Rabbit Syndrome Research Articles

A Systematic Review of Oral Vertical Dyskinesia ("Rabbit" Syndrome).

Background and Objectives: Vertical rhythmic dyskinetic movements that are primarily drug-induced and affect solely the jaw, mouth, and lips without involving the tongue have been historically described as "rabbit" syndrome (RS). Evidence on the unique features and implications of this disorder remains limited. This literature review aims to evaluate the clinical-epidemiological profile, pathological mechanisms, and management of this movement disorder. Materials and Methods: Two reviewers identified and assessed relevant reports in six databases without language restriction published between 1972 and 2024. Results: A total of 85 articles containing 146 cases of RS were found. The mean frequency of RS among adults in psychiatric hospitals was 1.2% (range 0-4.4%). The mean age of affected patients was 49.2 (SD: 17.5), and 63.6% were females. Schizophrenia was the most frequent comorbidity found in 47.6%, followed by bipolar disorder (17.8%), major depressive disorder (10.3%), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (3.7%). Five cases were idiopathic. The most common medications associated with RS were haloperidol (17%), risperidone (14%), aripiprazole (7%), trifluoperazine (5%), and sulpiride (5%). The mean duration of pharmacotherapy before RS was 21.4 weeks (SD: 20.6). RS occurred in association with drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) in 27.4% and with tardive dyskinesia (TD) in 8.2% of cases. Antipsychotic modification and/or anticholinergic drugs resulted in full or partial recovery in nearly all reported cases in which they were prescribed. Conclusions: RS occurs as a distinct drug-induced syndrome associated primarily but not exclusively with antipsychotics. Distinguishing RS from TD is important because the treatment options for the two disorders are quite different. By contrast, RS may be part of a spectrum of symptoms of DIP with similar course, treatment outcomes, and pathophysiology.

A Case Report on Antipsychotic-Induced Rabbit Syndrome

A Case Report on Antipsychotic-Induced Rabbit Syndrome

Low-level tragus stimulation improves autoantibody-induced hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome in rabbits

Recent studies have demonstrated that antiadrenergic autoantibodies are involved in the pathophysiology of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that transcutaneous low-level tragus stimulation (LLTS) ameliorates autoantibody-induced autonomic dysfunction and inflammation in a rabbit model of autoimmune POTS. Six New Zealand white rabbits were co-immunized with peptides from the α1-adrenergic and β1-adrenergic receptors to produce sympathomimetic antibodies. The tilt test was performed on conscious rabbits before immunization, 6 weeks after immunization, and 10 weeks after immunization with 4-week daily LLTS treatment. Each rabbit served as its own control. An enhanced postural heart rate increase in the absence of significant change in blood pressure was observed in immunized rabbits, confirming our previous report. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability during the tilt test showed a predominance of sympathetic over parasympathetic activity in immunized rabbits as reflected by markedly increased low-frequency power, decreased high-frequency power, and increased low-to-high-frequency ratio. Serum inflammatory cytokines were also significantly increased in immunized rabbits. LLTS suppressed the postural tachycardia, improved the sympathovagal balance with increased acetylcholine secretion, and attenuated the inflammatory cytokine expression. Antibody production and activity were confirmed with invitro assays, and no antibody suppression by LLTS was found in this short-term study. LLTS improves cardiac autonomic imbalance and inflammation in a rabbit model of autoantibody-induced hyperadrenergic POTS, suggesting that LLTS may be used as a novel neuromodulation therapy for POTS.

