We report the first definitive neutron diffraction study aimed at resolving the P-OH/PO structural ambiguity in metal dithiophosphonates. The small NH4 counterion forces a rare syn-configuration via an extended hydrogen-bonding network. Neutron analysis definitively confirmed the fully deprotonated PO moiety, thus confirming the formation of a dianionic dithiophosphonate, a versatile synthon in homoleptic and heteroleptic coordination environments.

ABSTRACT The embedded tales of Niẓāmī's Haft paykar, narrated to Bahrām, the poem's protagonist, have long been a focus of interest. Because the tales explore the ethics of desire and are praised by Niẓāmī in his authorial comments as “treasure houses of wisdom,” they are often considered a course of ethico-spiritual education for Bahrām. I argue, however, this is not borne out by the poem's plot, in which they function as distractions that Bahrām must ultimately repudiate. Through the narratological ambiguity of the frame-tale structure, Niẓāmī encodes two different understandings of the tales' ethical significance into the poem, each associated with a different imagined context of narration and reception. As oral evenings entertainment, narrated to Bahrām within the plot, they are cast as frivolous, feminine diversions, but as components of a versified, authorial text composed by Niẓāmī, they are offered to readers as eloquent and full of meaning.

Accurate six-degree-of-freedom (6-DoF) camera pose estimation is essential for augmented reality, robotics navigation, and indoor mapping. Existing pipelines often depend on detailed floorplans, strict Manhattan-world priors, and dense structural annotations, which lead to failures in ambiguous room layouts where multiple rooms appear in a query image and their boundaries may overlap or be partially occluded. We present Render-Rank-Refine, a two-stage framework operating on coarse semantic meshes without requiring textured models or per-scene fine-tuning. First, panoramas rendered from the mesh enable global retrieval of coarse pose hypotheses. Then, perspective views from the top-k candidates are compared to the query via rotation-invariant circular descriptors, which re-ranks the matches before final translation and rotation refinement. Our method increases camera localization accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art SPVLoc baseline by reducing the translation error by 40.4% and the rotation error by 29.7% in ambiguous layouts, as evaluated on the Zillow Indoor Dataset. In terms of inference throughput, our method achieves 25.8–26.4 QPS, (Queries Per Second) which is significantly faster than other recent comparable methods, while maintaining accuracy comparable to or better than the SPVLoc baseline. These results demonstrate robust, near-real-time indoor localization that overcomes structural ambiguities and heavy geometric assumptions.

This paper examines how Denise Riley and Anna Mendelssohn employ interrogation sentences and linguistic ambiguity to resist the imposition of pre-defined identities. The analysis focuses on how grammatical ‘errors’ and structural ambiguities eliminate presuppositions of answers, making the poems open for interpretation, and extending a form of democracy. It studies how Riley uses interrogative statements to evade self-definitions, and how Mendelssohn uses them to refuse categories. Keywords: Interrogative, Gender, Language, Sexuality, Reclamation, Interpellation

This study proposes the Huffman Tree and Binary Conversion (HTB) which is a preprocessing algorithm to transform the Huffman tree into binary representation before the encryption process. In fact, HTB can improve the structural readiness of plaintext by combining the Huffman code with a deterministic binary representation of the Huffman tree. In addition, binary representation of the Huffman tree and the compressed information will be encrypted by standard cryptographic algorithms. Six datasets, divided into two groups (short and long texts), were chosen to evaluate compression behavior and the processing cost. Moreover, AES and RSA are chosen to combine with the proposed method to analyze the encryption and decryption cycles. The experimental results show that HTB introduces a small linear-time overhead. That means, it is slightly slower than applying only the Huffman code. Across these datasets, HTB maintained a consistently low processing cost. The processing time is below one millisecond in both encoding and decoding processes. However, for long texts, the structural conversion cost becomes amortized across larger encoded messages, and the reduction in plaintext size leads to fewer encryption blocks for both AES and RSA. The reduced plaintext size lowers the number of AES encryption blocks by approximately 30–45% and decreases the number of encryption and decryption rounds in RSA. The encrypted binary representation of the Huffman tree also decreased structural ambiguity and reduced the potential exposure of frequency-related metadata. Although HTB does not replace cryptographic security, it enhances the structural consistency of compression. Therefore, the proposed method demonstrates scalability, predictable overhead, and improved suitability for cryptographic workflows.

