Synergistic Modulation Research Articles

Synergistic Modulation of Orientation and Steric Hindrance Induced by Alkyl Chain Length in Ammonium Salt Passivator Toward High‐performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

AbstractOrganic ammonium salts are extensively utilized for passivating surface defects in perovskite films to mitigate trap‐assisted nonradiative recombination. However, the influence of alkyl chain length on the molecular orientation and spatial steric hindrance of ammonium salt remains underexplored, hindering advancements in more effective passivators. Here, a series of organic ammonium salts is reported with varying alkyl chain lengths to passivate surface defects and optimize band alignment. It is revealed that long alkyl chains promote parallel molecular orientation on the perovskite surface, thereby reinforcing interaction with surface defects, whereas excessive chain length introduces steric hindrance, weakening anion‐perovskite interactions. Nonylammonium acetate (NAAc) with optimal chain length achieves the ideal balance between chemical interactions, resulting in superior passivation. Through NAAc passivation, high‐performance inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are achieved, with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 25.79% (certified 25.12%) and 19.62%, respectively. This marks a record PCE for inverted PSCs utilizing vacuum flash technology in ambient conditions. Additionally, the NAAc‐passivated devices retain 91% of their initial PCE after 1200 h of continuous maximum power point operation. This work offers new insights into the interplay between molecular orientation and steric hindrance, advancing the design of high‐performance PSCs.

Unlocking the structure and anion synergistic modulation of MoSe2 anode for ultra-stable and high-rate sodium-ion storage

Unlocking the structure and anion synergistic modulation of MoSe2 anode for ultra-stable and high-rate sodium-ion storage

Energy Band Alignment and Defect Synergistic Regulation Enable Air-Solution-Processed Kesterite Solar Cells With the Lowest VOC Deficit.

The major challenge in preparing high-performance Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells is the large open circuit voltage deficit (VOC-def). A new strategy utilizing the synergistic substitution of Ag and In dual cations has been proposed to simultaneously address the problems of undesirable interface band alignment and high-density detrimental bulk defects, obtaining decreased carrier recombination rate and increased minority carrier lifetime. The shorter In-S/Se bonds move the CBM higher by generating stronger repulsive force than the Sn-S/Se bonds, thus adjusting the interface band alignment. Ag substitution can effectively suppress Cu─Zn disorder, while Ag, In dual substitution can further passivate Sn-related defects and solve the issue of low carrier concentration in Ag single-substituted samples. Besides, the superior carrier property of In-Se materials significantly enhanced the device carrier lifetime and minority carrier diffusion length. The state-of-the-art air-solution-processed CZTSSe device without any addition treatment with 14.33% efficiency and 580mV VOC is obtained, possessing the lowest VOC-def value currently available in the CZTSSe field (VOC/VOC SQ = 64.7%). This work emphasizes the synergistic modulation of band alignment, defect level, grain growth, and carrier transportation by dual cation substitution, which paves a convenient and effective way to realize high-performance solar cells and photovoltaic devices.

Efficient Electrosynthesis of Valuable para-Benzoquinone from Aqueous Phenol on NiRu Hybrid Catalysts.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of aqueous phenol to para-benzoquinone (p-BQ) offers a sustainable approach for both pollutant abatement and value-added chemicals production. However, achieving high phenol conversion and p-BQ yield under neutral conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report a Ni(OH)2-supported Ru nanoparticles (NiRu) hybrid electrocatalyst, which exhibits a superior phenol conversion of 96.5% and an excellent p-BQ yield of 83.4% at pH 7.0, significantly outperforming previously reported electrocatalysts. This exceptional performance benefits from the triple synergistic modulation of the NiRu catalyst, including enhanced phenol adsorption, increased p-BQ desorption, and suppressed oxygen evolution. By coupling a flow electrolyzer with an extraction-distillation separation unit, the simultaneous phenol removal and p-BQ recovery are realized. Additionally, the developed electrocatalytic system with the NiRu/C anode displays good stability, favorable energy consumption, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for phenol-containing wastewater treatment, demonstrating its potential for practical applications. This work offers a promising strategy for achieving low-carbon emissions in phenol wastewater treatment.

