Synonymous Groups Research Articles

KOMPONENCIJALNA ANALIZA GRUPE SINONIMA GLAGOLA „ZURITI“ I NjIHOVI ENGLESKI PREVODNI EKVIVALENTI

In this paper, the componential analysis of the English and Serbian groups of synonyms of the verb stare has been conducted. The main aims of the research are the representation of the groups of synonyms of the verb stare, as well as the emphasis of the diagnostic characteristics on which the examined verbs differ. Eventually, the suggested translations of the verbs have been studied. The main conclusion is that the Serbian language contains fewer verbs belonging to this semantic field. For that reason, most of the synonyms have been defined by a semantically neutral verb (e.g. look) modified by an appropriate adverb or a compound adjective. What is more, the results show that the consulted dictionaries and corpora provide detailed and complete information on this subject.

Genus Arcticoceras Spath, 1924 (Ammonidea) and Infrazonal Biostratigraphy of the Lower Bathonian of the Boreal Realm

Analysis of taxonomically significant trait variability in the genus Arcticoceras (Cardioceratide, Arctocephalitinae) enables the assignment of most species of this genus (including A. harlandi) identified earlier and characteristic of the lower Bathonian to the group of synonyms of A. ishmae. Invalidity of the genus Greencephalites is substantiated, and it is proposed to consider the species of this genus as cadiconic morphs of various Arctocephalites and Arcticoceras species. Revision of the genus Arcticoceras enables the abolition of the Harlandi Zone present in the biostratigraphic scales of various regions of the Arctic. The infrazonal volume of the Ishmae Zone of the Boreal (Arctic) standard includes at least three biohorizons, for which the A. ishmae subspecies can be used as indicators.

Microsatellite markers confirm identity of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) plants in the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository collection

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS)-National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis Oregon preserves genetic resources of fruit crops. This genebank contains more than 1800 Vaccinium L. accessions from 34 countries. The genotypic identity of the blueberry cultivars in the NCGR collections is critical to genebank management and operations. Previously, identity confirmation was determined through the morphology of key taxonomic traits, but simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based molecular tools have been developed for more thorough “fingerprinting.” We had previously developed a 5-SSR fingerprinting set of tri-nucleotide-containing SSRs in blueberry. The objectives of this study were to use this 5-SSR blueberry test to compare fingerprints of all plants representing the most requested blueberry cultivars in the screenhouse and field collections of the NCGR; conduct parentage analysis to confirm identity; establish reference fingerprints for these cultivars; and expand the fingerprinting set with additional long core repeats, if needed. The SSR-set distinguished all but ‘Lateblue’ and ‘Berkeley’ and was supplemented with five additional SSRs with long core repeats to generate a 10-SSR fingerprinting set. Genotyping 367 samples with one or both of these SSR sets and parentage analysis where possible detected 54 true-to-type (TTT) cultivars, 13 sets of homonyms and ten groups of synonyms. Parentage analysis identified five of the TTT cultivars among the homonyms (‘Bluecrop’, FL 4B, ‘Nelson’ and ‘Clara’) and ‘Elizabeth’ among the synonym sets. A public database of these reference genetic profiles is available on GRIN-Global. We plan to continue adding to this database and eliminate redundant genotypes for more efficient management of blueberry diversity. Confirmed blueberry genotypes will benefit the germplasm community for use in continued breeding and genetic studies.

"БЕОВУЛЬФ" В РОССИИ: ЯЗЫК ДРЕВНЕАНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЕРОИЧЕСКОГО ЭПОСА В РУССКОМ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОМ ПЕРЕВОДЕ

The paper is an attempt to analyze the methods of representing specific features of the language of the Old English poem Beowulf in the Russian literary translation of Vladimir Tikhomirov: alliterative collocations, synonymic groups, compounds and epic variations. These specific features of Old English poetic language are rendered in the translation through the diction of different stylistic coloring – both the high-style, even archaic words as well as the everyday words close to colloquialisms. Following the Old English poet, the translator uses the oral-epic manner of narration, neither reducing it to a limited stylization, nor turning it into an innovative experiment. The translator manages to convey the ability of the Old English poetic language to coin new compounds through creating ‘potential’ words that reveal the ‘open’ character of the Old English synonymic systems. The Russian translation of Beowulf is considered in the context of the history of English translations of the poem as well as studies of Old English and Old Scandinavian literature in Russia.

