Synonym Relations Research Articles

Metaphorical Shift as a Way of Forming Professional Jargonisms of Lawyers in the Countries of the Anglo-Saxon Legal Family

The article is aimed at a study of the process of metaphorization involved in the formation of professional jargonisms in the field of Anglo-American jurisprudence. Distinction is made between motivated and unmotivated metaphorical jargonisms. The author highlighted the main source domains of anthropomorphic, socio-morphic, artefactual, and natural-morphic models of formation of jargonisms of English-speaking lawyers. Professionally significant slang names of subjects, objects, substances, places, actions, quantities, qualities are described in accordance with logical categories. Professionally significant slang names of subjects, objects, substances, places, actions, quantities, qualities are described in accordance with logical categories. In accordance with the part of speech of the lexeme that takes on a metaphorical meaning, legal jargonisms are grouped into the following subgroups: substantive, adjectival, verbal, verbal-substantive, and interjectional. Taking into account the semantic structure of the word, monosemantic and polysemantic metaphorical jargonisms are designated. The paper notes the abundance of synonymic relations in the considered layer of non-standard vocabulary.

Образы конкретных реалий как средства репрезентации концепта (на примере концепта КРУГ в русской языковой картине мира)

The article considers the problem of concept verbalization means, in particular, the role of specific representatives in the embodiment of conceptual meanings. The aim of the study is to prove the validity of specific representatives’ integration in the concept verbalization means, the semantics of which obviously goes beyond the conceptual field. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the clarification of the range of concept verbalization means, which significantly enriches the research field, allows you to more fully identify the composition of conceptual meanings, correctly arrange the semantic structure of the concept, and determine inter-figurative connections. The results of the scientific research have shown that the images of specific realities are capable of conveying any conceptual meanings, both dominant and private, enter into synonymous relations both with special means of designating form and trajectory, and with each other, realizing the principle of regular polysemy in metaphor. The semantic potential of images of a low abstraction degree is narrowed due to the concretization of certain aspects of the embodied reality, but this is satisfied by unlimited lexical variation, which makes it possible to attribute to the concept any images associated with it.

The Syntaxeme 'pri tsare' (‘in tsarist time’) in the Meaning of ‘in Russia until 1917’ (according to the Russian National Corpus)

The article is devoted to the linguistic means, trought which native speakers of the Russian language structure their history, divide it into periods. Such means include, in particular, indications of significant events (before / after the Revolution) and the nature of state power: pri tsare (‘in tsarist time’), under the Soviet regime. The aim of the article is to describe the semantics, the pragmatics, the synonymic and antonymic relations of the syntaxeme pri tsare (‘in tsarist time’) in the temporal absolutive use (without the extension of the definition). This use of the syntaxeme emerges after 1917, before which the syntaxeme is used in the temporal sense only with specifying definitions such as pri tsare Petre (‘in the time of Peter 1’). The research material was found in the contexts borrowed from the main subcorpus of the Russian National corpus, the entire collection of samples consists of 964 contexts, 368 contexts are related to the temporal absolute use of the syntaxeme in questions. The analysis of contexts with the absolute temporal use of the syntaxeme allows us to identify the meaning 'in Russia before 1917' and several subtypes (shades of meaning): ‘under the tsarist regime’ (denotes a wide time range with a blurred lower border), ‘in the pre-revolutionary period’ (several decades, the reign of Nicholas II), ‘a very long time ago'. The article uses quantitative, functional-semantic, descriptive methods, uses the method of component analysis, and considers the dynamic aspect (analyzes the change in the meaning of syntaxeme during the last century). The relevance of the study is due to the fact that lexicographic sources cannot explain the peculiarities of the use of the nominations under consideration, therefore, a description of their semantics and pragmatics with а linguocultural commentary is required.

