Number Of Symbols Research Articles

Символика числа в традиционном мировосприятии монгольских этносов: философский аспект

The philosophical aspect of the spiritual culture of the Mongolian ethnic groups is of undoubted interest for modern Russian science. Features of the cultural genesis of the Mongolian-speaking ethnic groups of Russia (Buryats and Kalmyks) have common historical and cultural foundations with the Mongolian world. These fea­tures make it possible to consider the Mongolian ethnos as a certain spiritual and cultural integrity. In this article, the authors continue to develop previously ob­tained results from the position of philosophy and semiotics of culture. The origi­nal philosophical, conceptual and methodological formulation of the problem is based on Hegel’s teaching about the symbol, about the symbolic form, which in his interpretation is characteristic of the culture and art of the East. The work reveals the role of the number symbolism in the spiritual and cultural life of the Mongols, considers its characteristic features based on the analysis of the numbers 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 13, 25, 37, 49, 60, 61, 73, 81, occupying an important place in the ethno-cultural world of the Mongols, the invariable and enduring value-conceptual nature of the number symbolism is shown. The identification of the traditional features of the Mongolian worldview of numerical symbolism is carried out from the posi­tion of the philosophy of the ethnos. The philosophy of ethnos is considered as a relatively new approach in the space of philosophy, focused on the inclusion of non-Western ethnic worldviews in the general outline of philosophical prob­lems. The joint work of Russian and Mongolian specialists in this field of research has made it possible to obtain new results for the philosophy of the ethnos, the phi­losophy and semiotics of culture, and in general for philosophical science.

Pola Bimbingan Belajar Orangtua di Rumah dalam Pengenalan Lambang Bilangan AUD masa BDR

This study aims to describe the pattern of parental guidance at home in developing the ability to recognize number symbols in early childhood BDR. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The data collection technique was through interviews with 10 parents with early childhood, as well as observations made on the entire process of parental maturation during BDR. The results of the study describe the pattern of parental tutoring carried out through 3 stages, namely 1) directing and making agreements with children in the form of gifts (rewards) and giving punishment (punishment), 2) monitoring of practices related to the tutoring process carried out by parents, namely using 4 types of activities, namely activities of imitating, connecting and bolding number symbols, using number symbol posters and using videos learning YouTube and games on smartphones, 3) correction of parents seeing obstacles/obstacles encountered during the learning process and solutions to overcome them as well as evaluating and not continuing. Parents have very diverse patterns and are very influential on the development of children's number symbols.

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL LAMBANG BILANGAN MELALUI KEGIATAN BERMAIN ANGKA BERGAMBAR

This study aims to find out how to improve the ability to recognize number symbols through the activity of playing with illustrated numbers in children in the B3 Tk Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal group, Mamajang District, Makassar City. The theoretical study in this research is the ability to recognize number symbols is a form of a child's ability to recognize and recognize numbers that represent many objects. Playing is an activity that is carried out spontaneously and is very fun for children, illustrated numbers are media that contain pictures and number symbols made of used paper and cardboard and can help educators to be able to develop children's basic knowledge, especially symbols of numbers or numbers, so that children are mentally ready to take part in further mathematics lessons such as the introduction of number symbols, colors, shapes and sizes, and cognitive development is an arrangement that will describe a person's mental abilities which include the ability to solve problems, think abstractly and learn from experience. This type of research is classroom action research which consists of two cycles where each meeting is held three times. Research procedures include planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects in this study were 33 children of B3 group of TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal. In cycle I, with a percentage of 34.98%, it is categorized as Starting to Develop (MB), while in cycle II, with a percentage of 83.24%, it is categorized as Very Well Developed (BSB). With this the results of the study indicate that there is an increase in the ability to recognize number symbols in children in the B3 group of TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal, Mamajang District, Makassar City through the activity of playing with picture numbers.

