Symmetric Key Cryptographic Technique Research Articles

Key-Plain Mapping Algorithm: A Symmetric Key Cryptographic Technique for Secure Communication

Abstract:- In the realm of cryptography, ensuring secure communication is paramount. Symmetric key cryptographic techniques offer a robust means of encryption and decryption. The Key-Plain Mapping Algorithm presents a novel approach to symmetric key cryptography, utilizing a fixed keyword and systematic mapping between plaintext and ciphertext alphabets. This thesis delves into the principles, operations, and security aspects of the Key-Plain Mapping Algorithm, demonstrating its efficacy in securing digital communication. Keywords:- plain text; cipher text or encrypted message; encryption; decryption; symmetric key cryptography; decrypted message; keyword

Data Security using Multi-Level Encryption

In the present paper the authors have suggested a unique symmetric key cryptographic technique where three modern cipher, namely transposition cipher, rotation cipher and XOR ciphers have been used. The cipher text thus obtained is hard to crack because a teraflop super computer may need upto 3400 Years to find all possible permutations even for a plain text consisting of 10 characters.

Implementation of the advanced encryption standard algorithm on an FPGA for image processing through the universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter protocol

<span lang="EN-US">Communication among end users can be based either on wired or wireless technology. Cryptography plays a vital role in ensuring data exchange is secure among end users. Data can be encrypted and decrypted using symmetric or asymmetric key cryptographic techniques to provide confidentiality. In wireless technology, images are exchanged through low-cost wireless peripheral devices, such as radio frequency identification device (RFID), nRF, and ZigBee, that can interface with field programmable gate array (FPGA) among the end users. One of the issues is that data exchange through wireless devices does not offer confidentiality, and subsequently, data can be lost. In this paper, we propose a design and implementation of AES-128 cipher algorithm on an FPGA board for image processing through the <a name="_Hlk107307233"></a>universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) protocol. In this process, the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm is used to encrypt and decrypt the image, while the transmitter and receiver designs are implemented on two Xilinx BASYS-3 circuits connected with a ZigBee RF module. The encrypted image uses less memory, such as LUTs (141), and also consumes less chip power (0.0291 w), I/O (0.003), block RAM (0.001 w), data, and logic to provide much higher efficiency than wired communication technology. We also observe that images can be exchanged through the UART protocol with different baud rates in run time.</span>

An Efficient Key Management and Multi-Layered Security Framework for SCADA Systems

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks play a vital role in industrial control systems. Industrial organizations perform operations remotely through SCADA systems to accelerate their processes. However, this enhancement in network capabilities comes at the cost of exposing the systems to cyber-attacks. Consequently, effective solutions are required to secure industrial infrastructure as cyber-attacks on SCADA systems can have severe financial and/or safety implications. Moreover, SCADA field devices are equipped with microcontrollers for processing information and have limited computational power and resources. This makes the deployment of sophisticated security features challenging. As a result, effective lightweight cryptography solutions are needed to strengthen the security of industrial plants against cyber threats. In this paper, we have proposed a multi-layered framework by combining both symmetric and asymmetric key cryptographic techniques to ensure high availability, integrity, confidentiality, authentication and scalability. Further, an efficient session key management mechanism is proposed by merging random number generation with a hashed message authentication code. Moreover, for each session, we have introduced three symmetric key cryptography techniques based on the concept of Vernam cipher and a pre-shared session key, namely, random prime number generator, prime counter, and hash chaining. The proposed scheme satisfies the SCADA requirements of real-time request response mechanism by supporting broadcast, multicast, and point to point communication.

Secure EVMs Against Tampering with AES Encryption and Hashing

Conducting elections in a country where population is increasing rapidly like wildfire, is the most challenging aspect for the government. Some people take advantage of this aspect and create disturbances by involving in tampering the Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). This is a situation the authorities face in conducting elections, which is emerging as a problem to be taken care with an utmost priority. This paper presents a method to know if the EVMs have tampered or not and when the EVM is tampered if they are found to be tampered. This method uses the powerful AES Algorithm, an advanced symmetric key cryptographic technique that provides better security and efficiency. It is paired with various hashing algorithms (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, and Whirlpool) for validation. Hence, the proposed model defines a unique way to secure the EVMs from tampering. In addition, the method is experimented with various key sizes and hashing algorithms.

DNA Computing Based Encryption Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Communication System

Transmission of digital images for wireless multimedia communication system requires reliable security in storage which is a challenging task. So many works are carried out to develop and implement the cryptographic techniques for a wireless multimedia communication system. A traditional symmetric key cryptographic algorithm such as Light weight Data Encryption Standard cipher, Advanced Encryption Standard cipher, Triple-DES, Twofish, Blowfish, RC5 etc played a major role to transmit and receive the multimedia (text, image and video) data. Proposed DNA computing based authentication algorithm provides secure transmission of multimedia data by using symmetric key cryptography techniques. DNA computing techniques provides a higher level of security and enables the user to store a large amount of data. Finally, it shows the implemented result analysis the performance of different symmetric key cryptographic techniques using the simulation parameters such as power consumption, key size, processing time, memory space, speed and latency. It also improves the security level by incorporating the advantage of DNA cryptography to achieve a high level of security against various attacks.

A Framework for Secure Data Storage and Retrieval in Cloud Environment

Plenty of research work is going on for efficient storage, processing, and analysis of large volume of data generated in real time and having varying nature and quality. The most common open-source framework for efficient computation of such large volume of data is Hadoop which processes big data sets by employing clusters of networked computers. On the other hand, cloud computing refers to storage of data and applications in cloud servers and accessing of the data of applications over the Internet following an on demand scheme. So the organizations who want to reduce costs and complexities associated with big data framework, the most suitable option for them is to take help of cloud infrastructure. But one biggest concern in this regard is the security of data and applications in cloud. Though Hadoop provides in-built encryption scheme and secured HTTP protocol, once data and applications are stored in public cloud, they become vulnerable to various security breaches still remain uncontrolled by the cloud service providers giving rise of a feeling of untrust. In this scenario, encrypting sensitive business data before cloud uploading may help in preventing access of data by evil intruders. In this paper, an extension to Hadoop security with respect to shared cloud has been proposed by designing a software framework where files are encrypted before uploading to cloud. Security performance of this framework for securing data in storage as well as in transit has been implemented such that without using the framework retrieval of data is not at all possible. Extra layer of security aided by symmetric key cryptographic technique has been proposed which will enhance the security of customers’ resources along with the present standard security measures of a cloud system. A software system performs symmetric encryption before transmitting a file of any format to cloud. To access this encrypted file, the same software system has to be used to download and decrypt the file. This paper also investigates the performances of most common symmetric key techniques AES, DES and triple DES cryptography with respect to the successful encryption of the customer data. This software framework can be applied to provide an extra security layer at the client’s end for users availing service of the cloud platform.

BDNA-A DNA inspired symmetric key cryptographic technique to secure cloud computing

Cloud computing facilitates the storage and management of huge volumes of data. It offers flexibility for retrieving the data anytime and anywhere. In recent years, storing data onto the cloud achieved fame among corporations as well as private users. Although, the cloud is drawing a lot of attention still there are data security, privacy, reliability and interoperability concerns that need to be taken care. To deal with these issues, cloud data encryption comes to the rescue. Encrypting the data before uploading it onto the cloud prevents unauthorized users from accessing the data. A lot of encryption algorithms have been developed to secure data stored on the cloud. In this paper, a novel cryptographic technique has been presented that uses client-side data encryption for encrypting the data before uploading it onto the cloud. It is a multifold symmetric-key cryptography technique which is based upon DNA cryptography. Besides presenting the detailed design of our approach, we have compared it with the existing symmetric-key algorithms (DNA, AES, DES and Blowfish). The experimental results illustrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms these traditional algorithms in terms of ciphertext size, encryption time and throughput. Hence, the newly proposed technique is more efficient and offers better performance.

A Novel Secured Authentication Protocol for Mobile Banking

Objective: In the modern era, smart phones and iPhones are the most dominating gadgets among human beings. The tremendous number of mobile users along with the omnipresent nature of mobile devices has created an immense market for mobile commerce. But, for that m-commerce to be recognized to 100%, users have to belief the security measures of m-commerce generally and m-payment especially. In other words, the growth of wireless networks and massive usage of mobile devices have increased the concerns about performance and security of mobile payment systems. The two critical and challenging features of any payment protocol are security and privacy. Method: This paper proposes a novel secured authentication protocol for mobile banking which would overcome the two critical features of any mobile payment transactions. This proposed protocol combines both asymmetric and symmetric key cryptographic techniques. Findings: Compared to few existing authentication protocols based on either ECC or RSA, the proposed authentication protocol over resource-constrained mobile devices serves better in terms of privacy, security and computation. Novelty: This paper proposes a novel secured authentication protocol which combines both asymmetric and symmetric key cryptographic techniques (HECC and AES).Keywords: Authentication, ECC, HECC, Privacy, RSA, Security

Combining Audio Samples and Image Frames for Enhancing Video Security

Advances in the digital content transmission have increased exponentially in the past few years. In addition, the video encryption plays an important role in guaranteeing data transmission security, this role is increasing continuously due to its involvement with the development of multimedia technology. In this paper, we propose applicable and secure video encryption algorithm. The proposed algorithm is mainly based on the symmetric key cryptographic technique, and it employs the audio sample to eliminate the need for trusted third party for key exchange process. The new algorithm starts working by splitting the undertaken video into audio samples and video frames. Next, the audio sample is used to generate the public key. The yielded audio sample and video frame are then encrypted along with the generated public key to produce the cipher data. The public key is then added to the cipher data randomly. The receiver on other side will extract firstly the public key from cipher data, and then complete the decryption process. Based on the results, and comparing with the existing encryption algorithms, the presented algorithm is able to maximize the tolerance skew value to be close to the optimal value. Moreover, the results showed that the proposed algorithm is efficient, and give high performance. The performance is measured by means of parameters such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Squared Error (MSE). The resulted MES values are close to zero, and the resulted values for the PSNR are between 30 and 58 dB, and those values proved the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A Stream Cipher based Bit-Level Symmetric Key Cryptographic Technique using Chen Prime Number

In this paper, a stream cipher based symmetric key cryptographic technique based on Chen prime number has been proposed. The proposed technique is suitable for encryption and decryption of a large number of files of almost any type. A symmetric key is formed by the sender directly from the plain text using Chen prime number. Then a symmetric key value is derived from the symmetric key which is used to form the cipher text. The symmetric key is sent to the receiver by the sender. The symmetric key value is derived by the receiver from the symmetric key which is used for decryption. To enhance security, focus is to secure the symmetric key value rather than the symmetric key.

A Novel Encryption Scheme for Digital Image - Based on One Dimensional Logistic Map

In this paper, an implementation of digital image encryption scheme based on one dimensional logistic map is proposed. The chaotic cryptography technique concentrates in general on the symmetric key cryptographic technique. In the proposed algorithm, a random key table lookup criterion was combined with a one-dimensional chaotic map were used for high degree 2-stage security image encryption while maintaining acceptable overhead delay time. The proposed algorithm is based on image row shuffling and pixel-wise XOR encryption. To increase the security of row shuffling variable rotation and inversion were applied to each shuffled row, based on the difference between old and new row location. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm is effective and applicable. The combination of logistic map and key table lookup shows advantages of large random key space and high-level of security. The resulting cipher image is suitable for practical use in secure image storing and transmission.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

Abstract Today is the era of internet and networks applications. So information security has become an important issue in data communication. Cryptography has come up as a solution, and plays an important role in information security system. It is the study of secret writing that is one such way to make sure that confidentiality, authentication, integrity, availability and identification of user data can be maintained as well as security and privacy of data can be provided to the user. This paper performs a fair comparative study of three most common cryptography techniques; DES, AES is symmetric key cryptographic technique and RSA is an asymmetric key cryptographic technique. The comparison is made on the basis of these parameters: developed, type, rounds, key length, possible keys, block size, key used, scalability, encryption & decryption speed, security, deposit of keys, encryption & decryption algorithm, throughput, algorithm structure, encryption ratio and cryptanalysis Resistance. Performance of Cryptography techniques based on the analysis of its stimulated time at the time of encryption and decryption. Experiments results are given to analyses the effectiveness of each techniques and how that AES is more suitable than other techniques. Keywords:Cryptography, Data Security, Information Security, Embedding Data, DES, AES, RSA.

Achieving Authentication and Integrity using Elliptic Curve Cryptography Architecture

Communication security is one of the areas where research is highly required. The data used in communication is very sensitive and needs to be protected and made abstract from intruders of system. This research is all about securing the messages or data that is being communicated among two parties.The recent branch of Network security is Cryptography using Elliptic Curve Architectures which is based on the arithmetic of elliptic curves and discrete logarithmic problems. ECC schemes are public-key based mechanisms that provide encryption, digital signatures and key exchange algorithms. The best known encryption scheme is the Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) which is included in IEEE and also in SECG SEC 1 standards. The key establishment protocol is Elliptic Curve MQV, with implicit certificates and symmetric key cryptographic techniques. The research focuses on achieving secrecy using ECIES algorithm for encryption, and authentication using Hashing technique. The hashed plaintext is again encrypted with RSA. At the receiver end, the hashed text is decrypted first. The hash value of the plaintext decrypted is compared with the latter hash. If they are found equal, the integrity can also be assured. The parameters to considered choosing Elliptic Curves are presented in NIST document of recommended elliptic curves.

An Axiomatic Approach for Secure Data Transmission

Cryptography is the strongest link in the chain of security since it plays an integral role in secure communication. Symmetric key cryptography is the oldest form of cryptology in which identical keys are used by the sender and receiver to share the confidential data. This research paper is about analyzing and designing of a symmetric key cryptographic technique which provides security at enhanced level and offer defense against non-traditional security threats. The algorithm “An Axiomatic Approach for Secure Data Transmission” is compared with the algorithm “Advanced Encryption Standards”, analytical results are also shown to prove the better outcomes.

The Extensive Bit-level Encryption System (EBES)

In the present work, the Extensive Bit-level Encryption System (EBES), a bit-level encryption mechanism has been introduced. It is a symmetric key cryptographic technique that combines advanced randomization of bits and serial bitwise feedback generation modules. After repeated testing with a variety of test inputs, frequency analysis, it would be safe to conclude that the algorithm is free from standard cryptographic attacks. It can effectively encrypt short messages and passwords.

A Universal Session Based Bit Level Symmetric Key Cryptographic Technique to Enhance the Information Security

In this technical paper a session based symmetric key cryptographic technique, termed as SBSKCT, has been proposed. This proposed technique is very secure and suitable for encryption of large files of any type. SBSKCT considers the plain text as a string with finite no. of binary bits. This input binary string is broken down into blocks of various sizes (of 2 k order where k = 3, 4, 5, ....). The encrypted binary string is formed by shifting the bit position of each block by a certain values for a certain number of times and from this string cipher text is formed. Combination of values of block length, no. of blocks and no. of iterations generates the session based key for SBSKCT. For decryption the cipher text is considered as binary string. Using the session key information, this binary string is broken down into blocks. The decrypted binary string is formed by shifting the bit position of each block by a certain values for a certain number of times and from this string plain text is reformed. A comparison of SBSKCT with existing and industrially accepted TDES and AES has been done.

Secure AODV using Symmetric Key Cryptography with Cyclic Chain Hash Function (CCHF)

paper, we analyze the network performance with using Symmetric Key Cryptographic technique applying in AODV routing protocol with cyclic chain hash function (CCHF). Throughput and end to end delay of KK cryptographic (KKC) algorithm applying in AODV is less. If Symmetric Key Cryptographic technique used in AODV routing protocol with cyclic chain hash function has given maximum throughput and minimum end to end delay. In this dissertation, Key authentication is used in cyclic chain hash function. The proposed work we have implemented of the network performance. Shows the network performance of the proposed work is analysis of results. Network Simulator 2.34 is used for Simulation of results.

SD-AREE-I Cipher: Amalgamation of Bit Manipulation, Modified VERNAM CIPHER & Modified Caesar Cipher (SD-AREE)

This paper presents a new combined symmetric key cryptographic technique, which is generally an amalgamation of Bit Manipulation, generalized Modified Vernam Cipher, Single Bit Manipulation and Modified Caesar Cipher. The technique proposed here is basically an advanced and upgraded module of SD-AREE cryptographic method, which is based on Modified Caesar Cipher along with Bit Manipulation and the SD-AREE module is very useful in excluding any repetition pattern from a message that is to be encrypted. The proposed method, SD-AREE-I Cipher, is a complete cipher method and unlike its predecessor, SD-AREE, does not need to be added to other cryptographic methods to make those methods stronger. SD-AREE-I method is used to encrypt/decrypt different file formats and the results were very satisfactory. This method is unique and strong because the method contains feedback mechanism and generates new encrypted output every time even with slightest change in the input file (message). The proposed method can also be used for network security.

Highly Secure Key Predistribution Using Affine Planes And Reed Muller Codes In Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consist of low powered and resource constrained sensor nodes which are left unattended for long duration of time. Hence it is very challenging to design and implement cost effective security protocols for such networks. Thus symmetric key cryptographic techniques are preferred over public key techniques for communication in such scenarios. Prior to deployment, keys are usually predistributed into the nodes and this problem has been well studied. Highlighting that connectivity and communication are two separate aspects of a WSN, we propose a secure connectivity model using Reed Muller codes. The model is then utilized to securely establish communication keys and exchange messages in a WSN designed on the basis of a scheme that uses affine planes for key predistribution. By the introduction of connectivity model, the node identifiers (ids) are converted from public to private information to each node. These private node ids can be used to generate new communication keys from old ones by applying cryptographic hash functions. Novel combination of these ideas yields highly resilient communication model with full connectivity between nodes.