ПОЛОНІЗМИ В «МАТЕРІАЛАХ ДО СЛОВНИКА ПИСЕМНОЇ ТА КНИЖНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ XV–XVIII СТ.» Є. ТИМЧЕНКА

The article, which is based on the first historical scientifically compiled dictionary of the Ukrainian language «Materials to the dictionary of written and literary Ukrainian language of the XV–XVIII centuries» by Yevhen Tymchenko, provides a brief overview of the lexical composition with the identification of the XVI–XVII centuries Old Ukrainian language words borrowed from the Polish language. For this purpose, lexical-thematic groups (human existence, spiritual life, the realities of the environment etc.) and lexical-semantic groups (educational, world of flora and fauna, nomenclature of clothing, footwear, jewelry and fabrics, architecture, customs etc.) of borrowed Polish words have been distinguished and the quantitative composition of each group have been evaluated. The contexts in which the specified vocabulary functions have been provided. The fact that noted borrowed Polish words do not dominate in all lexical-thematic groups, though they are a constituent of each, has been revealed. The examples of contexts of the texts that serve as a source of reference for the study and fixation of borrowing by linguistic researchers, including Polonisms, in the Ukrainian language are given. Synonymous and antonymous groups, derivational nests, constant expressions and phraseologisms, in which the given borrowed Polish words occur, have been provided. It is defined, that multi-valued Polonisms can function within the same lexical-semantic group or belong to different groups. The list of researchers who dealt with the study of borrowed Polish words in the Ukrainian language has been given. Considering historical contacts, both social and cultural affinity and geographical neighborhood of Ukrainian and Polish peoples, the time period of intensive entry of borrowed Polish words into the Ukrainian language has been determined.

Development of a core SNP panel for cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) identity analysis.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are preferred markers for DNA fingerprinting and diversity studies in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Yet, a consensus SNP panel with a minimum number of SNPs for optimal identity analysis is unavailable for cacao. An initial set of 146 SNP panels of varying sizes were assembled based on heterozygosity, linkage disequilibrium (LD), linkage group (LG) distribution, major allele frequency, minor allele frequency (MiAF), polymorphism information content (PIC), and random distribution. These panels were assessed to determine their ability to distinguish among a training set of 155 accessions. The panels with the best separation ability were supplemented with additional SNPs to create 16 designer panels, which separated all 155 accessions. The 16 designer SNP panels were then assessed on a dataset of 1220 accessions coming from 10 ancestral groups. Increasing the number of SNPs generally yielded improved resolution of genetic identities with concomitant reduction of synonymous groups. The number and choice of SNPs were critical factors with LD, MiAF, and PIC being important selection attributes but an even LG distribution was unnecessary. A robust set of 96 SNPs is recommended as a minimal core SNP panel for cacao DNA fingerprinting to the international cacao community.

The Adverb Necessarily (Obyazatelno) in a Whirlwind of the Russian Language

The purpose of the article is to present the history of adverbs as the synonym dominant in the meaning of obligatory. The methods of study are descriptive, comparative-historical methods as well as the method of lexical semantic reconstruction. In the Russian language the adverb necessarily is a lexical word-building calque, which was translated appeared in the XVIII century from the French obligeament or Germ. unverbindlich. It had the meaning 'affectionately, politely, courteously'. From the 1830-1840s, the adverb necessarily started began to be used in the changed meaning of 'certainly, unconditionally' in those genres and styles (law, office work, military science, science), which had the German influence. Both meanings were used as lexical homonyms, belonging to different semantic groups of synonyms. By the 1950s, the adverb necessarily finally took the place of the dominant in the group of synonyms with the meaning of necessity.

Терміни - аспектні синоніми в когнітивному просторі мови

The article deals with the Ukrainian linguistic terms – aspectual synonyms. They are considered as a kind of conceptual synonyms that have common or different features of the same concept. Groups of homogeneous aspectual synonyms which form facets in the cognitive space of contemporary Ukrainian linguistic terminological system are determined as well as groups of heterogeneous aspectual synonyms, which are organized into clusters. The operational function of such synonyms for the forming of classes of equivalents of one- and multi-lingual terms in the informational-retrieval language of the keywords of the Base of the World Slavic Linguistics iSybislaw is emphasized. Determination of certain feature in the cognitive structure of multilingual terms creates the base for revealing the degree of their content closeness and the validity for the inclusion of terms-keywords to the certain classes of equivalence in the information-retrieval language of iSybislaw. The determination of common cognitive features for terms in different languages enables the structuring of their classes of equivalents in the iSybislaw system and, therefore, to organize searching of information within certain facets of aspectual synonyms within such classes; to search equivalents to foreign linguistic terms with the same features of the nomination concept common for them in certain national linguistic traditions. The analysis of aspectual synonyms in the contemporary Ukrainian linguistic terminological system will provide a solid basis for studying the state and perspectives of understanding the linguistic concepts which today are in the focus of attention and active work of specialists, as well as to find their links with the nominations of the same concepts in other languages and the forming of classes of equivalents for the language of the keywords of the iSybislaw system. Such structuring of the classes of equivalents on the basis of the commonality of the features of multi-lingual coreferential terms will help to optimize the searching of information in the database of system iSybislaw, as well as to create on its basis a new thesaurus of Slavic linguistic terminology as a hypertext system.