PENGGUNAAN PAPAN SEMAT SEBAGAI MEDIA PENGENALAN KONSEP MATEMATIKA PADA ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN

This study aims to introduce the concept of mathematics for children aged 5-6 years with fun educational media, namely the pinned board. Pinboard is one of the learning media that is used by pinning. The introduction of mathematics in kindergarten is still fairly low because it only learns concepts and number symbols, addition, and subtraction. Therefore, the readiness of preschool children in understanding mathematical concepts must still be given further stimulation by using various interesting and easy media. This type of research is a descriptive qualitative method with an observation data collection process. The results of this study explain that the introduction of mathematical concepts with the semat board media in children aged 5-6 years at the State Kindergarten Pembina Serang City is quite good, because the children in the kindergarten can already mention the number symbols, triangular, circular and square shapes and can also count the number of shapes contained on the pinned board. The subjects in this observation were 5 children, where there were 2 children who had difficulty in doing this, therefore the researcher tried to make creative media and not that in order to support the math learning process.

Longitudinal relationship between number line estimation and other mathematical abilities in Chinese preschool children

Many cross-sectional studies have shown that number line estimation is associated with other mathematical skills, but there has been limited longitudinal research. To systematically examine such associations longitudinally at the earliest stage of mathematical learning, the current study tested 40 Chinese preschoolers (mean age = 4.97 years, SD = 0.18) and followed them up 8 months later. For both waves of data collection, children were administered six tasks: number line estimation, dot counting, comparison of two dot arrays, comparison of triple dot arrays, symbolic number comparison, and simple addition. Results of two-wave cross-lagged panel analysis showed that (a) dot counting and non-symbolic numerical comparison at Time 1 had significant longitudinal associations with number line estimation at Time 2, (b) number line estimation had bidirectional associations with symbolic number comparison, and (c) number line estimation at Time 1 had a marginally significant longitudinal association with simple addition at Time 2. These results extend the small but accumulating literature on the longitudinal relations between number line estimation and other mathematical skills and specify the important role of number line estimation in the early development of mathematical skills.

Implementation of Mathematics Learning For Early Childhood Through The Traditional Bekel Ball Game

There are several things that need to be prepared to support children's development through the learning process, one of which is preparing media that can support aspects of their development. Most teachers only use an approach in the form of media images through worksheets without any modifications in the form of games. The purpose of this study is to describe the related Implementation of Mathematical Learning for Early Childhood 4-6 years Through the Traditional Game of Bekel Ball at PG-TK Islam Tirtayasa. This research uses a qualitative method. The research subjects were children aged 4-6 years old. With data collection techniques through an interview, observation, and documentation, classroom Action Research is an activity to improve learning practices to learning activities from problems that arise in learning situations. The results of the study are that there is an increase in the symbols for numbers 1-10 and knowing the shape of a circular geometric circle which if written in proportion is knowing the symbols for numbers 1-10 which is caused by stimulation of the child's brain for cognitive aspects through congklak media, as many children develop very well (BSB) 70% and children who develop as expected as much as 30% while children who know the geometry of circles with an unprecedented development rate as much as 80% and who develop as expected as much as 20%. This is also shown when the process of bekel ball games is done, namely the enthusiasm of children in playing and children are delighted when playing ball together with their friends so that the child does not feel that he is learning as well.

CHINESE COOKING VIDEOS IN TERMS OF SUBTITLING

This article is devoted to the concepts of gastronomic discourse, given by foreign and Russian scientists, and the analysis of the features of Russian and Chinese cooking videos. The aim of the article was to identify some features of subtitling gastronomic videos. The material of the study was a cooking video in Chinese, available on YouTube. We applied methods of discourse analysis, semantic analysis, component analysis, and comparison and collation method within the specified language pair. During the study, such difficulties as difference in the number of symbols, the polysemy of words, the translation of proper names and ingredients-realia, and different language transformations such as addition, omission, compression and literal translation were considered. Each difficulty found its solution according to the specifics of cooking topic and subtitling.

Stimulus frequency alone can account for the size effect in number comparison

In a number comparison task, the size effect (i.e, smaller values are easier to compare than larger values) is usually attributed to a psychophysics-based representation. However, alternative models assume that the size effect is a frequency effect: Smaller numbers are easier to process because they are observed more frequently. Previous studies have demonstrated that the frequency of the digits fundamentally influences the comparison size effect: In new number symbols, the frequency entirely determines the size effect. In contrast, in Arabic notation, the size effect aggregates the frequency in the actual session and the previous regular size effect. Here, we investigate whether the previously acquired regular size effect can depend on the frequency of the stimuli as well or on a psychophysics-based representation that is not yet active in new symbols. Participants in the study compared numbers that were denoted with new symbols, with the frequency of the symbols being changed throughout the session. We found that the frequency of the stimuli in both halves of the session was aggregated in the size effect. In addition, no psychophysics-based size effect was found throughout the session. These results confirm that the size effect can be created and shaped purely by the frequency of the symbols, while a psychophysics-based representation is not necessary to account for these size effect-related phenomena.

