Syntactic Terms Research Articles

Структурная вариантность в синтаксической терминологии

The article analyses structural variation in the syntactic terminology of the Russian language, examines the features of the functioning of terms at the present stage. In the syntactic terminological system, the author identifies pairs (rows) of units that are identical in meaning, which are divided into spelling and derivational variants. Among the spelling variants, phonetic and graphic variants-doublets are distinguished, and the derivational variants of syntactic terms in the article are presented in two varieties: wordformative (affixal) and structural. The author comes to the conclusion that structural variants-doublets in syntactic texts perform the function of substitutes, that is, units that can function in texts without any changes in their semantics.

ADJECTIVE HALFPREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN THE FOCUS OF LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC SEMANTICS

The article clarifies the terminological meaning of the concepts “predicativeness”, “half-predicativeness”, “halfpredicative construction”, “halfpredicative syntactic connection”, “halfpredicative semantic-syntactic relations”, “secondary predication”. The definition of these syntactic terms remains an actual problem of theoretical grammar today. The author states that all grammatical categories are in a simple complex sentence. Its main feature is asymmetry, because in terms of structure simple complex sentences belong to the class of monopredicative units, and in terms of semantics ‒ to non-elementary ones. The article also summarizes different types of complicating components. The central place among them is occupied by separated secondary members of the sentence (according to the traditional classification) or semi-predicative constructions (according to the latest classification). The main component of semipredicative constructions are adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. It has been investigated that the concept of “halfpredicativeness” and “halfpredicative construction” is closely related to the morphological nature of individual words, their semantics and the possibilities of establishing syntactic connections in a sentence. In particular, the meaning of an adjective is formed not by the concept of objects of reality, but by the concept of qualities, relations, belonging. In addition, the adjective most often enters the syntactic structure of the sentence not independently, but as part of a substantive group of different semantics. In lexical-grammatical unity, the adjective not only clarifies the semantics of the main noun, but also specifies its meaning in the attributive and predicative positions. It is proved that abstract nouns in the basic structure of the sentence, although devoid of denotation, can simultaneously form the semantics of the statement. Under this condition, they become the signifier for the adjectival halfpredicative construction.

Структурные особенности англо-американской заимствованной терминологии рекламы в немецком языке и способы ее перевода на русский язык

The aim of the study is to determine structural features of English-American borrowed terms in German advertising terminology to identify ways of its decoding by experts in this field of knowledge. The article presents the results of studying structural features of the German advertising terminology of Ame¬rican origin and ways of its translation into Russian. Scientific novelty consists in examining directly borrowed advertising terms in the modern German language, including the terms that are not recorded in dictionaries, and in analysing word formation for this terminology. As a result, the main structural types of English-American borrowed terms, as well as a model of compound syntactic terms atypical for the German language have been identified. Methods for translating borrowed advertising terminology into Russian have been proposed.

Linguistic Errors and Skill-Competency of Students in Writing Business Letters

Business writing has a standard way of writing and formality in communication, this space for clearer and concise communication should be evident in the letter, otherwise, it shall create miscommunication and confusion. Thus, a level of students’ learning in terms of the knowledge of format and content should be mastered by the learners. Having this idea, the researcher pursued this study on the evaluation of the students’ business writing skills to help the students be prepared of future communication with the companies and be able to increase their confidence level in their written communication by avoiding technical and grammatical error. The study analyzed the Linguistics Errors and Skill-Competency in Business Letter Writing of student-leaders in College of Education in University of Nueva Caceres. This study sought identify kind of letters archived in the College of Education; determine the Linguistics Errors of College of Education students in Business Writing in terms of Mechanical, Morphological, Lexical, and Syntactic; recognize the Level of Competency in Business Writing Skills of College of Education students in terms of Format, and Content; establish the relationship of the Linguistic Error and the Level of Competency in Business Writing Skills of the College of Education students; and present an innovative instructional material may be produced by the researcher based on the result of the study. This study allowed the researcher to see that the Letter request is the common letters submitted in the office; that the students, despite their perception of being competent and highly competent in their business letter writing skills, are still committing errors particularly in the Punctuations, Sentence Structures, and Word Choice. Thus, should learn and relearn the important concepts in the business letter writing format and content. Lastly, should urge the future researchers to evaluate the innovative material done by the researcher so that it would be practically useful for the present and future student-leaders.