Efficient Electrosynthesis of Valuable para‐Benzoquinone from Aqueous Phenol on NiRu Hybrid Catalysts

AbstractElectrocatalytic oxidation of aqueous phenol to para‐benzoquinone (p‐BQ) offers a sustainable approach for both pollutant abatement and value‐added chemicals production. However, achieving high phenol conversion and p‐BQ yield under neutral conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report a Ni(OH)2‐supported Ru nanoparticles (NiRu) hybrid electrocatalyst, which exhibits a superior phenol conversion of 96.5 % and an excellent p‐BQ yield of 83.4 % at pH 7.0, significantly outperforming previously reported electrocatalysts. This exceptional performance benefits from the triple synergistic modulation of the NiRu catalyst, including enhanced phenol adsorption, increased p‐BQ desorption, and suppressed oxygen evolution. By coupling a flow electrolyzer with an extraction‐distillation separation unit, the simultaneous phenol removal and p‐BQ recovery are realized. Additionally, the developed electrocatalytic system with the NiRu/C anode displays good stability, favorable energy consumption, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for phenol‐containing wastewater treatment, demonstrating its potential for practical applications. This work offers a promising strategy for achieving low‐carbon emissions in phenol wastewater treatment.

Ultrafast reconfigurable direct charge trapping devices based on few-layer MoS2

Abstract Charge trapping devices incorporating 2D materials and high-κ dielectrics have emerged as promising candidates for compact, multifunctional memory devices compatible with silicon-based manufacturing processes. However, traditional charge trapping devices encounter bottlenecks including complex device structure and low operation speed. Here, we demonstrate an ultrafast reconfigurable direct charge trapping device utilizing only a 30 nm-thick Al2O3 trapping layer with a MoS2 channel, where charge traps reside within the Al2O3 bulk confirmed by transfer curves with different gate-voltage sweeping rates and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The direct charging tapping device shows exceptional memory performance in both three-terminal and two-terminal operation modes characterized by ultrafast three-terminal operation speed (≈300 ns), an extremely low OFF current of 10-14 A, a high ON/OFF current ratio of up to 107, and stable retention and endurance properties. Furthermore, the device with a simple symmetrical structure exhibits VD polarity-dependent reverse rectification behavior in the high resistance state (HRS), with a rectification ratio of 105. Additionally, utilizing the synergistic modulation of the conductance of the MoS2 channel by VD and VG, it achieves gate-tunable reverse rectifier and ternary logic capabilities.

Nanosecond laser interference ablation of fluorine-free aluminum alloy surfaces for dynamic adhesion and static wettability synergistically modulating water collection

Water collection from mist is a potential solution to water scarcity, which is a critical issue worldwide. In this paper, laser interference ablation assisted with stearic acid immersion has been used to achieve synergistic modulation of dynamic adhesion and static wettability for water collection on fluorine-free aluminum alloy surface. The research demonstrates that there is an optimal balance point between dynamic adhesion and static wettability for water collection. This optimal point shifts toward low dynamic adhesion at the high misting rate due to the flooding on metastable surfaces with high dynamic adhesion. In addition, wetting transition induced by tilting is observed on metastable surfaces. The good stability of the proposed fluorine-free surface has been demonstrated by the long-term water collection and long periods of immersion in water. This work can provide theoretical inspiration and a scalable preparation method for green and stable water collection strategies.

Enhancement strategies for NH3-SCR performance of MnCeOx nanowire aerogel catalyst: Synergistic modulation of phosphotungstic acid and structure

Improving the low-temperature SO2 and H2O resistance and N2 selectivity of manganese oxide（MnOx） catalysts is a major challenge in achieving industrial applications. This issue can be effectively addressed by using phosphotungstic acid (HPW) modified MnCeOx-N aerogel catalysts. The HPW-MnCeOx-N catalysts demonstrated excellent NOx conversion (∼100 % at 150–400 °C) and N2 selectivity (>90 % at 50–400 °C). Notably, even under challenging conditions such as 250 ppm SO2 at 250 °C, the catalytic activity of HPW-MnCeOx-N remained largely intact. The NOx conversion was still able to be maintained at 95 % even under the influence of 10 vol% H2O. This represents a significant improvement of 14 % and 5 % compared to the unmodified MnOx-N and MnCeOx-N catalysts, respectively. The integration of HPW within the lattice structure of the HPW-MnCeOx-N catalyst results in an increased number of oxygen vacancies and stronger surface acidity. The interaction between HPW and CeO2 promotes the formation of Ce4+-O-W species, which in turn modifies the redox properties of the MnCeOx-N catalyst. This modification leads to a suppression of NH species formation, thereby improving the selectivity towards N2 production. Physicochemical analyses have shown that the presence of HPW alters the reaction pathway of the MnCeOx-N catalyst, increasing the adsorption of NH3 species and significantly enhancing the generation of bidentate nitrate species, thereby facilitating the reaction through the L-H mechanism. On the HPW-MnCeOx-N catalyst, SO2 mainly inhibits the generation of monodentate nitrate and bridged nitrate species, while having little effect on the major active bidentate nitrates.