An efficient contradiction separation based automated deduction algorithm for enhancing reasoning capability

Automated theorem prover (ATP) for first-order logic (FOL), as a significant inference engine, is one of the hot research areas in the field of knowledge representation and automated reasoning. E prover, as one of the leading ATPs, has made a significant contribution to the development of theorem provers for FOL, particularly equality handling, after more than two decades of development. However, there are still a large number of problems in the TPTP problem library, the benchmark problem library for ATPs, that E has yet to solve. The standard contradiction separation (S-CS) rule is an inference method introduced recently that can handle multiple clauses in a synergized way and has a few distinctive features which complements to the calculus of E. Binary clauses, on the other hand, are widely utilized in the automated deduction process for FOL because they have a minimal number of literals (typically only two literals), few symbols, and high manipulability. As a result, it is feasible to improve a prover’s deduction capability by reusing binary clause. In this paper, a binary clause reusing algorithm based on the S-CS rule is firstly proposed, which is then incorporated into E with the objective to enhance E’s performance, resulting in an extended E prover. According to experimental findings, the performance of the extended E prover not only outperforms E itself in a variety of aspects, but also solves 18 problems with rating of 1 in the TPTP library, meaning that none of the existing ATPs are able to resolve them.

აგიოგრაფიული ტრადიციები და სამეგრელოს ქრისტიანული რეალიები

Samegrelo is a particularly interesting region for studying the identity and uniqueness of Georgian Christian culture. This book analyzes various source materials relevant to this topic. Christian cultural ideals, paradigms or symbols are clearly revealed in these sources. Source materials are distinguished thematically, chronologically, and functionally: words, concepts, phrases; poetic or other genres folkloric texts including proverbs, parables, myths; relics depicting liturgical, ethnographic-ritual practices and related terms; micro and macro toponyms; vocabulary containing symbols of trees, plants, animals and numbers; facts about everyday life. The book is divided into separate articles and sub-chapters based on the content and systematic grouping of the obtained information. Through comparing these genres, the parallels between hagiography and the mentioned materials are particularly interesting and reveal obvious similarities between them. Hagiography is the main source of medieval Georgian religious knowledge. Certain systems of thought; a special form of contemplation of the world; aesthetic and ethical views; philosophical thought - all of these were formed in Georgia during the medieval period and are sometimes expressed in the form of theoretical discussions in Georgian hagiography, and sometimes through pieces of art. The worldview established by Christianity was most clearly reflected in hagiography. Since it is the most reliable source for the study of medieval thought, the assessment of the Christian realities of Samegrelo is mainly based on comparison with hagiographic literary traditions.

Simultaneous modulation format identification and OSNR monitoring based on optoelectronic reservoir computing.

An approach for simultaneous modulation format identification (MFI) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring in digital coherent optical communications is proposed based on optoelectronic reservoir computing (RC) and the signal's amplitude histograms (AHs) obtained after the adaptive post-equalization. The optoelectronic RC is implemented using a Mach-Zehnder modulator and optoelectronic delay feedback loop. We investigate the performance of the proposed model with the number of symbols, bins of AHs and the hyperparameters of optoelectronic RC. The results show that 100% MFI accuracy can be achieved simultaneously with accurate OSNR estimation for different modulation formats under study. The lowest achievable OSNR estimation mean absolute errors for the dual-polarization (DP)-quadrature phase-shift keying signal, the DP-16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) signal, and the DP-64QAM signal are 0.2 dB, 0.32 dB and 0.53 dB, respectively. The robustness of the proposed scheme is also evaluated when the optoelectronic RC is in presence of additive white Gaussian noises. Then, a proof of concept experiment is demonstrated to further verify our proposed method. The proposed approach offers a potential solution for next-generation intelligent optical performance monitoring in the physical layer.

A refined description of initial symbolic number acquisition

The Give a Number (GaN) task is used to characterize the initial acquisition of symbolic numbers. Recent observations may imply that the assumptions of the original description about the development of initial symbolic number acquisition are inaccurate. First, there may be children who know numbers larger than 4 and yet do not know all the numbers in their counting list. Second, knowledge of these first numbers may not be all or nothing but may, instead, be a more gradual knowledge. Here, a modified version of the GaN task is used to directly investigate these two properties of the development. By measuring three- and four-year-old children, it was found that there are large-number-subset-knowers (LNS-knowers), and that the knowledge of numbers around the edge of children’s known number range is not all or nothing. These results suggest that a modified version of the GaN task is more suitable to capture this more detailed pattern of numerical development: Numbers larger than 5 should also be measured, and, instead of the titration method, all numbers of interest should be used. Because some subset-knowers may know numbers beyond 4, these results may also challenge the Object Tracking System (OTS) account of initial symbolic number learning.

Shifted LT Code Security Scheme for Partial Information Encryption.

The existing physical layer security technology based on fountain codes needs to ensure that the legal channel is superior to the eavesdropping channel; when the quality of the legal channel and the eavesdropping channel are close, the information security cannot be guaranteed. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a shifted Luby transform (SLT) code security scheme for partial information encryption, which is mainly divided into two stages, partial information encryption transfer and degree distribution adjustment. The main idea is that the source randomly extracts part of the information symbols, and performs XOR encryption with the random sequence containing the main channel noise sent by the legitimate receiver. Afterward, the degree distribution is adjusted using the number of transfer information symbols received by the legitimate receiver to improve the average degree of the encoded codewords. Since the eavesdropper can only obtain fewer information symbols in the initial stage, it is difficult to decode the generated coded symbols after the degree distribution adjustment, thereby ensuring the safe transmission of information. The experimental results show that, compared with other LT anti-eavesdropping schemes, even if the legitimate channel is not dominant, the proposed scheme still has better security performance and less decoding overhead.

Joint design of ordered QR precoding and SIC detection for MIMO VLC systems.

Ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC) detection has been investigated to mitigate the high spatial correlation for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) systems. However, existing OSIC schemes have to perform reordering and matrix inversion for each detected symbol, which may lead to high complexity when a large number of symbols are transmitted. In this work, a joint design of ordered QR decomposition precoding and SIC detection (OQR-SIC) is proposed for MIMO VLC systems. This work jointly investigates OQR precoding and SIC detection to reduce the detection complexity while alleviating spatial correlation issue for MIMO VLC systems. In OQR-SIC, with the upper triangular matrix obtained by QR decomposition, the SIC detector can detect the symbol sequentially without reordering and matrix inversion calculations. To improve the system data rate, we further optimize the ordering of the columns of the channel matrix before QR decomposition and the power allocation of transmitted signals under the constraints of dimming control, total electrical power and reliable SIC detection. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed OQR-SIC achieves 2 dB and 9.8 dB signal-to-noise ratio gains compared to conventional QR-SIC in 4 × 4 and 9 × 9 MIMO VLC systems, respectively, when the bit error rate is 10-3.

Показатели внимания как индикаторы утомления медицинских работников скорой медицинской помощи

Medical care at the pre-hospital stage requires concentration of attention from ambulance workers and induces stress on the functional systems of their bodies. The spread of COVID-19 has increased the workload on mobile ambulance teams and worsened functional state of the team members' central nervous systems. This study aimed to investigate the impact of professional activity on changes in the indicators reflecting attention capacity, allocation and switching in mobile ambulance healthcare workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the Number Square method to assess these indicators. The participants were divided into groups with the help of standard tens, through standardization of the number of digital symbols, correct answers, mistakes made and time spent. The clear signs of fatigue by the end of the work shift are the decreased attention capacity, registered in 40.48% (p < 0.0001) of participants, and deteriorating attention allocation, registered in 64.29% (p < 0.05). The dynamics of the indicators were revealed to be associated (negative trends) with length of service and age. The registered values did not decrease at each subsequent shift, which proves the rest period between the shifts ensures a sufficient recovery. Decreased attention capacity and allocation by the end of the shift, as objective signs of fatigue, depend on age and length of service. Lack of negative dynamics shift-to-shift shows that the functional resources of the body are restored during the prescribed rest period even in the intense conditions of mobile ambulance teams' work during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Brain Health Platform: Combining Resilience, Vulnerability and Performance to assess brain health and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders

AbstractBackgroundOne of the great challenges in conducting ADRD research in community samples is the standardized measurement of medical, social, and environmental factors that may increase the risk of ADRD (vulnerability) or may provide some protective benefits from ADRD (resilience). While all physicians can diagnose mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and ADRD, it is much more difficult to assess the status of brain health and identify those at risk for future impairment. We developed and validated a novel clinical tool, the Brain Health Platform, to quantify brain health and identify risk factors for MCI and ADRD.MethodWe combined the Resilience Index (RI), a brief, quantifiable measure of 6 modifiable factors of brain health and risk of MCI and ADRD, the Vulnerability Index (VI), a weighted measure of cognitive impairment risk that assesses modifiable and non‐modifiable risk factors, and the Number Symbol Coding Task (NSCT), a brief, 90‐second executive task that incorporates attention, planning, and set‐shifting, to measure objective cognitive performance, into the Brain Health Platform to assess overall brain health and the presence of cognitive impairment. We tested this in a combined clinical and research sample (n = 400; 53 controls, 347 impaired) compared with a Gold Standard clinical‐cognitive‐behavioral evaluation.ResultThe Brain Health Platform was able to correctly segregate healthy controls from MCI and ADRD in time‐ and cost‐efficient fashion. We applied a linear discriminant analysis using the NSCT, RI and VI to predict control, MCI and ADRD groups performing 5‐fold cross validation with 1000 replications. The area under the curve for Controls vs MCI was 0.823±0.09, for Control vs ADRD was 0.974±0.03 and for MCI vs ADRD was 0.884±0.06. In an exploratory fashion, we also demonstrated the ability of the Brain Health Platform to assist in differential diagnosis.ConclusionThe Brain Health Platform can intake the inputs of three brief assessments (RI, VI, NSCT) and output a patient risk score to determine the cross‐sectional status of an individual’s brain health, from which effective, personalized, precision‐medicine‐like prevention interventions, including lifestyle changes, medications and clinical trial enrollment, can be implemented in at‐risk individuals to decrease the development or progression of cognitive decline.

The approximate number system cannot be the leading factor in the acquisition of the first symbolic numbers

When learning the meaning of symbolic numbers, children learn the numbers up to 4 sequentially. A prominent account of this learning process proposes that the increasing sensitivity of the preverbal approximate number system (ANS) allows for reliable discrimination of increasingly large neighboring numbers, which, consequently, leads to the sequential acquisition of the first symbolic numbers. In this work, a more complete quantitative description of this account is provided. This description is based on the mathematical model of the ANS and on additional relevant parameter values reported in the literature. The quantitative description demonstrates that, in the time period during which children learn the meaning of the first number words, the improvement of ANS sensitivity cannot provide the assumed changes in the discriminability of these numbers. The present result challenges the role of the ANS as a leading factor in the acquisition of the first symbolic numbers.

Hyperbolicity and abundance of elliptical islands in annular billiards

AbstractWe study the billiard dynamics in annular tables between two eccentric circles. As the center and the radius of the inner circle changes, a two-parameters map is defined by the first return of trajectories to the obstacle. We obtain an increasing family of hyperbolic sets, in the sense of the Hausdorff distance, as the radius goes to zero and the center of the obstacle approximates the outer boundary. The dynamics on each of these sets is conjugate to a shift with an increasing number of symbols. We also show that for many parameters, the system presents quadratic homoclinic tangencies whose bifurcation gives rise to elliptical islands (conservative Newhouse phenomenon). Thus, for many parameters, we obtain the coexistence of a ‘large’ hyperbolic set with many elliptical islands.

IMPLEMENTASI MEDIA LOTTO ANGKA UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL BILANGAN PADA ANAK KELOMPOK A1 DI RA KHADIJAH 50 SUMBERASRI

The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of number lotto media to develop the ability to recognize numbers in children in group A1 at RA Khadijah 50 Sumberasri for the academic year 2021/2022, supporting factors and inhibiting factors for implementing number lotto media to develop ability to recognize numbers in children in group A1 in RA. Khadijah 50 Sumberasri for the academic year 2021/2022. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used Miles and Huberman. As for the validity of the data using Source Triangulation. The results showed that the number lotto media was very effective in developing the ability to recognize numbers in children in indicator 1) the child was able to say/mention a sequence of numbers 1-10. 2) the child is able to number by pointing to objects (recognize the concept of numbers with objects 1-10). 3) the child is able to show the order of objects for numbers 1-10. 4) the child is able to connect/pair number symbols with objects 1-10. The stages carried out by the teacher include: 1) Planning. 2) Implementation. 3) Evaluation. Of the 17 students of class A1 RA Khadijah 50 Sumberasri overall everything has improved, 14 children are developing very well in each indicator, 2 children are developing as expected in almost every indicator, 1 child is starting to develop in almost all indicators.

Exploring Brain Activation of Single-Digit and Double-digit in Familiar and Unfamiliar Numerals: A Functional MRI Study

The ability to symbolise numbers using numerals is unique to humans and the acquisition of this ability needs to be done via learning [1]. Repeated exposure to sensory input can result in learning-induced alterations to the brain, forming memory engrams that are crucial for memory storage and retrieval [2]. Familiarity is an important factor that affects memory performance because familiar stimuli tend to have stronger memory strength with pre-existing knowledge representation stored in long-term memory, while unfamiliar or novel stimuli do not [1,3]. Past studies have suggested a few putative Number Form Area (NFA), located in the ventral occipitotemporal gyrus, are involved in processing visual number symbols [4 – 6]. It has been put forward that the acquisition of the semantic information of the numerical symbols might be a prerequisite for the activation of the NFA. However, much of its semantic information remains unknown. Figure 1 presented the conceptual framework of the present study.
 
 The present study aims to explore the brain activation associated with familiar and unfamiliar numerals of single-digit and double-digit. The targeted population of the present study will be Malaysian young adults between the age ranges of 18 to 30 years old. The present study will employ a quantitative cross-sectional observational research design. In particular, a within-subjects experimental study design with two factors: type of familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar) and the number of digits (single-digit vs. double-digit), will be used to measure the dependent variables including reaction time, accuracy, and brain activations of each participant in all experimental conditions: (1) familiar single-digit, (2) familiar double-digit, (3) unfamiliar single-digit, and (4) unfamiliar double-digit. An fMRI block design paradigm will be utilised, where the participants will be presented with single-digit and double-digit familiar (Chinese) numerals and unfamiliar (Arabic) numerals during the learning (encoding) phase and will be asked to complete the forced-choice memory task during the memory (retrieval) phase. In the experiment, participants’ structural and functional brain images will be collected using 3-Tesla Achieva MRI Scanner (Achieva, Philips, the Netherlands). Behavioural measurements such as reaction time and accuracy of the answer will be recorded based on the responses given by the participants during the fMRI task. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA tests will be performed to compare the mean difference in reaction time, accuracy, and brain activation between the conditions. The brain activation will undergo pre- and post-processing using Matlab MATLAB software, Statistical Parametric Mapping 12, CONN toolbox and MarsBar toolbox.
 A significantly shorter reaction time and higher accuracy are expected to be observed in familiar as compared to unfamiliar conditions because familiar stimuli are being encountered relatively often in different contexts, which are likely to have broader retrieval contexts and stable mental representation stored in the long-term memory. Besides, it is predicted that brain areas such as the thalamus and the NFA will be highly engaged during the familiar conditions because thalamic nuclei have been reported to underpin familiarity memory [3] and the NFA has been put forward to hold a role in processing meaningful visual numerical symbols [4]. As for unfamiliar condition, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) is predicted to be highly engaged because unfamiliar numerals do not have pre-existing representation stored in the memory, thus it may trigger an active memory encoding process during the learning phase. The retrieval of memory of unfamiliar stimuli at a more recent time point after learning is thought to heavily rely on the hippocampus subregions and the PFC that are highly engaged during the memory encoding process.
 
 In conclusion, significantly better memory performances will be observed with familiar numerals as compared to unfamiliar numeral conditions. Differential neuronal activations will be observed between familiar and unfamiliar numeral conditions.