Structural Change in Relative Clauses and the Autonomy of Heritage Grammars

This paper addresses the question of structural change in relative clauses in heritage speakers of two varieties of Venetan, a northern Italo-Romance language. It will be shown that appositive and restrictive relative clauses are not structurally distinguished in Brazilian Venetan, while they display different structural properties in Italian Venetan. It will be proposed that the phenomenon described in the paper does not depend on transfer from another language and it is not exclusively a matter of processing. The approach presented here aims to account for structural change in syntactic terms, without resorting to extra-linguistic factors. Heritage grammars are autonomous systems and follow predictable paths of language variation, as such, variation may take place at an interface level and at a syntactic level alike. This does not exclude possible influences from the dominant language, which, however, do not need to be taken as the only triggers of change.

The Effects of Misconceptions Syntactic Concepts on Writing Performance - A Case Study at a University in Vietnam

The current research paper was carried out at a university in Hanoi, Vietnam in order to investigate the effects of misconceptions between Vietnamese syntactic concepts and those in English on writing performance. The design of the study was “qualitative case study”. The case was selected from 116 students who have finished their first year studying in different disciplines such as Business Administration, International Business, Banking and Tourism Administration … The scope of the study was the misconceptions on syntactic terms in three categories; verb-related, noun-related and adverbial related errors. The findings were that the verb-related errors such as wrong tenses, infinitive phrases and omission of ‘be’ are frequently found; 31.9%, 30.9% and 29.3% respectively. The errors related to determiners and conjuncts make up 47.8% each. Most of the participants do not understand the meaning of syntactic terms in English.

HYPER-REF: A General Model of Reference for First-Order Logic and First-Order Arithmetic

AbstractIn this article I present HYPER-REF, a model to determine the referent of any given expression in First-Order Logic (FOL). I also explain how this model can be used to determine the referent of a first-order theory such as First-Order Arithmetic (FOA). By reference or referent I mean the non-empty set of objects that the syntactical terms of a well-formed formula (wff) pick out given a particular interpretation of the language. To do so, I will first draw on previous work to make explicit the notion of reference and its hyperintensional features. Then I present HYPER-REF and offer a heuristic method for determining the reference of any formula. Then I discuss some of the benefits and most salient features of HYPER-REF, including some remarks on the nature of self-reference in formal languages.

Parenthetical niching: A third‐factor phonosyntactic analysis

AbstractIn this article, I develop a theory of how a syntactically unintegrated parenthetical is integrated with its host at the sensorimotor interface. First, I observe that thenichesopen to parentheticals, traditionally described in syntactic terms, are more accurately described in the terms of prosodic‐hierarchy theory. In particular, I show that a niche corresponds to a phonological‐phrase boundary. I then argue that this follows if a parenthetical is constructed in a separate syntactic workspace and is integrated with its host at the sensorimotor interface (without ever being integrated in narrow syntax) in a manner that is constrained by (i) certain properties of the syntactic workspace, (ii) the No‐Tampering Condition, and (iii) certain properties of the syntax–phonology mapping.

The ban on headless XP-movement is not narrow syntactic

This paper argues that the ban on headless XP-movement should not be captured in narrow syntactic terms. That is, there is no constraint in the syntactic computation preventing remnant movement of a phrase from which the head has been extracted, i.e., so-called Takano’s Generalization is wrong. This is demonstrated through a case study of the emphatic doubling construction in Rioplatense Spanish, which requires a derivation proceeding exactly along these lines. It is further argued that the relevant prohibition should be stated as a condition that applies at PF: A preliminary conjecture on the nature of this prohibition is also offered.