Research on the current state of english electronic education terminological fund

This article is devoted to the study of electronic education terminological fund in the modern English language and its current state. The distribution of new English terms in the communication space ofKazakhstan and their intensive use is due to the processes of modernization and digitalization of education. In this work we consider 294 terms, analyzing their specific characteristics, classifying componentsaccording to the principle of productivity. The analysis of the studied terms made it possible to identifythe dominant term in the group of synonyms denoting electronic education - e-learning. This article alsodiscusses groups of terms that need to be clarified due to definitive variability and the lack of a generallyaccepted point of view on their meaning. The research shows that processes occurring in the sphere ofelectronic educational environment are directly reflected in the expansion of the terminology of electronic education. The current state of the terminology fund of electronic education is characterized bydynamism and the presence of a large number of terms that reflect related concepts. This article proposesthat uncovered specifics and features for the groups of terms researched in this article are generally validfor electronic education terminological fund in the modern English language. The article predicts thatfurther research and linguistic analyses of term groupings in the sphere of electronic education givesopportunity to elicit trends and developing tendencies of English terminological fund as a whole. Asystematic study of e-learning terminology will reveal intrasystem correlations of terminological units.The abovementioned analyses results allow researchers to model possible directions and patterns ofelectronic education terminological fund development in the modern English language.

Расширение границ синонимического ряда в сознании носителей русского и польского языков (на примере лексем «жизнь» и «życie»)

This article analyzes the borders of synonyms of the Russian and Polish lexeme “life” in the ordinary consciousness of native speakers. The analysis of theresults of interviews, as well as the electronic dictionary of synonyms, which is formedby the users themselves, demonstrate that in the consciousness of native speakersthere are broader synonymic groups compared with those that are fixed in traditionaldictionaries. Synonymic groups which are proposed by native speakers show that themain criterion for establishing the proximity of the meaning of words for a person isthe ability to correlate on the basis of identity, similarity or inclusion certain fragmentsof reality denoted by these lexemes. The synonymy of sеnse, rather than of meanings,is the determining factor for the native speaker in the formation of a synonymic group

Сопоставительный анализ глаголов с семантикой чрезмерной интенсивности действия в русском и польском языках

The article is an attempt to present the characteristics of Russian and Polish verbs with the meaning of the excessive intensity of action in a possibly concise form. The analyzed lexical units have been retrieved from Russian and Polish dictionaries on the basis of the existing source literature and the author’s own investigations. The aim of the article is to compare the word formative structure of the verbs and analyze their semantics on the basis of the prefixes occurring in the lexical material. The quantitative and qualitative analyses have been conducted. The cases of word-formative synonymy have been described and the largest groups of lexical synonyms have been highlighted.

A tentative evaluation for population establishment of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by its population modeling: Considering the temporal distribution of host plants in a selected area in Jeju, Korea

The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a destructive fruit pest in a wide range of cultivated fruit crops and wild plants. This species is a potentially highly invasive fruit fly to Jeju area of Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of host plants distributed temporally on the population development of B. dorsalis. The temperature-dependent bionomic data for a synonymous group of B. dorsalis, including B. philippinensis, B. papayae, and B. invadens were collected from previous publications and combined to construct a population model of this pest and its thermal constant. We developed a stage-transition model of eggs, larvae and pupae, and an oviposition model for basic population modeling of the four common strains. We investigated the abundance of the host plants of B. dorsalis in a selected site in Jeju and parameterized them in terms of temporal availability to incorporate into the population model. The contribution of host plants for the population growth of B. dorsalis in the selected site was different according to the group of host plants. For example, B. dorsalis populations largely decreased by 93%, when host plants belong to Moraceae (mainly Ficus sp.) were removed in the simulation. Also, we found that the host plants of Prunus persica, Ficus carica, P. mume, Eriobotrya japonica in this order contributed greatly to population abundance of B. dorsalis in the selected area, which was important in terms of mid-season host plants connecting the early adult population of B. dorsalis to citrus plants in the late season. Finally, we discussed a seasonal management strategy against B. dorsalis while considering the availability of host plants and the biology of this fruit fly in an invaded area.