Synergistic modulation of interfacial and coordination microenvironment for highly efficient uranium extraction

Extracting uranium from wastewater is highly essential for addressing environmental pollution and sustainable development of nuclear power. However, the design and synthesis of functional adsorbents for selective and rapid uranium adsorption remains extremely challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of a functionalized hyper-cross-linked polymers (PHCP-Q) via an interfacial and coordination microenvironment synergistic modulation strategy for efficient uranium adsorption. The generated interfacial hydrophilic microenvironment allows the rapid migration of uranyl from the solution to the adsorbent and thus enables fast adsorption kinetics. Meanwhile, the fine-tuned coordination microenvironment within pore space creates the hexa-coordinated nano-pocket structure and thereby enhances the selective recognition of uranyl. Remarkably, PHCP-Q achieves adsorption equilibrium within simply 60 min and shows high saturation U(VI) adsorption uptake of 608.95 mg/g. More importantly, PHCP-Q with the cooperation of binding sites exhibits the highest distribution coefficient by an order of magnitude compared with that of other PHCPs. Besides, PHCP-Q possesses good physicochemical stability and recyclability. This study provides a new insight into the future design of highly effective uranium adsorbents by synergistically modulating interfacial and coordination microenvironment, which can be extended to the extraction of other target ions.

Synergistic Modulation of Sn2+ Oxidation and Perovskite Crystallization Induced by 4-Hydroxypyridine for Stable Lead-Free Solar Cells.

Tin perovskites present promising alternatives to lead perovskites, offering comparable optoelectronic properties alongside environmentally friendly characteristics. However, the rapid crystallization and easy oxidation of Sn2+ lead to poor film quality, further constraining the device performance. Here, 4-hydroxypyridine (4-HP) is introduced into the tin perovskite precursor for fabrication of high-quality tin perovskite films. 4-HP could modulate the colloidal size of prenucleation perovskite clusters in the precursor, thus inducing fast nucleation and retarding the crystal growth rate of tin perovskite through the formation of chemical interaction between nitrogen of pyridine and Sn2+ ions. Furthermore, the hydroxyl group on the pyridine ring contributes to suppressing the oxidation of Sn2+. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices based on 4-HP increases up to 11.3%. The stability of the unencapsulated devices shows significant improvement, retaining 100% of their initial PCEs after 2000 h of storage in N2 with 50-100 ppm of O2. This research presents a novel approach to the synchronized regulation of tin perovskite crystallization and the suppression of Sn2+ oxidation.

Bifunctional fluorine doped Ru/RuO2 clusters with dynamic electron modification and strong metal-support interaction boost proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer

The sluggish kinetics and inherent instability over the Ru/RuO2 clusters are still enormous challenges in proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer. Herein, we innovatively report synergistic modulation of dynamic electron modification and strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) to activate and stabilize bifunctional fluorine doped Ru/RuO2 clusters anchored on carbon nanotube (CNT), thus achieving efficient and stable acidic overall water splitting. Theoretical and experimental studies found that surface metal-fluorine modification layer could dynamically regulate the interfacial electronic environment to stabilize and activate multiple active Ru species; and the SMSI between Ru/RuO2 cluster and CNT maintains stable electronic environment for dynamic electron modification and avoids migrating or shedding of active species in acidic environment. Therefore, the PEM electrolyzer assembled with optimal F5.5-Ru/RuO2@CNT can operate stably for 100 h at a high current density of 100 mA cm−2, which is the first time that bifunctional Ru-based nanocatalysts applied to PEM device at a high current density.

Synergistic modulation of SrTiO3-TiO2 colossal permittivity system by internal lattice defects and phase composition: Experimental and theoretical investigations

The SrTiO3–TiO2 composite ceramics with different contents of La doping were fabricated by traditional solid-state sintering methods. The performance of the colossal permittivity ceramics was enhanced by the synergistic design of the internal defect structure and phase composition. When the doping content is 2%, SrTiO3–TiO2 composite ceramics possessed a colossal permittivity (ԑr ∼ 1.1 × 105), low dielectric loss (tanδ ∼ 0.050) and favorable thermal stability (−70 °C-150 °C, ΔC/C25°C ≤ ±15%). Phase structure analysis suggested that a TiO2 secondary phase was induced at the grain boundaries of SrTiO3 phase with the addition of La3+ ions. XPS and dielectric behavior analyses revealed that oxygen vacancies and lattice defects formed by inhomogeneous ion-doping act to modulate the dielectric behavior in ceramics. The IBLC interfacial effects in relation to semiconductor grains and insulation grain boundaries are the main contributors to the colossal permittivity (CP) properties of ceramics, and the contribution of the IBLC effects becomes more prominent with increasing doping content. On the basis of first-principles analysis, the ceramic lattice undergoes severe deformation when the La content is increased, and the gathering of electrons at oxygen vacancies and defects is evident. As a result, it leads to enhanced grain semiconducting properties and interfacial effects, which facilitate colossal permittivity and low dielectric loss for ceramics. The results are prospective in the application of CP ceramics.

Reviving Sodium Tunnel Oxide Cathodes Based on Structural Modulation and Sodium Compensation Strategy Toward Practical Sodium-Ion Cylindrical Battery.

As a typical tunnel oxide, Na0.44MnO2 features excellent electrochemical performance and outstanding structural stability, making it a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, it suffers from undesirable challenges such as surface residual alkali, multiple voltage plateaus, and low initial charge specific capacity. Herein, an internal and external synergistic modulation strategy is adopted by replacing part of the Mn with Ti to optimize the bulk phase and construct a Ti-containing epitaxial stabilization layer, resulting in reduced surface residual alkali, excellent Na+ transport kinetics and improved water/air stability. Specifically, the Na0.44Mn0.85Ti0.15O2 using water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder can realize a capacity retention rate of 94.30% after 1,000 cycles at 2C, and excellent stability is further verified in kilogram large-up applications. In addition, taking advantage of the rich Na content in Prussian blue analog (PBA), PBA-Na0.44Mn1-xTixO2 composites are designed to compensate for the insufficient Na in the tunnel oxide and are matched with hard carbon to achieve the preparation of coin full cell and 18650 cylindrical battery with satisfactory electrochemical performance. This work enables the application of tunnel oxides cathode for SIBs in 18650 cylindrical batteries for the first time and promotes the commercialization of SIBs.

Bamboo dietary cellulose emulsified camellia oil: Potential synergistic regulation of human gut microbiota in vitro

The medical applications of camellia oil are limited due to the instability of its active ingredients throughout the digestive tract. Pickering emulsion is one of the promising strategies to address this issue, yet the synergistic effect of oil and emulsifier phases on modulation of human gut microbiota is still unclear. Herein, high crystallinity rod-like bamboo nanocellulose (BNC) with a major diameter of 100–170 nm was prepared. BNC served as emulsifier to stabilize camellia oil emulsion and allowed for a stable storage period of more than 70 days at 4 °C. The BNC loading and ratio of water/oil attributed important effects on emulsion stability. During the investigations interrogating fermentation by gut microbiota in vitro, the concentrations of SCFAs (n-valeric, i-butyric, and i-valeric acids) were elevated in the emulsion treated groups. Additionally, proliferation of Dorea and Phascolarctobacterium, and inhibition of Desulfovibrio and Bacteroides were the key features through the emulsion intervention. Functional metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated the significant enhancement in carbohydrate metabolism and membrane transport. These findings suggested that insoluble BNC-stabilized camellia oil emulsion could be used as a dietary collocation for potential applications involving medical delivery system and synergistic modulation of gut microbiota.

Synergistic modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis by β-amyrin and metformin in mitigating hyperglycemia-induced renal damage using adult zebrafish model

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) can be prevented with early therapeutic intervention in diabetic patients. Recent investigations suggest that β-amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, could offer significant benefits with its potential antihyperglycemic and nephroprotective effects. We investigated the protective effects of β-amyrin alone and combined it with metformin, the cornerstone therapy for diabetes, using a hyperglycemic adult Zebrafish (ZF) model. The ZF were subjected to hyperglycemia by immersing them in 111 mM glucose solutions. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring serum glucose and insulin levels and antioxidant, ER stress, apoptosis, and proinflammatory markers. ZF kidneys were also studied for immunohistochemistry and histopathology. Results revealed that the combined treatment of β-amyrin and metformin resulted in a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in blood glucose levels to 104.54 ± 1.63 mg/dL, in comparison to 388.75 ± 4.32 mg/dL in the untreated diseased control group. The reduction in hyperglycemia was more pronounced than treatment with either compound alone. Moreover, treatment with the combination restored renal function in diseased ZF, leading to significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) serum urea (SU: 19.57 ± 1.61 mg/dL) and serum creatinine (SC: 0.56 ± 0.02 mg/dL) values compared to treatment with β-amyrin (SU:27.02 ± 0.96 mg/dL; SC: 0.7 ± 0.01 mg/dL) or metformin (SU: 24.53 ± 1.29 mg/dL; SC: 0.6 ± 0.02 mg/dL) alone. The treatment also reduced oxidative stress markers, apoptosis and ER stress markers, and proinflammatory cytokines. Histopathological analysis showed improved renal architecture with significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) renal tubular injury scores with the combination than with individual treatment. This study provides novel insights into the combined therapeutic effects of β-amyrin and metformin in mitigating hyperglycemia-induced renal damage through key molecular pathways, highlighting a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. The findings hold promising translational relevance for developing combination therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes in diabetic nephropathy patients.

Blockade of CD73 potentiates radiotherapy antitumor immunity and abscopal effects via STING pathway

Radiotherapy (RT) is a crucial treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but it often fails to induce systemic antitumor immunity. CD73, an immunomodulatory factor, is upregulated after RT and associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms driving RT-induced CD73 upregulation in CRC and investigate how combining RT with CD73 blockade stimulates immune responses and induces abscopal effects. Findings revealed that RT-induced CD73 upregulation is mediated by the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) pathway and correlated with RT tolerance, as demonstrated through flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western Blotting. Using flow cytometry and multicolor immunofluorescence, experiments demonstrated that in CRC subcutaneous tumor models, combination therapy reduces the infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) while increasing dendritic cells (DCs) and CD8 + T cells, resulting in superior antitumor responses. Additionally, results from flow cytometry, Western Blot, and RNA sequencing demonstrated that combination therapy enhances the antigen-presenting ability of DCs and activates tumor antigen-specific CD8 + T cells, improving their function and delaying their depletion. The activation of the cGAS-STING and IFN-I pathways is crucial for this effect. In summary, the integration of RT with CD73 blockade effectively reverses the immunosuppressive TME and invigorates CD8 + T cell-driven, specific antitumor immune responses. These insights shed fresh light on the mechanisms governing the synergistic modulation of immunity by RT and CD73 blockade in CRC, offering promising avenues for the advancement of therapeutic strategies against CRC.

Calcium ion rapid release and dual-mode synergistic regulation influx for enhanced therapeutic efficacy

Calcium ion-intervention therapy, predicated on the principle of intracellular Ca2+ overload, has emerged as a promising non-invasive strategy for oncological treatment. However, the precise delivery of Ca2+ to the tumor site and the effective modulation of Ca2+ influx is critical for enhancing the therapeutic effect of ionic interventions. Herein, we report the development of a novel endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-responsive nanoplatform, denoted as Ca2+@HKUST-1@PVP, which enables H2S-rapid responsive, targeted Ca2+ delivery, rapid ion release, and the synergistic modulation of calcium ion channels through photothermal and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms. The integration of HKUST-1 within the nanoplatform allows for selective reaction with tumor-associated H2S, triggering the rapid release of Ca2+ (around 80 % within two hours) and the concurrent generation of cooper sulfide (CuS) with near infrared (NIR) absorbance properties. These CuS serve a dual role as highly efficient photothermal agents and Fenton-like catalysts, which act in concert to modulate Ca2+ channels. The orchestrated cascade of events—encompassing rapid ion release, controllable photothermal effect and ROS-mediated modulation of Ca2+ influx—subverts the tumor’s calcium homeostasis and significantly amplifies the cytotoxic effects of calcium overload. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that Ca2+@HKUST-1@PVP induces remarkable cytotoxicity and therapeutic efficacy through photothermal and ROS-enhanced calcium overload, surpassing the performance of HKUST-1 without Ca2+ loading. This study, therefore, presents a colon cancer-specific nanoplatform for photothermal and ROS synergistic ion-interference therapy, offering a novel avenue for the treatment of malignancies.

