Symmetric Morphology Research Articles

Asymmetric molten pool morphology in wire-arc directed energy deposition: Evolution mechanism and suppression strategy

Symmetric molten pool morphology is essential and fundamental in manufacturing three-dimensional (3D) components by wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED) method. However, when the molten metal droplets are deposited on non-level surfaces, various inclined substrates lead to undesirable molten pool behaviors, asymmetrical weld bead morphologies, or even formation of defects, which are mainly triggered by the gravity. Therefore, the evolution mechanism and suppression strategy of the asymmetric molten pool morphology on the inclined surface are necessary for the fabrication of 3D components. Herein, experimental and simulation analysis was carried out to reveal the evolutionary mechanism of molten pool and forming characteristics of wire-arc DED on various inclined surfaces, and a printing strategy was proposed to suppress the asymmetric molten pool morphology. First, a series of deposition experiments based on variable tilted substrates was conducted to evaluate the influence mechanism of weld bead morphology, and a characteristic parameter was introduced to quantitatively analyze the influence of inclination angle on the forming morphologies of weld beads. Second, in order to better comprehend the evolution of the asymmetric molten pool morphology, 3D numerical simulation and high-speed photography test were conducted to investigate the evolution of temperature field, velocity field, and fluid dynamics during the deposition on variable substrates. Finally, based on the theory of equilibrium of forces, a strategy was proposed to suppress the undesirable fluid flow pattern and eliminate the asymmetric morphology of single bead. Besides, for the multi-bead deposition process, this paper proposed an alternate printing strategy to alleviate asymmetric molten morphology and improve the forming quality. The feasibility of the proposed methods were verified via comparative quantitative evaluation. • Evolution mechanism of molten pool in wire-arc DED is systematically investigated. • Adverse effect of gravity on the mass transfer behavior of molten pool is revealed. • The influencing mechanisms of asymmetric morphology of molten pool are explored. • Printing strategies are proposed to eliminate the asymmetric weld bead morphology.

A compact symmetric ejection from the low mass AGN in the LINER galaxy NGC 4293

ABSTRACT We conducted a Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observation of the low mass active galactic nucleus (AGN) in galaxy NGC 4293 (z = 0.003). The object is associated with a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER). Its black hole mass is estimated as ∼105 or ${\sim}10^7 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. The VLBA 1.5 GHz image shows an inverse symmetric structure with two discrete radio blobs separated by an angular distance of ∼120 mas, corresponding to ∼7 parsec. Furthermore, its integrated radio spectrum has a turnover at the frequency of ∼0.44 GHz. Based on the compactness and spectrum, the nuclear radio source in NGC 4293 belongs to a sample of (megahertz) peaked spectrum (PS/MPS) radio sources with compact symmetric morphologies. NGC 4293 has 1.4 GHz radio power of only ${\sim}10^{20}\, \mathrm{W\, Hz^{-1}}$ with the VLBA observation, which is consistent with local AGNs but lower than the current PS samples. One of the two blobs has a steep radio spectrum α = −0.62 ± 0.08 (Sν ∝ ν+α), while the other one has an inverted spectrum α = 0.32 ± 0.10. The VLBA 1.5 GHz luminosity ratio of the two blobs is 3.23 and both blobs show lateral-flowing structures where the hotspots reside at the edge of each radio lobe. This can be explained as jet interactions with dense circumnuclear medium. We estimate the black hole mass of NGC 4293 through the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity, which constrains the black hole mass to be ${\lesssim}10^6\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. It supports that the object is a low-mass AGN and a potential candidate for accreting and ejecting IMBHs.

Mesoscopic-scale study of convection-induced morphological evolution of solid-air dendrites in liquid hydrogen

The trace amount of air infiltration that may occur during the utilization of liquid hydrogen may be confronted with a severe security risk. Considering the effect of convection, a six-fold symmetric solid-air dendrite growth numerical model is established for the coupling of flow field, temperature field and solute field during solidification process. For regular Cartesian grids, a factor is introduced to reduce the anisotropy of grids, and its validity is verified. The reliability of the model is evaluated by comparing the numerical results of the growth of ice-dendrite with the same face-centered cubic structure with the experimental results, and the subsequent numerical results of solid-air dendrites growth rate match well with the results of analytical theory. On this basis, the growth characteristics of solid-air dendrites under diffusion condition and natural convection and forced convection conditions are studied. The results show that the tip of each dendrite arm has a consistent growth rate under diffusion condition, and the dendrites present a six-fold symmetric morphology. The dendrite growth is promoted in the upstream and inhibited in the downstream under both natural convection and forced convection conditions, and the morphology of the reshaped dendrites lose symmetry. Forced convection promotes upstream more than it inhibits downstream. The mechanism of the two conditions affecting the growth of solid-air dendrites and the differences between them are explained in detail.