Interchangeability as the feature of synonymy (experimental and corpus research)

In the paper interchangeability is regarded as a feature (criterion) of synonymy. The research is based on the psycholinguistic experiment and Russian National Corpus data. 144 subjects took part in the experiment: they were given 22 sentences in which subjects could choose one of the given synonyms. The hypothesis of the research is that the interchangeability depends on the types of semantic relation within synonymic groups; synonymic relations are directly organized. The important task of the research is to determine the role of collocation in the choice of synonyms. MI (Mutual Information) is а special tool to measure the collocation strength, it measures a relationship between two random linguistic items that are sampled simultaneously. With the help of the Russian National Corpus data, MI is calculated for each utterance. There are few types of synonymic groups with different semantic relations: centric, middle asymmetric, and noncentric. These types are distinguished in my previous paper. The centric synonymic groups have the headword (typically the headword is the most frequent word); the middle asymmetric synonymic groups have two headwords, that are the core synonyms; the non-centric synonymic groups have no headword. Directivity of synonymic relations depends on the type of a synonymic group. It is possible to introduce three following models: for the centric synonymic groups: subordinated synonym → headword; for the middle asymmetric groups: subordinated synonym → core synonyms; for the non-centric synonymic group: synonym → another synonym. As a result, it was shown that different contextual features are significant (for example, the meaning of neighboring words, general utterance sense) for the choice of synonyms.

LEXICOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONING OF THE CONCEPT «MEDICINE» IN MODERN ENGLISH

Various aspects of the concept medicine functioning in modern English are considered in the terms of lexicographic discourse. The present research is motivated by current renovations within modern medical paradigm and by appearance of new medical terms registered in dictionaries, reference books, textbooks for doctors and medical professionals. The analysis of lexicographic discourse is aimed at identifying synonymous and hypero-hyponymic links in the thematic groups of English nouns in the terms of linguocultural and medical terminological markers. The results of the present research provide a reliable interpretation of medical nomenclature in terms of lexicography. All medical terminological markers of the English lexicographic space have been grouped according to their semantic parameters into monosemantic and multivalent language units. In the process of their analysis the ways of adapting foreign monosemantic medical terms to the English discursive vector are systematized. Moreover etymological aspects of the verbal units under consideration are also described. Multivalued units are characterized as the linguistic units with a significant semantic potential on the one hand and they also may be considered as a reliable basis for further semantic development of modern English vocabulary on the other hand. It has also been discovered that the specific feature of medical terminological field on the lexicographic level is its ability to be constantly replenished by synonymous groups created by means of specialization, generalization, metaphor, metonymy, and enantiosemy.

Codon usage and amino acid usage influence genes expression level.

Highly expressed genes in any species differ in the usage frequency of synonymous codons. The relative recurrence of an event of the favored codon pair (amino acid pairs) varies between gene and genomes due to varying gene expression and different base composition. Here we propose a new measure for predicting the gene expression level, i.e., codon plus amino bias index (CABI). Our approach is based on the relative bias of the favored codon pair inclination among the genes, illustrated by analyzing the CABI score of the Medicago truncatula genes. CABI showed strong correlation with all other widely used measures (CAI, RCBS, SCUO) for gene expression analysis. Surprisingly, CABI outperforms all other measures by showing better correlation with the wet-lab data. This emphasizes the importance of the neighboring codons of the favored codon in a synonymous group while estimating the expression level of a gene.

S-genotype identification, genetic diversity and structure analysis of Italian sweet cherry germplasm

In this study, 186 local sweet cherry accessions from 12 Italian regions, plus eight reference accessions, were analysed for the first time, using 13 microsatellite markers. Moreover, their S-incompatibility genotypes were identified with consensus primers for the S-RNase and SFB genes. A total of 161 unique genotypes were found; 18 groups of synonyms, along with the discovery of cases of misidentification. The average number of alleles per locus was 9.7, the mean expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.63, the mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.65 and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.58. The structure analysis revealed the presence of six populations, which reflected in some cases geographical areas, the exchange of material among regions and introduction of material from abroad. A total of 17 different S-alleles were found, combined in 24 incompatibility groups of the 47 reported so far. Furthermore, 10 new incompatibility groups, from XLVII to LVI, were identified. Seven genotypes with unique S-allele combinations were included in the pollen donor group 0. The mutant allele of the pollen SFB 5 ′ was found in early ripening genotypes from Sicily and Sardinia. The variability of SSRs present in both introns of the allele S 13 was also explored; new combinations of variants were found and some accessions presented SSR variants typical of wild cherry. It is evident that the Italian sweet cherry germplasm collection represents a relevant source of genetic diversity that needs to be preserved for future breeding programmes.

The Contextual Semantic Realization of the Lexical Units Hesitate, Waver, Vacillate, Falter vs. Hesitation, Hesitancy

This article is dedicated to the research of synonymous groups for the designation of doubt “Hesitate, Waver, Vacillate, Falter” and “Hesitation, Hesitancy” in contemporary English-language fictional discourse. Doubt is defined as an epistemic state in the cognitive world of individuals which provides motivation to undertake a further quest for information. The purpose of this work is to investigate how the set of semes identified in each component of the synonymous group is presented in the context of modern English fictional discourse. This research is directed towards verifying whether the use of all the components of the given synonymous groups is of equal importance in modern language discourse, as well as checking whether all the semes of “Hesitate, Waver, Vacillate, Falter” and “Hesitation, Hesitancy” are used correctly, based on the results of the componential analysis. The results of the research make it possible to form conclusions regarding the homogeneity or heterogeneity of contextual sematic representations in discourse, dependent upon the number of constituents which make up the synonymous group.
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Evaluation of the genetic diversity of pomegranate accessions from Turkey using new microsatellite markers

Turkey has many valuable genetic resources for pomegranate; however, there have not been many studies on the identification and characterization of these important genetic resources. New microsatellite markers were used to characterize a set of 78 pomegranate accessions from Turkey. Using six SSR primers, a total of 41 alleles were characterized with an average of 4.6 alleles per locus and mean probability of identity (PI) value of 0.366. These data indicated a high level of polymorphism in pomegranate germplasm. Five synonymous groups could be detected among 30 accessions. This microsatellite-based key is a first step towards a database for marker-assisted identification of pomegranate accessions in Turkey. The present study provides essential information to devise a pomegranate core germplasm collection without duplication of plant material, to sustainably manage pomegranate breeding programs, and to establish conservation strategies for preserving local pomegranate genetic resources.

Developing Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers for the Identification of Coffee Germplasm

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages and represents a multibillion-dollar global industry. Accurate identification of coffee cultivars is essential for efficient management, exchange, and use of coffee genetic resources. To date, a universal platform that can allow data comparison across different laboratories and genotyping platforms has not been developed by the coffee research community. Using expressed sequence tags (EST) of Coffea arabica, C. canephora and C. racemosa from public databases, we developed 7538 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and selected 180 for validation using 25 C. arabica and C. canephora accessions from Puerto Rico. Based on the validation result, we designated a panel of 55 SNP markers that are polymorphic across the two species. The average minor allele frequency and information index of this SNP panel are 0.281 and 0.690, respectively. This panel enabled the differentiation of all tested accessions of C. canephora, which accounts for 79.2 % of the total polymorphism in the samples. Only 21.8 % of the polymorphic SNPs were detected in the 12 C. arabica cultivars, which, nonetheless, were able to unambiguously differentiate the 12 Arabica cultivars into ten unique genotypes, including two synonymous groups. Several local Puerto Rican cultivars with partial Timor pedigree, including Limani, Fronton, and TARS 18087, showed substantial genetic difference from the other common Arabica cultivars, such as Catuai, Borbon, and Mundo Nuevo. This coffee SNP panel provides robust and universally comparable DNA fingerprints, thus can serve as a genotyping tool to assist coffee germplasm management, propagation of planting material, and coffee cultivar authentication.

Genetic pool structure of local apple cultivars from Portugal assessed by microsatellites

A set of 87 apple accessions, located in three Portuguese apple germplasm collections, plus eight reference cultivars, were analyzed using 16 SSRs with the aim of assessing their genetic diversity and structure and evaluating relationships among them. Among the accessions studied, 64 unique genotypes were identified, 51 diploids and 13 putative triploids, revealing 19 groups of synonyms and 4 of homonyms. The genetic analyses performed by Bayesian model-based clustering (Structure) revealed a clear differentiation of two major groups (RPP1 and RPP2), one of them (RPP1) corresponding to old local Portuguese accessions, some of them putatively derived from ancient hybridization with Reineta, and the second one (RPP2) including all reference accessions and local Portuguese accessions considered to be of more recent origin. These results were confirmed by factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) and molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) and are in accordance with the Jaccard coefficients. Results indicate that the Portuguese apple germplasm includes an important and distinct gene pool of cultivars with respect to reference international cultivars, being a relevant source of genetic diversity for present and future breeding programs, originated at least 200 years ago, when some of these cultivars were firstly named. Moreover, this study will be useful to improve the apple germplasm management and in the definition of a preservation strategy concerning the Portuguese apple landraces.