The Aramaic Daniel Apocryphon (4Q246) is among the most discussed Aramaic texts from Qumran, primarily due to its mention of a figure called the “Son of God” (ברה די אל) and the “Son of the Most High” (בר עליון). The fragmentary state of the scroll and its syntactic ambiguity have generated divergent interpretations, with some seeing the figure as a blasphemous foreign king and others as a positive, eschatological savior. This study re-examines 4Q246 through a fresh philological and structural analysis. It contains the edition, translation, and detailed linguistic commentary of the text, together with a new proposal for dividing the work according to the alternation of positive and negative parts (A1–B1, A2–B2, A3–B3), which clarifies the internal structure of the text. Although the text changes the period it describes three times, the logical referents of the descriptions are only two periods, negative and positive. The analysis supports understanding the “Son of God” not as a negative or arrogant ruler, but as a positive, messianic figure who combines Davidic royal ideology with Danielic apocalyptic themes. Finally, the paper points out similarities between 4Q246 and Luke 1:32-35, suggesting they share theological ideas rather than having a direct literary connection.

Regressive eye movements are commonly observed in response to syntactic ambiguities, yet their characteristics and role in ambiguity resolution remain unclear. This study examined two key questions about rereading in Chinese garden-path sentences: (1) whether rereading is selective, meaning that readers allocate more or longer fixations to specific regions following garden-path disambiguation and (2) whether rereading facilitates comprehension by aiding the recovery of the globally correct interpretation. We therefore conducted an eye-tracking experiment on sentences featuring a naturally occurring syntactic ambiguity (NP1 + VP + NP2 + de + NP3). The results provide clear evidence of selective rereading, as readers refixated the ambiguous region after encountering processing difficulty. However, these refixations did not aid ambiguity resolution, suggesting that while regressions reflect sensitivity to processing disruptions, they do not always contribute to successful reinterpretation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Against the backdrop of the deepening “dual carbon” strategy and the globalization of ESG investment, China’s construction industry, an important key carbon-emitting sector, faces a “triple institutional dilemma”. It includes high carbon lock-in, human capital alienation, and an ambiguous governance structure. Current research on the practical paths of ESG compliance and its localized adaptation in this industry remains limited. Drawing on the green transformation theory, this study systematically explores the theoretical logic, realistic picture, and breakthrough path of ESG compliance in the industry. Firstly, it clarifies the connotation of ESG compliance and maps out the industry’s policy framework and practical patterns. Secondly, it analyzes core dilemmas from three dimensions: environmental constraints related to technical pathways, social conflicts between labor and community arising from institutional imbalances, and governance inefficiencies caused by irregular information disclosure and imperfect structure. Finally, it proposes a “three-dimensional collaborative” mitigation mechanism. This study provides localized, practical pathways for ESG compliance in the construction industry and offers a theoretical reference for the sector’s green transformation, thereby contributing to advancing Chinese-style modernization and ecological civilization construction.

ABSTRACT To address challenges in urban building digitization, such as data redundancy, structural ambiguity, and boundary inaccuracy, this paper proposes a topological reconstruction method integrating deep semantic segmentation and adjacency constraints. SoftGroup is used for instance-level segmentation, achieving high-precision component identification via joint network optimization. Based on segmentation results, an adjacency graph is constructed to model spatial topological relationships. To reduce boundary misconnections and geometric noise, an adjacency-guided boundary regularization strategy is introduced that combines face affiliation and spatial proximity within a global topological graph. Experiments on STPLS3D and SensatUrban show high shape fitting accuracy (SFA = 0.0046) and strong structural consistency (SCS > 0.9) for typical structures. The method also achieves robust recovery for complex elements such as conical roofs. Ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of boundary regularization in enhancing consistency. This efficient and accurate approach supports large-scale urban reconstruction and AR applications in real 3D environments.

Quality issues in User Stories (US) frequently arise during implementation, with common problems including ambiguity, integration challenges, and inconsistencies in templates or formal structure. These challenges emphasize the critical need to evaluate the quality of the US, prompting extensive research focused on developing methods and innovations to improve the requirement elicitation process. This study aims to analyze the frameworks, application methods, and tools employed in previous research to assess US quality. Utilizing the Kitchenham framework, 26 relevant studies were systematically reviewed. Next, the analysis identified six prominent quality evaluation frameworks: INVEST, Quality User Story (QUS), ISO 25010, IEEE 830, USQM, and linguistic-based approaches. The application of these frameworks often involves experts, practitioners, and artificial intelligence (AI). Meanwhile, among the tools reviewed, AQUSA emerged as the most frequently used due to its alignment with QUS standards. These findings highlight the adaptability of existing frameworks and tools while underscoring the potential for further integrating generative AI to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of US quality evaluations. Subsequently, future research should explore innovative AI-based methods to advance this critical area of requirement engineering.

