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), a key binding agent in both ancient mortars and modern cement, holds significant promise for heritage conservation. Drawing inspiration from ancient Roman techniques, this study investigates the development of C-S-H-based grouting materials to address water-induced erosive damage in the Beishan Grottoes of the Dazu Rock Carvings. The interfacial interactions between C-S-H mortar and sandstone are analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations, revealing the crucial role of hydrogen bonding at the interface of C-S-H and mineral phases for adhesion. In the in situ synthesis of C-S-H with a reticulated structure from Ca(OH)2/silica fume mixtures under ambient conditions, this work systematically investigates the impact of varying calcium-to-silica (C/S) ratio and water-to-binder ratios on the mechanical properties and pore structure of C-S-H-based mortars. The optimal mechanical and physical properties are achieved with a C/S ratio of 0.8, water/binder ratio of 2.0, binder/aggregate ratio of 1:3, and 4 wt% polycarboxylate superplasticizer. Laboratory-scale experiments confirm its excellent compatibility with sandstone, offering a potential effective grouting solution for the Beishan Grottoes and emphasizing the importance of material compatibility in heritage conservation. This integrated approach encompassing materials design, synthesis, characterization, and interfacial analysis, presents a robust framework for developing tailored binding agents for various applications.

Solution-based manufacturing of 2D materials for memristive device applications

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted significant attention as resistive switching materials for two-terminal non-volatile memory devices often referred as memristors due to their potential for achieving fast switching speeds and low power consumption. Their excellent gate tunability in electronic properties also enables hybrid devices combining the functionality of memory devices and transistors, with the possibility of realizing large-scale memristive crossbar arrays with high integration density. To facilitate the use of 2D materials in practical memristor applications, scalable synthesis of 2D materials with high electronic quality is critical. In addition, low-temperature integration for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) back-end-of-line (BEOL) integration in important for embedded memory applications. Solution-based exfoliation has been actively explored as a facile, cost-effective method for the mass production and low-temperature integration of 2D materials. However, the films produced from the resulting 2D nanosheet dispersions exhibited poor electrical properties in the early stages of research, thereby hindering their use in electronic devices. Recent progress in the exfoliation process and post-processing has led to significant improvements in the electronic performance of solution-processed 2D materials, driving increased adoption of these materials in memristor research. In this review article, we provide a thorough overview of the progress and current status of memristive devices utilizing solution-processed 2D resistive switching layers. We begin by introducing the electrical characteristics and resistive switching mechanisms of memristors fabricated with conventional materials to lay the groundwork for understanding memristive behavior in 2D materials. Representative solution-based exfoliation and film formation techniques are also introduced, emphasizing the benefits of these approaches for obtaining scalable 2D material films compared to conventional methods such as mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition. Finally, we explore the electrical characteristics, resistive switching mechanisms, and applications of solution-processed 2D memristive devices, discussing their advantages and remaining challenges.

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nano Particle Materials (Fe2O3 & Fe3O4) Synthesized by Arc Discharge Method

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nano Particle Materials (Fe2O3 & Fe3O4) Synthesized by Arc Discharge Method

Source-dependent variations in chitin: a comparative study on Antarctic krill, white shrimp and crayfish

Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer in nature after cellulose, has a diverse array of applications in the pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural, textile, cosmetic, wastewater treatment, and food industries. This versatility is attributed to its essential functional properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. The primary source of commercial chitin is the shells of crustaceans. However, the quantity and quality of chitin extracted from various crustacean shells have not yet been systematically reported or compared. In this study, we compared the composition of three types of crustacean shells: Antarctic krill (AK), White shrimp (WS), and Crayfish (CF). We employed a consistent sequence of deproteinization, decalcification, and bleaching to extract chitin from these shells. The extracted chitin was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our findings indicated that the chitin content in Antarctic krill reached 24.06%, significantly exceeding that of the other two crustaceans. Notably, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization confirmed that chitin samples from different biological sources exhibit significant structural heterogeneity. This study, through multidimensional morphological analysis, provides critical experimental evidence for both the targeted synthesis of chitin-based functional materials and the high-value-added conversion of crustacean-derived by-products.