Escitalopram-induced rabbit syndrome

Escitalopram-induced rabbit syndrome

Amisulpride-induced late-onset rabbit syndrome: Case report and literature review

IntroductionAmisulpride is an atypical antipsychotic. Rabbit syndrome(RS) may be seen after antipsychotics use a few days or long‐term application. RS occurs after more frequent typical antipsychotics and also in rare cases atypical antipsychotics.Its characterized by the involuntary rhythmic movements of the lips however involves no tongue movements.ObjectivesCase report and reflection on its etiologyMethodsCase report and literature reviewResultsA 28-year-old female with a diagnosis of schizophrenia applied with the complaints and symptoms of withdrawal, do not want to leave the house, physical anergy and avolition that started after stopped taking her medications. She was admitted to the psychiatry service and amisulpride treatment was started and was gradually increased to 800 mg/day. After 30 days of hospitalization, the patient was discharged with mild recovery. 14 days after the discharge, because of the abnormal involuntary movements in mouth, the patient applied. In clinical examination without tounge involvement, rhythmic motions were observed in the lips and jaw.Neurological examination, labrotory tests and cranial screening were all normal. She was evaluated by a private psychiatrist and was diagnosed with RS. Amisulpride treatment changed to olanzapine treatment with 15 mg/day. After two months, RS spontaneously regressed.ConclusionsThe resolution of the involuntary movements following discontinuation of amisulpride in our case, supported the diagnosis of RS. Although the mechanism by which RS emerges as a side‐effect of amisulpride is not fully understood, the drug’s high affinity for and selective binding to dopaminergic D2 and D3 receptors are thought to be responsible for this involuntary motion disorder.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

How to...

Dental disease is a common syndrome in pet rabbits and high on the differential list in any rabbit presenting with reduced appetite, anorexia or pseudo-anorexia (not eating but showing interest in food).1Elisabetta Mancinelli, of Valley Veterinary Hospital in Cardiff, provides a comprehensive approach to diagnosing and effectively managing dental disease in rabbits.

Study of the Effectiveness of Drug No. 5 in a Model of Dry Eye Syndrome in Rabbits.

It was shown that in the model of dry eye syndrome (DES) in rabbits, if drug No. 5 was instilled in both eyes of animals at a dose of 0.05 mL/kg in 1:15 dilution with sterile saline solution twice a day for 30 days, then it had a strong anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and angioprotective effects. This positively affected the course of reparative process in the conjunctiva and cornea complicated by nonclosing of the eyelids. It was also found that drug No. 5 in the tested dose promoted the stimulation of reparative processes in the conjunctiva and cornea, clinically manifesting itself in accelerating the recovery of defects in the anterior epithelium and corneal stroma, and in reducing both frequency of formation of deep corneal defects and severity of inflammatory response and vascularization. There was a slowdown in the formation of corneal opacities, a decrease in the amount and appearance of a more liquid mucous discharge of the conjunctiva compared to the control. It was also demonstrated in the stated model of DES that drug No. 5 in the test dose had a pronounced pharmacological effect, contributing to a faster recovery of damage to the superficial epithelium and stroma of the cornea, anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, the vascular membrane and retina as well as goblet cells of the conjunctiva.

Protective effects of Hirudin against compartment syndrome in rabbits through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Compartment syndrome generates an oxidative condition causing the death of skeletal muscle cells. Hirudin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its correlation with the pathway of Nrf2/HO-1 for the protection of the skeletal muscle is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of double-doses of hirudin in compartment syndrome and its association with Nrf2/HO-1 expression. Compartment syndrome was induced in rabbits and double-doses of hirudin (0–8 ATU/kg) were locally administered to select an optimal Hirudin concentration that protects skeletal muscle from damage. The tissue structural changes, W/D ratio, lipid peroxidation level by MDA assay and inflammatory factors were determined in the skeletal muscle. To determine the musculoprotective efficacy of H8 at 72 h timepoint after compartment syndrome, and its association with the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, the following assays were performed by TUNEL assay and immunofluorescence: necrosis (high-mobility group box-1; HMGB1), Nrf2, and HO-1. In addition, the HO-1 mRNA was evaluated by qPCR. Hirudin in a dose of 8 ATU/kg (H8) presented the lowest levels of histological damage, fibrosis, W/D ratio and oxidative stress in the studied groups. Moreover, treatment with H8 markedly downregulated the level of inflammatory factors including TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-6. H8 showed a protective effect at 72 h timepoint after compartment syndrome, as revealed by a decrease in the levels of all damage markers. Nuclear translocation Nrf2 and HO-1 staining in cytoplasm were increased, and the levels of HO-1 mRNA were also increased. In conclusion, double-doses of H8 alleviate the death of muscle cells induced by oxidative stress 72 h after compartment syndrome in rabbits. This protective effect is associated with the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and an elevated expression of HO-1.