Impact of tissue porosity and asymmetry on the oxygen uptake of the human placenta: A numerical study

IntroductionThis study proposes a computational fluid dynamics model of a human placenta's independent exchange unit (placentome) to assess the effect that the inner villi distribution and decidual veins (DVs) location and number, have on the oxygen uptake. MethodsThe internal placentome porosity distribution was altered in symmetric morphology, while asymmetry was introduced by varying the location and number of DVs. The DV asymmetry was introduced by either displacing them circumferentially, thereby changing the angle between them, or by adding DVs in the inlet cross-section. The results were analyzed by the changes in the normalized oxygen mass fraction and the oxygen uptake. ResultsOxygenated blood was shown to be delivered deeper into the placentome when the area of non-homogeneous porosity was larger. The largest oxygen uptake was achieved in the asymmetric model with the smallest angle distance between the DVs, where a 10% decrease relative to the farthest case was obtained. Placing DVs adjacent to the spiral artery opening enhanced the drainage of oxygenated blood. DiscussionThis study demonstrates the importance of the local porosity distribution for the proper perfusion of the intervillous space and proposes a novel approach to improve our understanding of the role of the DVs in placental oxygen uptake.

Root and root canal morphology of mandibular second permanent molars in the Gansu province population: A CBCT study.

To study the anatomical characteristics of the root and root canal system of the mandibular second molars in the population of Gansu province, and to provide theoretical and clinical references for improving the success rate of root canal therapy (RCT) of mandibular second molars. The number of roots and root canals, root canal type and pulp chamber height of mandibular second molars were determined by observing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of people living in Gansu. The most common type of mandibular second molars in the Gansu province population was a double root with three root canals (47.55%), followed by a C-shaped root (35.56%). There were more females than males with a C-shaped root (p< 0.05). The most common root canal subtype of the C-type root was C3 (13.91%). Most of the population (77.11%) had bilateral mandibular second molars with symmetrical root canal morphology. With an increase in age, the height of the pulp chamber decreased significantly. The incidence of root canal variation of the mandibular second molars is relatively high in the population of Gansu province. Preoperative examination with CBCT is essential for mandibular second molars that need RCT to avoid root canal treatment failure and decrease the occurrence of postoperative pain as much as possible.

Seçilen bir Türk popülasyonunda koni-ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi kullanılarak mandibular birinci ve ikinci premolarların kök kanal morfolojisi ve literatür taraması

Objectives: To investigate the root canal morphology of permanent mandibular premolars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the selected population and to review previous studies regarding other selected Turkish subpopulations. Materials and Methods: The sample for this retrospective study included 1048 CBCT images of 672 females and 376 males representing 1613 mandibular first and 1461 second premolars. Pubmed and Google Scholar were used to search previous literature with selected keywords. Results: The incidence of single root in mandibular first and second premolars was 99.75% and 99.38%, respectively. Complex root canal anatomy was evident in the first premolars compared to second premolars and in males than females (p&amp;lt;0.05). Eight studies have previously evaluated the root canal anatomy of mandibular premolars of other Turkish subpopulations by clearing or CBCT images. The prevalence of 2 or more root canals was found between 5.80% - 39.50% in mandibular first premolars and 1.1% -29% in mandibular second premolars in these studies. Conclusions: More attention should be paid to the detection of additional canals during root canal treatment of mandibular premolars, especially in male patients. The symmetrical morphology of the premolars may guide the practitioners during the root canal treatment. Evaluation methods could affect the results regarding root canal anatomy.

Design and Fabrication of Membranes Based on PAN Copolymer Obtained from Solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide.

An original method is proposed for preparing highly concentrated solutions of PAN copolymer in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and forming membranes for nanofiltration from these solutions. The high activity of the solvent with respect to the polymer provides short preparation time of spinning solutions in comparison with PAN solutions obtained in other solvents. The use of the rheological approach made it possible to find the optimal concentration for obtaining membranes. The formation of PAN membranes from the obtained solutions is proposed by the rolling method. The morphology of the formed membranes depends on the method of removing the precipitant from the sample. The features of the formed morphology of PAN membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was revealed that the use of water as a rigid precipitant leads to the formation of a homogeneous and symmetric morphology in the membrane. The average pore sizes in the membrane have been obtained by porosimetry. The study of the separating properties of PAN membranes revealed noteworthy values of the permeability and rejection for the anionic dyes Orange II and Remazol Brilliant Blue (74 and 97%, respectively). The mechanical properties of PAN membranes from solutions in NMMO are not inferior to analogs formed from commercially used direct solvents.

Probing the inner circumgalactic medium and quasar illumination around the reddest ‘extremely red quasar’

ABSTRACT Dusty quasars might be in a young stage of galaxy evolution with prominent quasar feedback. A recently discovered population of luminous, extremely red quasars at z ∼ 2–4 has extreme spectral properties related to exceptionally powerful quasar-driven outflows. We present Keck/KCWI observations of the reddest known ERQ, at z = 2.3184, with extremely fast [O iii] λ5007 outflow at ∼6000 km s−1. The Lyα halo spans ∼100 kpc. The halo is kinematically quiet, with velocity dispersion ∼300 km s−1 and no broadening above the dark matter circular velocity down to the spatial resolution ∼6 kpc from the quasar. We detect spatially resolved He ii λ1640 and C iv λ1549 emissions with kinematics similar to the Lyα halo and a narrow component in the [O iii] λ5007. Quasar reddening acts as a coronagraph, allowing views of the innermost halo. A narrow Lyα spike in the quasar spectrum is inner halo emission, confirming the broad C iv λ1549 in the unresolved quasar is blueshifted by 2240 km s−1 relative to the halo frame. We propose the inner halo is dominated by moderate-speed outflow driven in the past and the outer halo dominated by inflow. The high central concentration of the halo and the symmetric morphology of the inner region are consistent with the ERQ being in earlier evolutionary stage than blue quasars. The He ii λ1640/Lyα ratio of the inner halo and the asymmetry level of the overall halo are dissimilar to Type II quasars, suggesting unique physical conditions for this ERQ that are beyond orientation differences from other quasar populations. We find no evidence of mechanical quasar feedback in the Lyα-emitting halo.

High-resolution X-ray study of supernova remnant J0453.6−6829 with unusually high forbidden-to-resonance ratio

Abstract Recent high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy has revealed that several supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) show unusually high forbidden-to-resonance (f/r) line ratios. While their origin is still uncertain and debated, most of these SNRs have asymmetric morphology and/or show evidence of interaction with dense material, which may hint at the true nature of the anomalous f/r ratios. Here we report on a detailed spectral analysis of the LMC SNR J0453.6−6829 with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) onboard XMM-Newton. We find that the f/r ratio of O vii ($=1.06^{+0.09}_{-0.10}$) is significantly higher than expected from the previously reported thermal model. The spectrum is suitably explained by taking into account a charge exchange (CX) emission in addition to the thermal component. Analyzing archival ATCA and Parkes radio data, we also reveal that an H i cloud is possibly interacting with J0453.6−6829. These results support the presence of CX in J0453.6−6829, as the origin of the obtained high f/r ratio. Although a contribution of the resonance scattering (RS) cannot be ruled out at this time, we conclude that CX seems more likely than RS considering the relatively symmetric morphology of this remnant.

Stability and Asymmetry of Tide‐Influenced River Bifurcations

AbstractBifurcations are important geomorphological features in tide‐influenced deltas. At bifurcations, river flow and tides distribute sediment over the channel network and determine the morphodynamic evolution of the entire delta. Using a one‐dimensional numerical model, we study the effects of tides on the morphological evolution of bifurcations from river‐dominated to tide‐dominated systems. In accordance with previous studies, bifurcations with small tidal influence, in which the flood flow hardly drives morphological change, have a larger range of Shields stress and width‐to‐depth ratio conditions for which symmetric bifurcations are stable to depth perturbations, compared to their river‐dominated counterparts. We extended the existing studies to tide‐dominated conditions. When bifurcations become increasingly tide‐dominated, the range of conditions under which balance discharge partition (symmetric morphology) can exist, shrinks. Under these conditions, the bed can also change during the flood phase and growth of the bed asymmetry is larger than the decay during ebb. However, the bed asymmetry in equilibrium becomes less pronounced with increasing tidal dominance. We conclude that tides reduce the tendency of closure and abandonment of one of the downstream channels compared to river‐dominated bifurcations, either by inhibiting the instability or by reducing asymmetry.

A Review of Healthy and Fibrotic Myocardium Microstructure Modeling and Corresponding Intracardiac Electrograms.

Computational simulations of cardiac electrophysiology provide detailed information on the depolarization phenomena at different spatial and temporal scales. With the development of new hardware and software, in silico experiments have gained more importance in cardiac electrophysiology research. For plane waves in healthy tissue, in vivo and in silico electrograms at the surface of the tissue demonstrate symmetric morphology and high peak-to-peak amplitude. Simulations provided insight into the factors that alter the morphology and amplitude of the electrograms. The situation is more complex in remodeled tissue with fibrotic infiltrations. Clinically, different changes including fractionation of the signal, extended duration and reduced amplitude have been described. In silico, numerous approaches have been proposed to represent the pathological changes on different spatial and functional scales. Different modeling approaches can reproduce distinct subsets of the clinically observed electrogram phenomena. This review provides an overview of how different modeling approaches to incorporate fibrotic and structural remodeling affect the electrogram and highlights open challenges to be addressed in future research.

Morpho-kinematic Properties of Wolf–Rayet Planetary Nebulae

The majority of planetary nebulae (PNs) show axisymmetric morphologies, whose causes are not well understood. In this work, we present spatially resolved kinematic observations of 14 Galactic PNs surrounding Wolf–Rayet ([WR]) and weak emission-line stars (wels), based on the Hα and [N ii] emission taken with the Wide Field Spectrograph on the Australian National University 2.3 m telescope. Velocity-resolved channel maps and position–velocity diagrams, together with archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based images, are employed to construct three-dimensional morpho-kinematic models of 12 objects using the program shape. Our results indicate that these 12 PNs mostly have elliptical morphologies, with either open or closed outer ends. The kinematic maps show the on-sky orientations of the interior shells in NGC 6578 and NGC 6629, as well as the compact (≤6″) PNs Pe 1-1, M 3-15, M 1-25, Hen 2-142, and NGC 6567, in agreement with the elliptically symmetric morphologies seen in high-resolution HST images. Point-symmetric knots in Hb 4 exhibit deceleration with distance from the central star, which could be due to shock collisions with the ambient medium. The velocity dispersion maps of Pe 1-1 also disclose the shock interaction between its collimated outflows and the interstellar medium. Collimated bipolar outflows are also visible in the position–velocity diagrams of M 3-30, M 1-32, and M 3-15, which are reconstructed by tenuous prolate ellipsoids extending upward from dense equatorial regions in the kinematic models. The formation of aspherical morphologies and collimated outflows in these PNs could be related to the stellar evolution of hydrogen-deficient [WR] and wels nuclei, which require further investigation.

A solution-processed octahedral nano-blocks structure CaIn2S4 film for UV/vis photodetection

A novel CaIn2S4 with three-dimensional octahedral nano-blocks (ONBs) are successfully synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by a simple hydrothermal method. The CaIn2S4 ONBs are uniform grown and scattered on the whole FTO substrate with high regular and symmetric morphology as well as average diagonal length of about 600 nm. Based on the as-synthesized CaIn2S4 ONBs, a photodetector (PD) is fabricated. Satisfyingly, it is found that the CaIn2S4 ONBs PD achieves a broad-band response ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to visible ( vis) light at zero bias voltage. It is also significant that the CaIn2S4 ONBs PD enables a fast response, in which the rise time and decay time are less than 0.15 and 0.2 s, respectively. Furthermore, the morphological evolution of the CaIn2S4 ONBs and plausible UV/vis detection mechanism of the CaIn2S4 ONBs PD are discussed.

Scaling-up of robust nanofiltration membrane of ultrathin-film-composite structure

Ultrathin film composite nanofiltration membrane was prepared in large-scale (1 m × 50 m) using indigenously developed casting and coating units. A spongy, nano-porous, compaction tolerant substrate layer (middle layer) was formed through judicial selection of the concentrations of base polymer (PSF) and its relative proportion with the pore former (PVP). The substrate with symmetric surface pore morphology (uniform distribution of innumerable nano-pores devoid of macrovoids) facilitated the formation of ultrathin polyamide rejection layer much in the form of laminate (of near uniform thickness) with very limited penetration to the substrate pores. The polyamide layer thickness could be down to 40 nm for the NF/PS/8PVP membrane. XPS study revealed a co-existence of polyamide cross-linked network and linear portion comprised of many sub-units with terminal carboxylic acid groups, which impart surface hydrophilicity and potential. The membranes exhibit a trade-off relationship between flux and selectivity with a flux of 158 L M−2H−1 at 50 psi and Na2SO4 rejection of >99% for NF/PS/8PVP membrane.

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics study of elasticity of block copolymers with cubic symmetrical morphology

In the present study, we investigated the elasticity of block copolymers by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. We focused on two typical cubic symmetry morphologies that mimic thermoplastic elastomers and soft plastics—i.e., body-centered cubic (BCC) and double gyroid (DG). The effects of morphology, bridge fraction, and deformation direction on the stress–strain curves were studied. The deformation of glassy networks with the DG morphology resulted in higher initial moduli than those with the BCC morphology. With the BCC morphology, the rubber elasticity was linearly dependent on the bridge fraction, whereas with the DG morphology the dependency was weak because the loop configuration in the DG networks also contributed to rubber elasticity. In both the BCC and DG morphologies, the effect of deformation direction was insignificant. This was inconsistent with the experimental results. The discrepancy demonstrates the peculiar nature of the coarse-grained bead-spring model in the glassy state.

Minimally invasive repair of asymmetric pectus excavatum: An alternative technique to treating asymmetric morphology

Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum or the Nuss procedure has become the standard operation for pectus excavatum repair. Pectus excavatum can be broadly divided into two categories: symmetric or asymmetric morphology. To optimize surgical outcomes of asymmetric pectus excavatum repair, previous work has proposed morphology-tailored bar shaping technique; the bar to be inserted is shaped asymmetrically to counter-balance the outer contour of the chest prior to the passage of the introducer across the chest. We describe an alternate approach that emphasizes precise introducer chest insertion and extraction and that highlights the direction of the introducer passage is from the higher asymmetric side to the lower contralateral side. The shape of the bar is determined after the introducer has been placed into the chest. This technique allows simultaneous compression of the higher asymmetric chest and elevation of the contralateral depressed side by the metal bar achieving excellent symmetric chest appearance. Level of EvidenceLevel V, Operative Technique

Experimental research on the compressive properties of a new type three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite

The new three-dimensional angle-interlock woven UHMWPEF/epoxy composite was prepared by the VARIM method, and its mechanical properties were studied. Specifically, quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were carried out by universal testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. Stress-strain curves under the quasi-static and high strain rates (800, 1000, 1400, and 1600 s−1) reveal the destructive characteristics of the composite material. The results indicate that the UHWMPEF/epoxy composite is a strain rate sensitive material and shows different levels of sensitivity at various strain rates. In the quasi-static compression test, when the strain rate was increased from 4.2 × 10−4 to 1.4 × 10−3 s−1, the failure load and ultimate strength increased by about 19.1% and 20.1%, respectively, and the failure strain and specific energy absorption decreased by about 1.53% and 6.1%, respectively. In the dynamic compression test, when the strain rate increased from 800 to 1600 s−1, the failure load and ultimate strength increased by about 16% and 15.9%, respectively, and the failure strain and specific energy absorption decreased by about 64.7% and 60.3%, respectively. The failure fracture surface of the specimen under quasi-static compression was at an angle of 40°–45° with the load direction. The matrix fragmentation at the fracture was obvious, and the warp fiber bundle was broken and peeled off from the matrix. The damage of specimen under dynamic compression develops quickly and the deformation process is short, which shows a relatively symmetrical shear fracture failure morphology.

Comparative Study: Catalytic Activity and Rhodamine Dye Luminescence at the Surface of TiO2-Based Nanoheterostructures

Nanoheterostructures based on titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium nanooxides with symmetric crystal structures, morphologies and high photocatalytic activity in under illumination by visible light, have been synthesized and studied. Microscopy, optical spectroscopy, and electron-spin resonance techniques were used. The asymmetric separation of photo-generated holes and electrons between different nanooxides in their nanoheterostructures suppresses their recombination. Using the method developed by the authors and based on ESR spectroscopy, the energy levels of the active centers inside the band gaps of the studied samples were found. We have shown, for the first time, that under illumination of nanoheterostructures under asymmetric conditions with adsorbed rhodamine dye at the dye-absorption wavelength (500 nm), photocatalytic reactions are mainly determined by light absorption by the nanostructures themselves, and not by energy transfer from the dye. This important result shows that high photocatalytic activity of materials with symmetric crystal structures is the primary criterion for creating energy-efficient photocatalysts. The results will be useful for the development of energy-efficient catalytic devices based on various combinations of metal nanooxides.

Field variable diffusion cellular automaton model for dendritic growth with multifold symmetry for the solidification of alloys

The substantial mesh dependency caused by the discrete properties of cells and limitations of the sharp interface model are the inherent disadvantages of the cellular automaton (CA) model, which leads to difficulties in simulating dendritic growth with multifold symmetry and random preferred orientations for the solidification of alloys. A novel field variable diffusion CA (FCA) model is proposed by referring to the concept of the gradient energy term for diffuse interfaces in the phase field method. The diffusion equation for the field variable based on the constructed gradient functional is derived using the gradient descent method and is introduced into the CA model to reduce the mesh dependency. The FCA model deals with the solidification/remelting growth kinetics of the solid–liquid interface according to the lever rule and by considering the constitutional supercooling and Gibbs–Thomson effect. Free dendritic growth from undercooled melts and competitive dendritic growth during the directional solidification of Al–4 wt% Cu and Mg–5.26 wt% Al alloys were calculated to validate the accuracy of the FCA model for four-fold, six-fold symmetric dendritic morphologies and growth kinetics. The FCA model can efficiently reproduce multi-equiaxed and columnar dendrites with multifold symmetry and random preferred orientations as well as graphically reveal essential dendritic growth information, such as coarsening of secondary arms and side branch fusion.

Lewy Body-like Inclusions in Human Midbrain Organoids Carrying Glucocerebrosidase and α-Synuclein Mutations.

ObjectiveWe utilized human midbrain‐like organoids (hMLOs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells carrying glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) and α‐synuclein (α‐syn; SNCA) perturbations to investigate genotype‐to‐phenotype relationships in Parkinson disease, with the particular aim of recapitulating α‐syn– and Lewy body–related pathologies and the process of neurodegeneration in the hMLO model.MethodsWe generated and characterized hMLOs from GBA1 −/− and SNCA overexpressing isogenic embryonic stem cells and also generated Lewy body–like inclusions in GBA1/SNCA dual perturbation hMLOs and conduritol‐b‐epoxide–treated SNCA triplication hMLOs.ResultsWe identified for the first time that the loss of glucocerebrosidase, coupled with wild‐type α‐syn overexpression, results in a substantial accumulation of detergent‐resistant, β‐sheet–rich α‐syn aggregates and Lewy body–like inclusions in hMLOs. These Lewy body–like inclusions exhibit a spherically symmetric morphology with an eosinophilic core, containing α‐syn with ubiquitin, and can also be formed in Parkinson disease patient–derived hMLOs. We also demonstrate that impaired glucocerebrosidase function promotes the formation of Lewy body–like inclusions in hMLOs derived from patients carrying the SNCA triplication.InterpretationTaken together, the data indicate that our hMLOs harboring 2 major risk factors (glucocerebrosidase deficiency and wild‐type α‐syn overproduction) of Parkinson disease provide a tractable model to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms for progressive Lewy body formation. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:490–505