The Progress in Synthesis of Efficient Carbon-Based Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries

With the increasing demand for clean energy, Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become a potential substitute for lithium-ion batteries because of their low cost, high safety and abundant sodium resources. However, the energy density of sodium ion batteries is low, and the development of electrode materials, especially negative electrode materials, is facing challenges. Due to their low cost, simple preparation process, and high electrochemical stability, carbon-based materials have emerged as the most promising anode materials for commercialization. In this paper, the applications of hard carbon, soft carbon and graphite in sodium ion batteries are reviewed, and their sodium storage mechanism, preparation methods and modification strategies are discussed.

Nucleophilic Germylation of Stable π Bonds via Ge-Ge Bond Heterolysis.

Organogermanes have recently attracted a great deal of attention as building blocks for the synthesis of bioactive products, drugs, and functional materials. Metallo-germyls were classically synthesized and employed for nucleophilic germylation to form C-Ge bonds. However, their syntheses require highly reactive organometal reagents, and the scope of germylations involving metallo-germyls is limited due to competition with kinetically favoured side reactions. Here, we present a regio/stereo-convergent nucleophilic germylation of stable π bonds by germyl anion generated in situ via heterolytic cleavage of the Ge-Ge bond of digermane (Ge-Ge) in the presence of KOtBu. This methodology affords unprecedented reactivity, enabling multiple germylation of alkynes and internally selective germylation of alkenes. These reactions are operationally simple, have broad functional group tolerance, and afford densely functionalized aliphatic organogermanes, such as 1-alkyl-1-germylalkanes, 1,1-digermylalkanes, and 1,1,1-trigermylalkanes, without any catalyst.

Nucleophilic Germylation of Stable π Bonds via Ge–Ge Bond Heterolysis

Organogermanes have recently attracted a great deal of attention as building blocks for the synthesis of bioactive products, drugs, and functional materials. Metallo‐germyls were classically synthesized and employed for nucleophilic germylation to form C–Ge bonds. However, their syntheses require highly reactive organometal reagents, and the scope of germylations involving metallo‐germyls is limited due to competition with kinetically favoured side reactions. Here, we present a regio/stereo‐convergent nucleophilic germylation of stable π bonds by germyl anion generated in situ via heterolytic cleavage of the Ge–Ge bond of digermane (Ge–Ge) in the presence of KOtBu. This methodology affords unprecedented reactivity, enabling multiple germylation of alkynes and internally selective germylation of alkenes. These reactions are operationally simple, have broad functional group tolerance, and afford densely functionalized aliphatic organogermanes, such as 1‐alkyl‐1‐germylalkanes, 1,1‐digermylalkanes, and 1,1,1‐trigermylalkanes, without any catalyst.

High-performance polymer supercapacitors

Supercapacitors (SCs) are emerging as critical components in the evolution of modern electronics, particularly as devices become more flexible, portable, and highly integrated, owing to their excellent stability, high power density, and long operational life. Various functional SCs, such as flexible SCs, transparent SCs, and micro-SCs, are highly demanded to meet the requirements of the next generation of optoelectronic products. For the construction of high-performance multifunctional SCs, three key approaches were mainly introduced: synthesis of stable electrode materials, development of flexible transparent hybrid electrodes, and fabrication of inkjet-printed SC devices. In this perspective, recent development of high-performance SCs has been presented and discussed in detail. Finally, the outlook on the future developments and potential applications of SCs has been provided.

The Expressive Potential of Predicative Constructions in Poetry of the Silver Age (A. Akhmatova, S. Esenin, V. Mayakovsky)

Aim. To study and describe functional features personal and impersonal predicative constructions with semantic of mental state and evaluation, including them as part of rhetorical expressions.Methodology. The linguistic material from the poetry of A. Akhmatova, S. Esenin and V. Mayakovsky was collected and analysed by using the targeted sampling method. Lexicographic method, functional and semantic method as methods of analysis were also used.Results. The research revealed that the predicative makes the semantic center of statement, allowing the author to express most fully and capaciously his feelings, state of mind, to evaluate the object or phenomena, to turn poetic text into expressive in combination with distributive words.Research implications. The study results allow to discover expressive potential of predicative, expand the information about pictorial language of A. Akhmatova, S. Esenin, V. Mayakovsky and can be used for working with poetic texts of other authors of the Silver age. Synthesis of new material on the studied topic allows to re-introduce into scientific turn the animistic predicative notion.