Topical Tacrolimus Progylcosomes Nano-Vesicles As a Potential Therapy for Experimental Dry Eye Syndrome

The present work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical tacrolimus (0.01%) loaded propylene glycol (PG) modified nano-vesicles (Proglycosomes Nano-vesicles, PNVs) for the treatment of experimental dry eye syndrome (DES) in rabbits. DES was induced by topical application of atropine (1.0%) and benzalkonium chloride (0.1%) aqueous solution. PNVs treatment (PNV group) was compared with tacrolimus solution 0.01% (TAC group) and untreated group and healthy group were used as controls. PNV treated animals showed improved clinical performance with marked increase in tear production and tear break-up time (TBUT). Further, PNVs also subside ocular inflammation as evident from absence of matrix metalloprotenaise-9 and normal ocular surface temperature (32.3 ± 0.34 °C). Additionally, PNVs have positive effect on ocular and epithelial damage observed through low ocular surface staining score and improved globlet cell density. The PNV treatment was found to more effectively compared to TAC solution and most of the parameters were close to those of healthy animals. In conclusion, tacrolimus PNV formulation (0.01%) could be a potential therapy for treatment of dry eye syndrome.

PPARγ as an indicator of vascular function in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome in rabbits

Background and aimsUnderlying mechanisms associated with vascular dysfunction in metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unclear and can even vary from one vascular bed to another. MethodsIn this study, MetS was induced by a high-fat, high-sucrose diet, and after 28 weeks, aorta and renal arteries were removed and used for isometric recording of tension in organ baths, protein expression by Western blot, and histological analysis to assess the presence of atherosclerosis. ResultsMetS induced a mild hypertension, pre-diabetes, central obesity and dyslipidaemia. Our results indicated that MetS did not change the contractile response in either the aorta or renal artery. Conversely, vasodilation was affected in both arteries in a different way. The aorta from MetS showed vascular dysfunction, including lower response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, while the renal artery from MetS presented a preserved relaxation to acetylcholine and an increased sensitivity to sodium nitroprusside. We did not find vascular oxidative stress in the aorta from MetS, but we found a significant decrease in PPARγ, phospho-Akt (p-Akt) and phospho-eNOS (p-eNOS) protein expression. On the other hand, we found oxidative stress in the renal artery from MetS, and PPARγ, Akt and p-Akt were overexpressed. No evidence of atherosclerosis was found in arteries from MetS. ConclusionsMetS affects vascular function differently depending on the vessel. In the aorta, it decreases both the vasodilation and the expression of the PPARγ/Akt/eNOS pathway, while in the renal artery, it increases the expression of PPARγ/Akt signalling pathway without decreasing the vasodilation.

Study of Probiotic Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Strains on Biochemical and Morphometric Parameters of Rabbits after Obesity Induction.

Simple SummaryOn the basis of the extensive literature, two main strategies have been used to manipulate intestinal microbial composition and selectively stimulate the growth and activity of certain species, these being the administration of either prebiotics or food supplements containing living bacteria such as probiotics. Several animal studies have indicated that certain probiotics, including Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, can suppress body weight gain in rodents, while some probiotics strains have little effect or promote weight gain. The potential anti-obesity effect of probiotics seems to depend on the strains used and the underlying mechanisms, leading to their effects remaining not fully understood. It is in this context that this study was designed to investigate the potential of two probiotics strains, these being Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12® and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v® in rabbits, whereby obesity and metabolic syndrome was first induced in a first experiment, and the animals were then used in a second experiment to test the hypothesis of probiotics effect on biochemical and morphometric parameters. The model of obesity induced by giving a “cafeteria” diet for 14 weeks in this trial demonstrated a change in the biochemical and morphometric parameters investigated in the ITELV2006 rabbit strain. This study revealed that B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and L. plantarum 299v strains could exert beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in the ITELV2006 rabbit strain.This study aimed first to develop an experimental model of obesity and metabolic syndrome over 14 weeks using a diet called “cafeteria”, which is a high-fat diet, to evaluate its consequences on the biochemical and morphometric parameters in ITELV2006 strain rabbits. Second, the trial aimed to evaluate the effect of two strains of probiotics, these being Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12® and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v®, on the obesity and MetS induced during the first experiment. Overall, the results of the “cafeteria” diet demonstrated significant changes in numerous biochemical and morphometric parameters, reproducing obesity and the main clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome in humans. The administration of the two probiotic strains demonstrated an impact on certain parameters of obesity and induced MetS. This study makes it possible to conclude that probiotics could be useful in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome of rabbits, but in a dependent manner. Furthermore, this study evidenced the importance of selecting specific probiotic strains and dosages to achieve desirable results on rabbits or other species.

A Brief Review on Rabbit Syndrome

Rabbit syndrome is a rare condition affecting only a small amount of psychiatric patients who are under antipsychotic treatment. This syndrome is characterized by fine, rapid, rhythmic movements along the vertical axis of mouth accompanied by lip sound and these movements occur with a frequency of approximately 5Hz. This syndrome is a late onset extra pyramidal side effect occurring 2- 5% of patients who were chronically treated with neuroleptics. Usually it occurs more in females older than 40years and twice predominant than males. Providing the empirical treatment by considering the neuropathological aspects of the patients may enhance the quality of life. To improve the treatment options, advanced research on the neurophysiological and pharmacological aspects are required.

Rabbit Syndrome: An Asymmetrical Presentation.

Rabbit Syndrome: An Asymmetrical Presentation.

Olanzapine-induced Rabbit Syndrome: A Case Report

Olanzapine-induced Rabbit Syndrome: A Case Report

Synthetic surfactant with a recombinant surfactant protein C analogue improves lung function and attenuates inflammation in a model of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adult rabbits

AimIn acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) damaged alveolar epithelium, leakage of plasma proteins into the alveolar space and inactivation of pulmonary surfactant lead to respiratory dysfunction. Lung function could potentially be restored with exogenous surfactant therapy, but clinical trials have so far been disappointing. These negative results may be explained by inactivation and/or too low doses of the administered surfactant. Surfactant based on a recombinant surfactant protein C analogue (rSP-C33Leu) is easy to produce and in this study we compared its effects on lung function and inflammation with a commercial surfactant preparation in an adult rabbit model of ARDS.MethodsARDS was induced in adult New Zealand rabbits by mild lung-lavages followed by injurious ventilation (VT 20 m/kg body weight) until P/F ratio < 26.7 kPa. The animals were treated with two intratracheal boluses of 2.5 mL/kg of 2% rSP-C33Leu in DPPC/egg PC/POPG, 50:40:10 or poractant alfa (Curosurf®), both surfactants containing 80 mg phospholipids/mL, or air as control. The animals were subsequently ventilated (VT 8–9 m/kg body weight) for an additional 3 h and lung function parameters were recorded. Histological appearance of the lungs, degree of lung oedema and levels of the cytokines TNFα IL-6 and IL-8 in lung homogenates were evaluated.ResultsBoth surfactant preparations improved lung function vs. the control group and also reduced inflammation scores, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and formation of lung oedema to similar degrees. Poractant alfa improved compliance at 1 h, P/F ratio and PaO2 at 1.5 h compared to rSP-C33Leu surfactant.ConclusionThis study indicates that treatment of experimental ARDS with synthetic lung surfactant based on rSP-C33Leu improves lung function and attenuates inflammation.

MiR-200a improves respiratory distress syndrome in newborn rabbits via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of micro-ribonucleic acid (miR)-200a on respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborn rabbits by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this work, newborn rabbits aged three days were selected from our laboratory as research objects. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of miR-200a, β-catenin and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in blood samples of healthy newborn rabbits and newborn rabbits with RDS were determined by fluorescence quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Lentivirus-packaged plasmids containing miR-200a were then injected into newborn rabbits suffering from RDS. After 2 d, the mRNA and protein expression levels of miR-200a, β-catenin and IL-10 in blood samples of newborn rabbits in different treatment groups were measured. Meanwhile, lung sections were collected from newborn rabbits in different treatment groups. After that, the sections were observed via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. At the same time, lung coefficient of newborn rabbits in different treatment groups was also measured. Compared with healthy newborn rabbits, the mRNA and protein expression levels of miR-200a and IL-10 in the blood of newborn rabbits with RDS decreased significantly (p<0.05), while β-catenin increased markedly (p<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin and IL-10 in newborn RDS rabbits with miR-200a over-expression and knockout were detected as well. The results revealed that lowly expressed miR-200a could remarkably promote the expression level of β-catenin, whereas inhibiting the expression of IL-10. However, highly expressed miR-200a could significantly inhibit the expression level of β-catenin and promote the expression level of IL-10. H&E staining results manifested that miR-200a knockout markedly promoted the increase of pulmonary alveoli with increased lung coefficients. However, the up-regulation of miR-200a could reduce lung coefficients and remarkably improve RDS. MiR-200a regulates RDS in newborn rabbits by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Adrenergic Autoantibody-Induced Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Rabbits.

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that functional autoantibodies to adrenergic receptors may be involved in the pathogenesis of postural tachycardia syndrome. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of these autoantibodies on cardiovascular responses to postural changes and adrenergic orthosteric ligand infusions in immunized rabbits.Methods and ResultsEight New Zealand white rabbits were coimmunized with peptides from the α1‐adrenergic receptor and β1‐adrenergic receptor (β1AR). Tilt test and separate adrenergic agonist infusion studies were performed on conscious animals before and after immunization and subsequent treatment with epitope‐mimetic peptide inhibitors. At 6 weeks after immunization, there was a greater percent increase in heart rate upon tilting compared with preimmune baseline. No significant difference in blood pressure response to tilting was observed. The heart rate response to infusion of the β‐adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol was significantly enhanced in immunized animals, suggesting a positive allosteric effect of β1AR antibodies. In contrast, the blood pressure response to infusion of the α1‐adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine was attenuated in immunized animals, indicating a negative allosteric effect of α1‐adrenergic receptor antibodies. Injections of antibody‐neutralizing peptides suppressed the postural tachycardia and reversed the altered heart rate and blood pressure responses to orthosteric ligand infusions in immunized animals at 6 and 30 weeks. Antibody production and suppression were confirmed with in vitro bioassays.ConclusionsThe differential allosteric effect of α1‐adrenergic receptor and β1AR autoantibodies would lead to a hyperadrenergic state and overstimulation of cardiac β1AR. These data support evidence for an autoimmune basis for postural tachycardia syndrome.

Ameliorative effect of fermented Pentaclethra macrophylla (African oil bean seed) on high fat diet and sucrose drink induced metabolic syndrome in male New Zealand rabbits.

The consumption of nutraceuticals has become progressively popular in improving health, as well as disease treatment and prevention. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ameliorative effect of fermented Pentaclethra macrophylla (African oil bean) seed on high fat diet and sucrose drink induced metabolic syndrome in male New Zealand rabbits. All experimental procedures were carried using standard methods. A total of twenty (20) rabbits were used for this study, the animals were randomly grouped into five (5) groups with four (4) animals each. Metabolic syndrome risk factors obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia were determined. HFD+30%SUC had over 1500g body weight (bwt) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) 239.50±5.74 mg/dl relative to the normal control with 1000±6.73g and 77.00±5.94 respectively whereas ND+30%SUC had lower FBS (l172.50±2.52) compared to HFD+30%SUC. There was a significant p&lt;0.05 increase in body weights in treated groups with 1274±11.19g, 1282.75±4.99g, 1285±4.76g and FBS levels in mg/dL198.25±4.79, 198.75±8.06, 200±3.74 in rabbits compared to untreated HFD+30%SUC. Glycated hemoglobin, and ?-Amylase were significantly p&lt;0.05 elevated, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels were significantly p&lt;0.05 reduced, lipid profile markers (HDL, TRIG &amp; CHOL), electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium), urea and creatinine levels were significantly p&lt;0.05 altered in HFD+30%SUC exposed group relative to the normal control and ND+30%SUC. However, dietary supplementation with fermented Pentaclethra macrophylla seeds caused weight, FBS, serum lipid reduction and potentiated electrolyte, urea and creatinine levels. Therefore, according to our results, fermented Pentaclethra macrophylla seed is an excellent nutraceutical and its consumption should be encouraged in modifying high fat and elevated intake of sucrose in rabbit

Presumptive nonthyroidal illness syndrome in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Thyroid diseases are rarely diagnosed in pet rabbits and very little is known about the effects of systemic illnesses on thyroid hormone levels in this species. This brief communication compares the results of total thyroxine (T4, n = 44) and free T4 (n = 26) measurements in sick rabbits with total T4 (n = 56) and free T4 (n = 28) measurements from apparently healthy animals. Mean values of total and free T4 were significantly lower in sick animals, indicating nonthyroidal illness syndrome in the pet rabbit. Unlike in the dog, total and free T4 were both decreased to a similar degree in diseased rabbits. Rabbits with fractures and presumed obstructive ileus had particularly low total T4 levels. Total T4 values of rabbits suffering from urinary tract diseases were affected to a lesser extent. The effect of different diseases on free T4 values could not be evaluated on account of the small sample size. This study suggests that, similar to other species, total and free T4 measurement alone might not be sufficient to diagnose hypothyroidism in the pet rabbit due to the existence of nonthyroidal illness syndrome.

Intrapulmonary autologous transplant of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells improves lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rabbit

BackgroundLung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have a high incidence worldwide. The current drug therapies for ARDS have supportive effects, making them inefficient. New methods such as stromal cell therapy are needed for this problem.MethodsThis research was performed with ten New Zealand rabbits in two groups. Bone marrow aspiration was performed on the treated group, and mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured. The experimental model of ARDS was induced using LPS from Escherichia coli strain O55:B5. Then, 1010 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were autologously transplanted intrapulmonary in the treatment group, and 1–2 ml of PBS in the control group. The clinical signs, computed tomographic (CT) scans, echocardiography, blood gas analysis, complete blood count, and cytokine levels were measured before and at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after BM-MSC transplant. Finally, the rabbits were killed, and histopathological examination was performed.ResultsThe results showed that BM-MSCs decreased the severity of clinical symptoms, the number of white blood cells and heterophils in the blood, the total cell count, and number of heterophils and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage, and balanced the values of arterial blood gases (increase in partial pressure of oxygen and O2 saturation and decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide). They also downregulated the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations and increased the IL-10 concentrations at different times compared with time 0 and in the control group, significantly. In the CT scan, a significant decrease in the Hounsfield units and total lung volume was found by echocardiography, and in comparing the two groups, a significant difference in the parameters was noticed. The histopathology demonstrated that the BM-MSCs were able to reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and pulmonary hemorrhage and edema.ConclusionsThis study indicated that BM-MSCs play a significant role in the repair of lung injury.