A Grammar of Dhao; An endangered Austronesian language in Eastern Indonesia

This book presents a grammar description of Dhao, an endangered Austronesian language spoken by about 3000 people on Ndao Island in Eastern Indonesia. It is a member of the Sumba-Hawu subgroup in the Austronesian family and displays an intensive contact with nearby Kupang Malay and the Rote dialects, which also influences the grammar of the language. This grammar has six chapters which mainly describe the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Dhao. Dhao has an open syllabic system. Word classes are defined only through constructions. The only derivational prefix pa- bears a variety of meanings and interacts with other morphological processes. (C)a- partial reduplication applies to both nominal and verbal categories. Furthermore, verbs and adjectives are only distinguishable through serial verb constructions (SVCs).In order to indicate grammatical relations, only co-indexing system applies. Due to mismatch between verb valencies and constructions, valency is treated as semantic and transitivity is syntactic term. SVCs include at most three verbs whose types are based on the semantics of the verbs. This grammar provides an innovative contribution to the tradition of language research and description in Eastern Indonesia and specifically in the Timor Region.

Syntactic Complexity of Learning Content in Italian for COVID-19 Frontline Responders: A Study on WHO’s Emergency Learning Platform

The goal of this paper is to offer a model to quantify the level of complexity of the linguistic content of a corpus in Italian extracted from OpenWHO, WHO’s health emergency learning platform (Rohloff et al. 2018; Zhao et al. 2019). The nature of the computational ranking costs of a typology of relativization strategies is investigated. To reach this goal, the results of the corpus are compared with other three syntactic annotated corpora from Italian belonging to different genres (news, social media, encyclopedic entries, legal). The results show that online learning contents in public health reduce complex structures in syntactic terms. The case study presented here provides a methodology to quantify syntactic and computational complexity in corpus studies.

Communication Strategies of Individual with Down Syndrome

The issue on language and communication disorder of individuals with Down Syndrome becomes the focus of this study. It explores the disorder as a language phenomenon represented in movie. Where Hope Grows movie describes the character with Down Syndrome struggling in communicating with people in his workspace and independent livelihood. The result of this study shows that the utterances have dissimilarities with common people particularly in phonological terms such consonant clusters produced as a singleton, omitted word final consonant, target fricatives and affricates are produced as stops, and aspirated voiceless stops in initial position are de-aspirated. Moreover, there are also issues within the syntactical terms such simple infinitive clauses with equivalent subjects, infinitive clauses with different subjects, and quotes as full clauses. Further studies should cover more elaborative communication strategies of speakers with Down Syndrome in more impromptu and spontaneous speech contexts.

Relational biology and Church's thesis

Church's Thesis is a metamathematical hypothesis that says the concepts of effective calculability and computability are coextensive. It is reasonable to consider everything that happens in the material world to be ‘effective’. If Church's Thesis were true in the natural world, then it would mean that all material processes could be expressed in purely syntactic terms. A corollary in relational biology is that a living system must have noncomputable models. Thus the existence of living systems implies that Church's Thesis is false as a physical proposition. The paper begins with a review of the tenets of relational biology, which is the standpoint from which this exposition on the Foundations of Mathematics and Theoretical Biology is composed.

Intentionality, Conceptual Content, and Emotions

The present study aims at supporting the argument that emotions, unlike a physicalistic interpretation, cannot be reduced to the conceptual elements used in the communication or exteriorization process. The subject is based on two hypotheses: the first is that the relation between the issuance of an emotive content (emotion) and a possible mental representation presents a linguistic nature. In general terms, this means that an emotion, or the psychological content associated with it is based on the plot of other concepts. The second hypothesis is that it is not possible to refer to emotions without considering cognition from a semantic problem and, consequently, in the refusal of a realistic or anti-realistic posture in relation to the way the phenomena - internal and/or external to our consciousness - are referred. Thus, a conceptual model to understand emotions would be essential to settle the problem associated with ordinary language, realism, and the computational tendencies that comprehend the mental content in strictly syntactic terms.

The Embedding Puzzle: Constraints on Evidentials in Complement Clauses

The Embedding Puzzle: Constraints on Evidentials in Complement Clauses

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN ADJECTIVES

Language is a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. Learning a foreign language is never easy especially when we try to express our thought, opinions, feelings and ideas from mother language to target language. Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a “world language” or “lingua franca’. While it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language. Since English language is taught as foreign language in our country learning its grammar is still challenging. Proper grammar is essential for learning and comprehending the second language knowing that grammar is a guide how language should be written and spoken. As basic Grammar deals with parts of speech this paper will concentrate on adjective both in English and Albanian their formation, function, degree, order and semantic classification. This seminar paper deals with contrastive analyses of English and Albanian adjectives and aims at describing and analyzing similarities and differences that exist between them. The methodology of the study is descriptive and contrastive. Even though the English and Albanian languages belong to the Indo-European family they do share similarities and differences both in morphological and syntactical terms.