A Decade of Lead Halide Perovskites for Direct‐Conversion X‐ray and Gamma Detection: Technology Readiness Level and Challenges

AbstractOver the past decade, lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have become a vibrant thrust in the field of direct conversion X‐ray and gamma‐ray radiation detectors, offering promising cost‐effective and robust alternatives to traditional semiconductors. This review article chronicles the significant strides made since the inception of this field, emphasizing the material, structural, and functional advancements. It begins with an overview of the fundamental properties of perovskites that render them suitable for high‐energy radiation detection, such as their high atomic number, prominent charge carriers’ mobility and lifetime, and high resistivity. The review highlights key developments in material synthesis and processing techniques that have enhanced these detectors' stability, efficiency, and scalability. Furthermore, the review discusses the evolution of device architectures from single‐channel photodiodes to complex multi‐pixel arrays for imaging applications. The conclusion is focused on the remaining challenges that hamper the immediate progression of LHP radiation detectors to higher technology levels. This review is intended as a resource for academic researchers and industry stakeholders, summarizing the first decade of LHP detectors and forecasting the trajectory of this promising field, while remembering that forecasting the future trajectory, though challenging, is guided by current technological trends.

Green crosslinking with oxidized sodium alginate for enhanced Mo(VI) adsorption in alginate-based membranes.

Green crosslinking with oxidized sodium alginate for enhanced Mo(VI) adsorption in alginate-based membranes.

High-Performance Carbon Nanotube Electronic Devices: Progress and Challenges

As silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology approaches its physical and scaling limits at sub-3-nanometer nodes, critical challenges including the short-channel effect (SCE), surging power consumption, and aggravated parasitic effects have severely constrained further improvements in device performance, integration density, and energy efficiency. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their superior electrical properties, exceptional gate controllability enabled by one-dimensional nanostructure, and compatibility with existing semiconductor processes, have emerged as an ideal candidate material for post-silicon high-performance electronics. Since their discovery, CNT electronics have evolved from fundamental research to a comprehensive technological framework. This review first systematically elaborates the physical characteristics of CNTs and operation mechanisms of electronic devices. Subsequently, we comprehensively summarize recent research progress in high-performance CNT electronic devices with particular emphasis on their breakthrough achievements. Through critical analysis of current developments, we thoroughly discuss fundamental challenges in material synthesis, device fabrication, and circuit integration, while evaluating potential solutions. Finally, we concentrate on future development directions for high-performance CNT devices, aiming to call for collaborative efforts from both academia and industry to accelerate the transition of CNT electronics from laboratory research to industrial implementation.

Synthesis and characterization of a new inorganic material of fluor/hydroxyapatite C S H mixtures from blast furnace slag and their application in the removal of a cationic dye (methyleneblue) in aqueous solution

Synthesis and characterization of a new inorganic material of fluor/hydroxyapatite C S H mixtures from blast furnace slag and their application in the removal of a cationic dye (methyleneblue) in aqueous solution

Synthesis of bio-based polyethylene-like materials via ring-opening polymerization of ethylene brassylate in the presence of reduced graphene oxide

Synthesis of bio-based polyethylene-like materials via ring-opening polymerization of ethylene brassylate in the presence of reduced graphene oxide

Facile synthesis of phenazine-conjugated polymer material with extraordinary proton-storage redox capability

Facile synthesis of phenazine-conjugated polymer material with extraordinary proton-storage redox capability

Synthesis and performance evaluation of cost-effective porous humidity control materials using alkaline-activated inorganic cementitious binders

Synthesis and performance evaluation of cost-effective porous humidity control materials using alkaline-activated inorganic cementitious binders