Intermittent Fasting and Probiotics: Synergistic Modulation of Gut Health for Therapeutic Advantages.

Intermittent fasting (IF) is an increasingly popular dietary approach involving alternating fasting and eating periods. This review aims to summarize the growing body of literature demonstrating that IF is a potential nutritional practice that involves alternating periods of fasting and eating and the numerous benefits of IF, especially in the modulation of healthy gut microbiota. The positive impact of intermittent fasting on gut microbiota not only promotes gastrointestinal health but also has far-reaching effects on critical systems throughout the body. Additionally, the evidence presented in this review highlights the significant preventive and therapeutic effects of intermittent fasting on a wide range of disorders. This includes reducing the risk of diabetes, and neurological disorders, alleviating obesity, and enhancing the functioning of the liver, ultimately contributing to the maintenance of metabolic equilibrium. Perhaps most notably, these effects play a substantial role in preventing diabetes, a global health concern of increasing significance. This comprehensive investigation delves into the scientific foundations of intermittent fasting's impact on gut microbiota and its implications for averting chronic diseases, providing valuable insights for future research and therapeutic applications.

Engineering mineralized interlayers for enhanced nanofiltration: Synergistic modulation of polyamide layer structure and catalytic self-cleaning performance

High permselectivity and antifouling/self-cleaning nanofiltration (NF) membranes are ideal materials for water treatment, and this vision is expected to be reached through the design of multifunctional self-cleaning interfaces. In this study, we employed metal - polyphenol network (MPN) to mediate in situ mineralization of porous substrates, enabling simultaneous modulation of interfacial polymerization (IP) and catalytic self-cleaning. The findings demonstrate that the mineralized layers employ an interlayer modulation strategy to produce a polyamide (PA) layer that is more hydrophilic, thinner, and structurally denser. As a result, the resulting PA-Fe3O4-PSF membrane exhibited a 2.5-fold increase in permeance (19.2 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and a 7.3-fold enhancement in Cl−/SO42− selectivity (66.4), compared to the control membrane (PA-PSF). Additionally, its highly polarized membrane surface significantly improved its antifouling performance. Compared to membranes with mineralized layers on the surface (Fe3O4-PA-PSF), PA-Fe3O4-PSF constructs a confined space that facilitates more efficient regeneration through in situ catalytic self-cleaning and ensures greater stability during multiple fouling-regeneration cycle operations. This study paves the way for fabricating multifunctional NF membranes with sustainable applications in material concentration, wastewater treatment, and environmental remediation.

Ultralow Dark Current and High‐Detectivity Infrared Phototransistors Enabled by Small‐Diameter Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes

AbstractDue to their internal gain mechanism, emerging nanomaterial‐based infrared phototransistors show significant promise for highly sensitive detection; however, they usually suffer from high dark current (Idark) and thus high noise, which restricts the actual detection capability of the detector. Here, a semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) film‐based phototransistor is proposed with an ultralow Idark and a high response through the adoption of stacked ZnO/PbS colloidal quantum dot heterojunctions as the photogate to absorb the infrared photons and generate a photovoltage. Solution‐derived semiconducting CNTs with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 1.1 nm are utilized to create a network film that serves as the active channel of the transistor and provides an off‐state current as low as ≈50 fA; this enables an ultralow dark current (pA level) in the infrared phototransistor. By tuning the back‐gate bias, the synergistic modulation is demonstrated of the sensor response and electronic noise and achieve a high detectivity of 5.7 × 1013 Jones under an incident power density of 0.81 nW cm−2 and 1300 nm infrared radiation. These findings provide a promising approach for attaining weak light infrared detection based on nanomaterial‐based photodetectors.