Literal Occurrences of Multiword Expressions: Rare Birds That Cause a Stir

Abstract Multiword expressions can have both idiomatic and literal occurrences. For instance pulling strings can be understood either as making use of one’s influence, or literally. Distinguishing these two cases has been addressed in linguistics and psycholinguistics studies, and is also considered one of the major challenges in MWE processing. We suggest that literal occurrences should be considered in both semantic and syntactic terms, which motivates their study in a treebank. We propose heuristics to automatically pre-identify candidate sentences that might contain literal occurrences of verbal VMWEs, and we apply them to existing treebanks in five typologically different languages: Basque, German, Greek, Polish and Portuguese. We also perform a linguistic study of the literal occurrences extracted by the different heuristics. The results suggest that literal occurrences constitute a rare phenomenon. We also identify some properties that may distinguish them from their idiomatic counterparts. This article is a largely extended version of Savary and Cordeiro (2018).

Encoding reflexivity: The syntax and semantics of natural reflexives

This paper suggests that reflexivity of natural reflexives is encoded through a universal reflexive element, Refl(exive). The function of Refl is to (i) take two open predicates of type <e,st>, (ii) associate the unsaturated variables of the predicates with each other, and (iii) return another predicate of type <e,st> (cf. Labelle 2008). Crosslinguistic differences regarding the reflexive (Reinhart & Siloni 2005) are attributed to the different selectional properties of Refl in different languages. The proposed analysis offers an account of the typology of the reflexive in purely syntactic terms, extending Pylkkanen’s (2008) analysis of causatives to the reflexive.

Epimorphisms, Definability and Cardinalities

Generalizing a theorem of Campercholi, we characterize, in syntactic terms, the ranges of epimorphisms in an arbitrary class of similar first-order structures (as opposed to an elementary class). This allows us to strengthen a result of Isbell, as follows: in any prevariety having at most s non-logical symbols and an axiomatization requiring at most m variables, if the epimorphisms into structures with at most m + s + aleph0 elements are surjective, then so are all of the epimorphisms. Using these facts, we formulate and prove manageable "bridge theorems", matching the surjectivity of all epimorphisms in the algebraic counterpart of a logic L with suitable infinitary definability properties of L, while not making the standard but awkward assumption that L comes furnished with a proper class of variables.

The Role of Onomatopoeic and Predicative Words in Formation of Concretizing Relations in Tatar Language

This article examined the roles of onomatopoeic and predicative words in the formation of a concretizing relations in the Tatar literary language. For many years, language onomatopoeic and predicative words in Tatar language had been studied as a part of the modal speech. Since the end of the 20th century, onomatopoeic words have been included into the list of notional parts of speech. Predicative words also stand between the notional and service parts of speech, that is, as a separate unit. In syntactic terms, both of these can be attributed to notional parts of speech, as they form word combinations. In this scientific work, the authors were first to study the concretizing relations between onomatopoeic words, verbs, and nouns and also between predicative words and nouns, pronouns, and verbs. The article also shed light on semantic nuances and means of communication.A concretizing link refers to an expression of a concretizing relation between words using special means of communication. The category of concretizing relations includes a rather wide range of semantic nuances between notions; therefore, the means of their expression are very diverse. The scientific novelty of this article was determined by the functional-semantic analysis of the concretizing relationship, wherein onomatopoeic and predicative words were either dependent or dominant components.The research method was determined by the goals and objectives of the work, as well as by the specificity of the material being studied. The main research method was descriptive-analytical, with its main components: observation, generalization, and interpretation. Comparative-historical method was also used for the purpose of comprehensive analysis of linguistic features of speech, allowing determining certain tendencies in the development of grammatical system of national literary language. The study also involved comparative-typological and statistical methods.