SEMANTIC GROUPS OF VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE MEANING OF A SPECIFIC ACTIVITY

The author explores individual verbal phraseological units’ meanings, the formation of the semantic structure of the subcategory of activity and individual structural and semantic groups. The main method of this study was the method of semantic identification. The methodological base consists of the works of leading Russian and foreign linguists in phraseology and lexicology. The research material consists of factual material from modern phraseographic sources, as well as the author's card-file of verbal phraseological units. The author describes mono-semantic verbal phraseological units with the meaning of social activity, movement and displacement in space, as well as the ones with the meaning of specific physical actions aimed at satisfying the most important physical (physiological) needs. The pattern of nouns with the meaning of a specific object as a product of activity functioning as an object of the studied units is substantiated. It is established that within the framework of structural-semantic groups and semantic subgroups, verbal phraseological units with the meaning of a specific activity have synonymous relationships. The results obtained can be applied in the courses of lectures and seminars on the modern Belarusian language, as well as on the text linguistics and cultural studies.

NAMES OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ACTS AND DOCUMENTS IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF THE 16TH ‒ FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURIES

The article provides a linguistic analysis of the composition, semantics, origin, and the historical development of the terms used to denote the names of administrative and legal acts and documents in the Old Ukrainian language. The study was carried out on the basis of the «Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language of the 16th – First Half of the 17th Centuries». The Polish influence on the contemporary administrative and legal vocabulary, mainly represented in documentation, as well as in confessional, scientific, journalistic, and conversational styles, is traced. The phenomenon of polysemy and synonymy in the terminological system is revealed, and structural models of terminological compounds are also considered. It has been established that the names of administrative and legal acts and documents in the Old Ukrainian language are also terms-words that can be monosemous (интерцыза, контрактъ, инструкция etc.) and polysemous (записъ, мандатъ), and terminological phrases that are not characterized by polysemy. In addition to borrowed terms, lexemes of Slavic origin have also been recorded (листъ, записъ). A lot of nouns formed with the help of substantive-adjective phrases, in which nouns are the most active main words, have been recorded листъ (83), записъ (11), актъ (8). The order of words in terminological phrases can also be indirect, which gave us reason to single out inversion options (листъ веновный, вѣновный листъ; листъ вызнаный, вызнаный лист; запись продажный, продажный записъ etc.). Attention is also drawn to the fact that both words-terms and terminological phrases can enter into synonymous relations (контрактъ‒интерцыза; карта‒листъ; квитъ‒квитация‒записъ; записъ выдеркафовый‒ конътрактъ видеркафовый; квитовный записъ‒ квитовный листъ etc.). A morphological variant is also singled out квитъ ‒ квита. Having traced the historical development of the terms of the studied period, it was noted that most of them did not disappear from circulation, were replaced by orthographic or word-forming variants, but underwent mainly transformations of semantics, such as the expansion of the semantic structure, acquisition of additional meanings, narrowing of semantics, or disappeared from circulation, became obsolete and changed the scope of their use, living only in dialects or in colloquial style. Keywords: term, terminological combination, document, semantics, etymology, historical development, structure, system connections, style.

DIDACTIC GAMES AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPING DESCRIPTIVE VOCABULARY OF YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

The article provides an overview of the theoretical foundations on the problem of developing descriptive vocabulary through didactic games. Features of the formation of descriptive vocabulary of younger schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities are described. The characteristic features of speech of children of this category are considered, such as poor vocabulary, inaccurate use of words, difficulties in updating the dictionary, violations of the process of organizing semantic fields. It was found out that due to the peculiarities of cognitive activity of this category of children, one of the most effective means of their development is didactic games, since they contribute to the activation of speech and educational activities, a positive attitude to learning and speech development, which occurs in the game and therefore is invisible to the student himself. Types of didactic games that are aimed at developing students’ speech are considered. Games for developing descriptive vocabulary are offered. The directions of activity on the formation of descriptive vocabulary of younger schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities are described: expansion, actualization, clarification of passive and active vocabulary of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs; formation of lexical consistency and semantic fields, development of antonymic, synonymous relations, unambiguous and polysemous words, homonyms, formation of generalizing concepts. The article summarizes the methodology and features of using didactic games for the development of descriptive vocabulary of younger schoolchildren. For successful education and upbringing of these children, it is necessary to awaken their interest in educational activities and activate their activities. Despite the fact that the game activity of children with developmental disabilities is very peculiar, speech therapists widely use various game technologies to correct the cognitive activity of this category of children. The proposed didactic games can be actively used for the development of descriptive vocabulary by speech therapists in correctional and developmental classes, teachersdefectologists – in primary classes of a special school, teachers – in inclusive classes, during lessons on speech development, Ukrainian language, natural science, social orientation and parents of children with intellectual disabilities at home.

Синонімія загальних назв одягу в українських східностепових говірках

The article focuses on the peculiarities of lexical synonymy in Eastern steppe dialects based on the material of one lexical-semantic group – common names of clothes. The source of the research is factual material recorded from dialect speakers of different age categories at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries in the dialects of the settlements of Donetsk region. Lexical doubletness (or absolute synonyms) is defined as the most common type of synonymous relations in the segment of dialect vocabulary under analysis. The reasons for the functioning of a significant number of absolute synonyms in the speech have been established. The influence of different Ukrainian dialects on the formation of the lexical system of newly created eastern steppe dialects is analysed as the main factor in the functioning of a significant number of doublet-synonymous common names of clothes. It is found out that the occurrence of a significant number of doublets is also due to the influence of the literary language and is caused by internal dialectal modifications that occur in Eastern steppe dialects. Continuity of nominative processes in the newly created dialects of Donetsk region is manifested not only in the increase in the number of lexical doublets as a result of interdialectal contacts or the influence of the literary language, but also in the subsequent processes of semantic and stylistic differentiation of doublet names. This has led to the active functioning of semantic and stylistic synonyms in the dialects in question. Appearance of a significant number of synonymous common names of clothes is determined by significant variations in the semantic structure of the nomen in the newly created Eastern steppe dialects.

THE NATURE OF SYNONYMY: NEUTRALIZATION OF SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES, INTERCHANGEABILITY AND ZONES OF SEMANTIC VIBRATIONS

Background. There are various approaches to research synonyms. Among them, particular attention is paid to the concepts of neutralizing semantic differences and interchangeability of synonyms. Both are aimed at identifying synonyms and determining the possibilities of their semantic convergence? because the dictionary interpretation of synonyms, allowing you to see the positions of neutralization of the semantic differences of synonyms, and the minimum context, and allowing you to determine the positions of interchangeability of synonyms, are aimed at establishing the fact of synonymous relations between words. However, an analysis of the detailed contextual conditions for the use of synonyms shows that semantic neutralization and interchangeability are practically unattainable phenomena. In place of the expected neutralization, are observed semantic fluctuations that determine the semantic content of the context and formed zones of semantic vibrations.
 Purpose. The article is devoted to the definition and differentiation of the concepts of neutralization of semantic differences, interchangeability and zones of semantic vibrations, revealing the nature of synonymous relations.
 Results. The term “zones of semantic vibrations” allows us to consider synonyms not only as units approaching, but also as units moving away from each other. This process reveals the multidirectional nature of synonymic relations. At the end of the study, it was concluded that neutralization and interchangeability are terms that define the convergence of synonyms, while vibration zones is a term that defines their distance. The term “zones of semantic vibration” must be used to identify semantic dynamics that change from context to context, and the semantic distance between synonyms. The boundaries between two lexical units, often represent points of contact that form transitional zones, from the boundaries of one unit to the boundaries of another unit. Thus, it should be argued that synonyms that have a unique lexical meaning are not separated from each other by clear boundaries. Under certain conditions, they seem to gradually pass into each other, which makes it possible to postulate the principle of semantic continuity.

Problems of Differentiation of Components of Phraseological Synonymy in the Ingush Language

This article examines the synonymy of phraseological units of the Ingush language as one of the types of systemic relations. The choice of the chosen problem is dictated by insufficient knowledge of idioms associated with synonymous categorical relations in this field of knowledge. On the basis of the component analysis of the units of the synonymic series, phraseological units that enter into the relations of synonymy are analyzed. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that in Ingush phraseology, phraseological synonymic relations are insufficiently studied, the types of phraseological synonymy according to semantic and stylistic principles are not covered. The author examines in detail one of the types of systemic relations – synonymy of phraseological units of the Ingush language, which have not been the subject of special study in works on phraseology. The main conclusions of the study are that phraseological synonyms are united by a common meaning and, at the same time, differ in semantic shades and images, belong to the same grammatical class, combine structural, semantic, stylistic characteristics in the process of functioning. We are interested in the interpretation of synonymous relations between phraseological units of various types in the Ingush language. The article attempts to determine the scope of the concept of a phraseological synonym in the Ingush language and to identify the characteristic features of the functioning of idioms as part of a synonymic series; to systematize the types of phraseological synonymy on semantic and stylistic grounds; to consider the characteristic features of the functioning of idioms as part of a synonymic series.

Linguistic and cultural aspects of modern studies of the semantics of the word (on the material of the synonymic series родина – отечество – отчизна in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “The Idiot”)

The article is devoted to the research of the nature of synonymous relations, which was carried out based on the disclosure of cultural concepts embedded in the language. In this case, words entering into synonymous relations are a means of realizing a concentrated understanding of collective cultural experience. On the material of explanatory dictionaries, an analysis of the coincidences of the lexical meanings of the words of the synonymous series родина – отечество – отчизна was made, implementing the cultural concept “the place where a person was born”. The contexts of the use of these words in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Idiot” were identified and analyzed using the continuous sampling method. The research found that the synonyms express the same cultural concept differently. This is confirmed by the identification of zones of semantic vibration, that is, contextual points of contact of synonyms, in which semantic and meaningful distance between them is formed. The study found that synonyms, being in the same context, cannot be semantically equal because they have different semantic and cultural content. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the term semantic vibration zone is a term primarily of linguoculturological research. This term explains the complex cognitive mechanisms of “convergence – intersection – distance” of synonyms, due to the peculiarities of the cultural and semantic code embedded in the language

Qualities and “Anti-Qualities” of Speech: Representation in Ideographic Dictionary

The study of speech from a communicative point of view, namely its communicatively significant qualities, the implementation of the functions of communication and influence, is important primarily in the cultural and speech aspect. Specialists have developed criteria for good speech and requirements for it (informativeness, correctness, accuracy, consistency, relevance, purity, intelligibility, richness, ethics, expressiveness). The purpose of this study is to analyze the specifics of ideas about the qualities of speech in a naive linguistic consciousness. The material of the study is the data obtained in the process of working on the project “Universal Thesaurus of the Russian Language”, which is currently being developed by specialists from the Ural Semantic School under the guidance of prof. L. G. Babenko. Materials from other explanatory and ideographic dictionaries are also used. Among the identified lexemes with the meaning of speech characteristics, first of all, those that are connected by synonymous relations, i.e. are responsible for detailing, concretizing these characteristics. In addition, both compliance and non-compliance with the requirements for good speech, i.e., both its qualities and “anti-qualities”, are marked by linguistic means, which indicates the importance of these opposing characteristics; therefore, attention is also paid to antonymic pairs and groups of words.

За логиката на емоциите в контрастивен план: лексеми в немския и българския език, илюстриращи интуитивно мислене

The study compares cognitive lexemes in German and Bulgarian, united in lexical-semantic fields based on integral semantic features. The lexical field is a paradigmatic structure composed of lexemes, the meaning of which forms a common significative core, and which are opposed in view of minimal differential features of meaning. The aim of the study is to compare elements of lexical systems in distantly related languages through the method of contrastive analysis, as these elements belong to different parts of speech, have different morphological and syntactic characteristics, but are united by a common semantic feature: intuitiveness. The paper focuses on lexical semantics and in particular on the discovery of lexical-semantic paradigm, which also presents synonymous relations as systemic relations in vocabulary. Expressing co-referentiality, synonyms in the work are characterized by common cognitive but different pragmatic meanings.

THOUGHT BETWEEN RATIONALITY AND INTUITION: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE VERBS IN GERMAN AND BULGARIAN

The present work focuses on the presentation of synonymous relations in contrastive terms, as the basis for comparison, the so-called tertium comparison; two oppositional characteristics are accepted: rationality and intuition. With the help of integral semantic features, the fields of basic similarity are distinguished; but at the same time relevant interlinguistic differences stand out.

KOLOKASI FRASA VERBAL (FI‘IL) DAN PREPOSISI (ḤARF JAR) DALAM SURAT AN-NISA’ PADA TAFSIR AL-MISBAH KARYA M. QURAISH SHIHAB

<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>This study focuses on Arabic collocations in general. Arabic has a unique linguistic phenomenon that needs to be understood by itself. The questions that will be studied focus on verbal phrases that collocate with prepositions contained in Surat An-Nisa. The word collocation comes from English, which has the word collocate which means "to place." Whereas in Arabic, the word collocation has the equivalent meaning of </em>المصاحبة الغاوية<em> </em><em> </em><em>(al-Muṣāḥabah al-Ghāwiyyah), among these collocations is </em>الأفعال المتعدية بحروف الجر<em> </em><em> </em><em>(al-Af‘āl al-Muta'adiyyah bi Ḥurūf al-Jar) which is understood as a verb, which collocates with prepositions. This research method is described qualitatively by using the corpus of Tafsir Al-Misbah Volume 2 by M. Quraish Shihab. Qualitatively, the writer lists and finds the equivalent of the verb phrases that are placed with prepositions and explores a broader understanding. Descriptively, the researcher describes the data found by M. Quraish Shihab in Surah An-Nisa' on Tafsir Al-Misbah. Overall, the researcher found 20 everyday phrases with prepositions consisting of 19 Fi'il tsulatsi mujarrad and 1 Fi'il rubai'i. Based on the type of verb there are 11 Fi'il madzi, 5 Fi'il mudhori' and 4 Fi'il amr. Based on the category of collocation phenomena, there are 9 Tawarud basith phenomena and 11 Tawarud warid phenomena. Based on the semantic relationship of the meaning of the collocation phenomenon, there are three synonymous relationships, two oppositional relationships, and 15 complementary relationships.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>

BERT-Based Clinical Name Entity Reorganization Model for Health Diagnosis

The National Health and Family Planning Commission requires medical institutions to use the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. However, due to many commonly used words in clinical disease descriptions, the direct mapping matching rate between the diagnosis names entered in the electronic medical records and the ICD codes is low. In this paper, based on the actual diagnostic data on the regional health platform, a disease term map incorporating standard terms was constructed. Specifically, based on the rule algorithm based on the components of the disease, a data-enhanced BERT (bidirectional encoder representation from transformers) upper and lower relationship recognition algorithm is proposed. Synonymous upper and lower relationships identify diseases, and the hierarchical structure is further integrated. In addition, a task assignment based on the association map of disease departments is also proposed. Methods were used for manual verification, and finally, 94,478 disease entities formed a large-scale disease term map, including 1,460 synonymous relationships and 46,508 hyponymous relationships. Evaluation experiments show that, based on the disease term map and clinical diagnosis, the coverage rate of diagnostic data is 75.31% higher than direct mapping coding based on ICD. In addition, using the disease term map to code diseases automatically will shorten the coding time by about 59.75% compared with manual coding by doctors, and the correct rate is 85%.

Some comments on verbs of action in Arabic

This article briefly describes the set of verbs in Arabic and Uzbek, its study by linguists, comparative lexical-semantic analysis of action verbs in both languages. in the study of the lexical-semantic relations of action verbs in the Arabic language, special attention should be paid to aspects related to the meaning of verbs, such as synonyms and antonyms between them. Among the verbs of action in Arabic, there are many verbs that have polysemantic meanings, and sometimes they are used in their original meaning, and sometimes in other meanings as well. The meaning of these verbs also depends on the event or situation to which they are related. While the original, original meaning of the verb is mainly related to the normal state of the subject, other meanings serve to express his emotional state. In the study of lexical-semantic relations related to action verbs in Arabic, special attention should be paid to which prepositions these verbs come with, because a particular action verb depends on whether the object to which the action is directed is animate or inanimate. may require a different preposition. In synonymous relations, the verbs of action differ according to the extent to which the action lasted, for what purpose it was performed, or by what means it was performed. There are similarities and differences in the expression of the verb "to come" in Uzbek in Arabic. In Uzbek, the main semantic of this action verb is quite simple, but the content is almost identical to the Arabic lexeme "to come". In Uzbek, this verb requires that the object to which it is directed come mainly in the infinitive, place-time, exit, and direction verbs, while in Arabic they are represented by a preposition giving the meaning of an infinitive or a definite conjunction. In expressing some of the meanings of the verb "to come" in the Uzbek language, it is necessary to use their Arabic alternative, and in some cases, the meanings of this verb in the Uzbek language. in Arabic it is also expressed by the verb "to come", but in this case it is necessary to choose a verb that expresses the expected meaning from the synonymous verbs that mean "to come" in Arabic.

Semantic Shifts Displayed by Adjectives Accompanying Abstract Nouns

The research is devoted to semantic changes undergone by adjectives accompanying abstract nouns in English and Russian. The article is aimed at proving that such adjectives lose their concrete lexical meaning and become intensifiers, that is undergo delexicalization. The nouns themselves serve as units of both lexical and syntactic context suppressing the elements of concrete meaning and enhancing the intensifying meaning. As a result of this process, synonymous relationship develops between adjectives which are not synonyms in other contexts. The process runs parallel in the two languages, with similar lexical sources, which makes it possible to assume that it is part of a general trend of semantic evolution from concrete to more abstract meanings.

PhycoBank: Repository for algal novelties

The International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) for algae, fungi, and plants calls for indexing of names in nomenclatural repositories (Turland 2018, Art. 42). Scientific names, new combinations, validations, and typifications of algae are novelties tracked by PhycoBank, the registration system for algae. PhycoBank was established and institutionalized at the Botanic Garden Berlin as the repository for nomenclatural acts concerning algae. Since June 2018, PhycoBank staff have been operating the registration system permanently. All data entered into the system undergo a curatorial process to assure a high level of data quality. PhycoBank’s three main components comprise a user-friendly data entry web application available for all registered submitters (self-registration allowed) and curators, a public data access portal, and a search engine that integrates most of the larger online repositories for algae names. The latter is not only a prerequisite for reliable data curation during the registration process but also a valuable, publicly available online tool for algae names. A fourth component still under development is handling the tight integration of the registration system with the workflow of digital publishers. The resulting data are expected to be of high quality and to have been intensively checked against existing nomenclatural acts worldwide. A crucial requirement for the data entry application is thus an intensive support for data validation and curation. Besides the search index giving access to a huge number of existing external names, the data entry application offers a set of tools for quality assurance. It supports and requires the creation of mostly fully atomized data that strictly follow the rules of the ICN. Additionally, completeness for core data is mandatory. Both, atomization and completeness are a precondition to achieve the required uniqueness in the dataset. Completeness also implies that new combinations can only be registered after or together with their original name. The same applies to bi- or trinomials and the respective uni- and binomials they are built on. The publicly available data portal allows accessing published registrations by searching for scientific names, nomenclatural authors, higher ranks and for each part of a bibliographic reference (such as bibliographic author, journal, title, year) stored in PhycoBank. Being a name centric application PhycoBank is neutral with respect to taxonomic opinions. Therefore, only nomenclatural synonymies (basionym or replaced synonym relationships) are stored in the system and names are not attached to a unique classification. Instead, to facilitate search via higher ranks as required by users, classification information is stored as a directed graph of higher taxa with registered names linking to this graph. By this, searches can be performed on multiple classifications simultaneously and can return all possible matches. PhycoBank uses http-based persistent identifiers (e.g. http://phycobank.org/102170), which makes them resolvable and actionable. These identifiers link to nomenclatural acts only and not to the information in the act. That is, a PhycoBank identifier should not be used to refer to a scientific name even if this name was established in the nomenclatural act. PhycoBank makes use of the application stack offered by the EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy (Kohlbecker 2017). However, as registration workflows essentially differ from other taxonomic workflows, a completely new user interface for editing has been developed, which provides the users with an intuitive and fluent user experience despite the high complexity of the data. The Common Data Model (Müller 2017) is the core data model for the Platform and already covered the vast majority of data types and fields required by the registration in terms of completeness and degree of atomization. For PhycoBank, it only needed to be extended by a single data type representing the registration/nomenclatural act itself. As of July 2022, PhycoBank includes 4,332 registrations, of which 4,202 are name novelties (1,523 in preparation or ready, 239 under curation, 2,407 published, and 33 rejected); 130 registrations refer to lectotypes or epitypes of existing names. PhycoBank will apply for recognition as a repository in 2022. This is a prerequisite for a proposal to make registration of nomenclatural acts for algae mandatory. This is possible before, at or after the 20th International Botanical Congress 2024.

Преподавание иностранного языка в образовательных организациях системы высшего образования с учетом развития синонимичных отношений в группе префиксов романского и германского происхождения

This article deals with the development of pedagogical and methodological approaches in teaching a foreign language, taking into account the research of synonymous relations in the group of prefixes of Romance and Germanic origin. Teaching a foreign language as a special discipline does not allow the calcification of the translation of certain terms and expressions. It is very important to take into account the peculiarities of synonymization of prefixes in the group of languages of Romance and Germanic origin in order to achieve the most accurate translation. The task is to use the material of several groups of prefixes of Romance origin, which make up one semantic group with native English prefixes, to trace the development of synonymic relations between them, to reveal some trends in the development of meanings, prefixes - synonyms and to determine the reasons for the coexistence of prefixes-synonyms of different origins. Among the questions arising in connection with the study of synonymous groups of prefixes, the following questions are of considerable interest: the meaning of synonymous prefixes, their productivity, the ability to give hybrid formations, as well as the scope of use. Solving these issues is also of practical importance, as it will facilitate the task of teaching English. Trainees should have the necessary language content in the field of word formation, since in this way it is possible to achieve a more accurate level of information transmission and translation. It should be noted that the process of assimilation of borrowed prefixes of Romance origin mainly follows the line of displacement of prefixes-synonyms of Germanic origin or differentiation of shades of meaning with them. Prefixes-synonyms differ in shades of meaning, expressive and stylistic coloring and in varying degrees of intensity in the expression of the same concept. The development of the semantic structure of prefixes shows how the differentiation of individual meanings occurs under the influence of synonymic connections. The results of observations on the peculiarities of the development of meanings in prefixes-synonyms contribute to a more complete understanding of the specifics of the language and can be used in the practice of teaching English.

의미적 신어와 신어의 의미 관계

The purpose of this study is to examine new meanings appearing in neologisms and the semantic relationship between them, focusing on Korean neologisms collected from 2012 to 2020. First, there are two types of semantic neology. A type in which negative meaning is weakened or disappears, such as ‘kkang-pae(gang), pog-haeng(violence), deog-hu(maniac)’, types in which technical terms are used in general language such as ‘nan-min(refugee), alh-i(ache), ho-mo(Homo)’. Second, significant synonymous relations were of the following types. This is a case where variant types coexist, such as ‘obeo/oba/ebachamchi/ebachamchikkongchi’. It is a case formed by differences in the speaker’s interpretation, such as ‘honorable taxation/love taxation/respectable taxation’. Last case formed through the production of alternative expressions such as ‘illegal alien/ unauthorized immigration’. As for the antonymous relation, in the case of a binary opposition such as ‘gangcheol me-tal(strong mentality) -yuli mental(weak mentailityl)’, and ‘choinssa=haeginssa-inssa(social butterfly)-geuleolssa=jungssaassa(loner)-haegassa=choassa’ are multiple opposition case.