Automatic 3D shape analysis is heavily influenced by the pose of input 3D models, as the continuous nature of pose space introduces complexities that usually exceed the encoding capacities of standard deep learning frameworks. To tackle this challenge, we present Upright-Net+, an enhancement of our previous model, Upright-Net, specifically developed for estimating upright orientation in 3D point clouds. Our approach is grounded in the design principle that "form ever follows function," treating the natural base of an object as a functional structure that stabilizes it in its typical pose, influenced by physical laws and geometric properties. We reformulate the continuous orientation problem into a discrete classification task, focusing on learning the points that constitute the natural base of a 3D model. The upright orientation is determined by aligning the normal orientation of this base towards the mass center. To mitigate over-smoothing in the global feature embeddings from stacked graph convolutional layers, we introduce a Global Positional Encoding Module using Relative Distance Histogram Statistics Embedding (GPE-RDHS), which reduces structural ambiguity and enhances orientation estimation. We also enhanced a weighted residual loss term to penalize false positive predictions, enhancing overall model performance. Our method demonstrates exceptional performance in upright orientation estimation and reveals that the learned orientation-aware features significantly benefit downstream tasks, particularly in classification.

Abstract This article provides new observations on où est-ce que (lit. ‘where is-it that’) in headed relatives (i.e. relatives with a nominal antecedent) in Quebec French from two different data sources (corpus research and acceptability judgements). These observations will be interpreted as an indicator for a more advanced stage of grammaticalisation of où est-ce que in this variety of French than in its European counterpart. Moreover, it will be shown that où est-ce que is more advanced in grammaticalisation in Quebec French than qu’est-ce que (lit. ‘what is-it that’). I will argue that this contrast is due to the adverbial function of où est-ce que , which leads to structural ambiguity between appositive and restrictive relative clauses. This ambiguity creates the possibility of structural reanalysis of clauses beginning with où est-ce que as headed relative clauses. I will support this analysis diachronically by comparison with other languages and with a related form oùsque , which is diachronically related to où est-ce que and has a distribution similar to that of où est-ce que , in that it is also used in headed relatives. The article is structured as follows. In Section 1 , I will describe the distribution of où est-ce que and related forms in French both synchronically and diachronically and present the steps of grammaticalisation that have been undergone by où est-ce que . In Section 2 , I present new data from Quebec French that will show a more advanced stage of grammaticalisation of où est-ce que in Quebec French. In Section 3 , I suggest an informal analysis to explain this new observation. Section 4 provides a detailed analysis of the informal suggestion based on a formal distinction between restrictive and appositive uses of relative clauses. Section 5 offers a summary and discussion.

We have developed an electron-activated dissociation (EAD) device with product isolation functionality for multistage tandem mass spectrometry (MSn). The EAD portion is a branched magneto-radio frequency ion trap with an electron beam source, and we attached a linear radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) ion trap (or D trap) to one of the branches of the EAD device. Because the D trap was installed inside a strong ring permanent magnet, we made the linear quadrupole rods from para-magnetic stainless steel, which works as a magnetic shield. Using this D trap, we isolated a fragment produced by the first dissociation technique, which can be further fragmented by collision-induced dissociation (CID) or EAD. Using the new EAD-D trap, we demonstrated a near-complete structural identification of cardiolipins via an MS3 workflow with CID followed by electronically excited dissociation (EED) after isolation from the CID products. The number of double bonds, their positions, and cis/trans isomerism in each acyl group, as well as the regioisomerism of acyl chains, were fully identified; however, the only remaining structural ambiguity of the cardiolipins was the chirality at the central carbon of the central glycerol group. We identified 18 cardiolipins in Escherichia coli (E. coli) extract.

Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) is among the most powerful techniques for visualizing the spatial distribution of small organic molecules, particularly lipids, on tissue surfaces. Conventional DESI-MSI analysis typically involves sectioning fresh-frozen tissues or, less commonly, embedding samples in matrices specifically formulated to preserve the tissue integrity for multifunctional analyses. In this study, we present an optimized sucrose-gelatin hydrogel matrix compatible with DESI-MSI, using mouse brain tissue as a model system. The method involves low-temperature embedding of frozen specimens into the hydrogel matrix, followed by snap-freezing at -160 °C. This matrix formulation ensures minimal background interference and prevents metabolite delocalization, thereby preserving the native molecular composition of the tissue. Notably, sucrose-derived adduct ions restricted to the embedding medium serve as stable internal reference signals in both positive and negative ionization modes. These signals enable continuous lock-mass correction throughout acquisition, offering a new solution to the unresolved challenge for accurate mass-based measurements in DESI-MSI without an infusion of exogenous calibration standards. Complementary DESI-MS/MS analyses further facilitate confident lipid identification and resolve structural ambiguities. Moreover, the sucrose-gelatin embedding medium provides excellent preservation of tissue morphology and antigenicity, supporting subsequent histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Overall, this sucrose-based hydrogel embedding protocol offers a robust, reproducible, and multimodal platform for molecular tissue imaging by DESI-MSI, especially in delicate biological specimens with broad translational potential across preclinical and clinical research domains.

Glaucoma remains one of the primary causes of irreversible blindness, characterized by gradual damage to the optic nerve, which often goes undetected until advanced stages. Accurate and early diagnosis depends heavily on precise segmentation of the optic disc and optic cup in retinal fundus images, as this enables reliable calculation of the cup-to-disc ratio, a key biomarker for identifying and monitoring glaucoma. However, many current deep learning approaches struggle with generalization because of challenges such as variable image quality, blood vessel occlusion, and structural ambiguities, leading to reduced segmentation and classification accuracy. To address these issues, this study introduces DB-SegNet, an advanced diagnostic framework designed to enhance both segmentation accuracy and glaucoma detection. The proposed architecture builds upon SegNet by incorporating a Dilated Atrous Context Module (DACM) to capture multi-scale contextual features and a Bidirectional Feature Calibration Unit (BFCU) to refine boundary details. Feature space optimization is achieved through the Bitterling Fish Optimization (BFO) algorithm, while a Multi-Scale Attention Transformer (MSAT) is employed to model long-range spatial dependencies. In addition, Honey Badger Optimization (HBO) is applied for hyperparameter fine-tuning, ensuring stable and precise convergence. Evaluation on three widely used benchmark datasets such as Drishti-GS1, RIM-ONE, and ORIGA-Light demonstrates the effectiveness of the framework, yielding Dice coefficients of 99.2% for optic disc and 98.3% for optic cup segmentation, along with classification accuracies of 98.7% (RIM-ONE) and 99.1% (ORIGA-Light). These outcomes highlight the robustness of DB-SegNet in overcoming the limitations of existing techniques and underscore its potential as a clinically reliable tool for large-scale glaucoma screening and early intervention planning.

This paper analyzes and focuses on disambiguating the ambiguities in Republic Act (R.A.) 11479, An Act to Prevent, Prohibit, and Penalize Terrorism, thereby Repealing Republic Act No. 9372. Ambiguities in legal texts arise due to technical jargon, complex sentence structures, and a lack of specificity in the application and scope of the law, especially when the language is open to multiple interpretations. This study unravels the ambiguities in various categories, primarily lexical, referential, syntactic, cross-textual, and pragmatic ambiguity, as found in R.A. 11479. The research employed a qualitative design, utilizing forensic discourse analysis, and analyzed the data using the Types of Ambiguities framework by Bernardo and Albaña-Garrido (2023). The findings revealed five ambiguities in the legal text, and the interaction of these ambiguities leads to the conclusion that the language employed in this legal document may be misunderstood, giving rise to conflicting interpretations.

This study aims to assess the extent of organisational silence among new nurses, analyse how structural empowerment and role ambiguity influence this silence, and determine whether role ambiguity mediates the relationship between structural empowerment and organisational silence. The findings intend to offer practical guidance for nursing managers in supporting new nurses by minimising role ambiguity and fostering open communication during the transition into clinical practice. New nurses commonly exhibit organisational silence during their transition process. Although research indicates that structural empowerment, role ambiguity and organisational silence are interrelated, the underlying mechanisms among these three factors remain unclear. A cross-sectional design. A convenience sampling approach was adopted between September 2024 and March 2025. The study recruited 680 new nurses from 15 tertiary A-level hospitals located in Guangzhou, Changsha and Hangzhou. Data collection instruments included a demographic information form, the Chinese version of the Nursing Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scale, the Employee Silence Behaviour Questionnaire and the Job Efficiency Conditions Scale. To examine the mediating role of role ambiguity in the relationship between structural empowerment and organisational silence, structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied. A total of 628 new nurses participated in the survey. Structural empowerment was negatively correlated with role ambiguity (p < 0.01) and organisational silence (p < 0.01). The mediation analysis indicated that role ambiguity partially mediated the relationship between structural empowerment and organisational silence. Specifically, the mediating effect of role ambiguity was -0.14, accounting for 31.11% of the total effect. This research indicated that new nurses exhibited a below-average level of structural empowerment, while their levels of role ambiguity and organisational silence were above average. Specifically, structural empowerment had a negative impact on both role ambiguity and organisational silence; role ambiguity positively predicted organisational silence. Furthermore, role ambiguity played a significant mediating role in the relationship between structural empowerment and organisational silence. The findings indicate that nursing managers should not only focus on enhancing the structural empowerment of new nurses but also strengthen their role awareness, ensuring it plays a key role in reducing levels of organisational silence. This study did not involve patients, service users, caregivers, or members of the public.

Innovative Use of Carbonated Beverage for Diagnosis of Sliding Hiatus Hernia on Transthoracic Echocardiography: A Case Report. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating cardiac pathology; however, gastrointestinal structures such as hiatus hernias can occasionally mimic cardiac conditions on TTE. This case highlights the potential for misinterpretation when a well-defined, echo-lucent or echogenic mass is located posterior to the left atrium, as these can be mistakenly attributed to cardiac pathology. We report a 25-year-old female patient presenting with atypical chest symptoms, including palpitations, where initial TTE revealed an extracardiac mass posterior to the left atrium. To further investigate the structure, the patient ingested 200mL of Lucozade, a carbonated beverage. Repeat TTE promptly thereafter demonstrated swirling echogenic contrast within the mass, which moved synchronously with the patient's respiration and peristalsis, confirming the diagnosis of a sliding hiatus hernia. This simple bedside intervention enabled real-time clarification of the finding, obviating the need for additional imaging. The patient was reassured, referred for outpatient gastroenterology assessment, and scheduled for ambulatory ECG monitoring. The case underscores the importance of considering gastrointestinal structures in the differential diagnosis of masses seen on TTE, particularly due to their proximity to the heart. In this case, the ingestion of a carbonated beverage provided dynamic, low-cost contrast enhancement, enabling rapid and accurate diagnosis. The use of a carbonated beverage during TTE can serve as an innovative, cost-effective diagnostic aid when ambiguous extracardiac structures are encountered. This approach may help avoid unnecessary investigations and illustrates the value of creative techniques in everyday clinical practice.

Abstract In spoken language, major prosodic boundaries can be marked by three types of prosodic cues: pitch change, final lengthening, and pause. Although these cues appear cross-linguistically, their relative weight in signaling boundaries is considered language-specific. However, very little is known about prosodic phrasing in the production of Dutch. Past studies on Dutch prosodic phrasing mostly focused on boundary perception, suggesting that pause is the most important cue in Dutch. The present study examined the use of boundary cues in the production of Dutch utterance-medial intonational phrase (IP) boundaries. We investigated these boundaries in two syntactically different contexts: coordinated name sequences and compound sentences. In both contexts, the IP boundary reflects the syntactic structure of the utterance. In the name sequences, the boundary serves as the only means to disambiguate a global syntactic ambiguity, while in the compound sentences it aligns with a clause ending. Sixteen native Dutch speakers produced the target utterances with or without an IP boundary. We measured pitch height, IP-final and pre-IP-final syllable durations, and pause duration at the boundary. All three types of cues were used to mark IP boundaries, but speakers used the pause cue to a larger extent in the name sequences than in the compound sentences. Additionally, we found that final lengthening was the most consistently used IP boundary-marking cue. Our results thus challenge the notion of pause as the most dominant cue in Dutch. They suggest that pre-boundary lengthening may be the most consistently used cue, at least, from a production perspective.

PDE-5 inhibitors in complex matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods.