Symbolic Names Research Articles

A Three-Pass Algorithm for Generation of BE-Matrices from IUPAC Names

One of the basic needs of chemoinformatics is to represents chemical compounds graphically in computer. Among several matrix representations of chemical graphs, BE-Matrix is one of the popular choices to represent molecules. There are several line notations available to input a chemical graph. Although several algorithms exist to convert from different line notations to suitable computer representations but using IUPAC Name, a line notation, to give input to the computer is not a popular method, because of the lack of suitable algorithm from IUPAC names to BE-Matrix or its variants. However, each and every chemist is familiar with IUPAC names, and therefore it calls for development of a suitable algorithm for such purpose. In this paper a three-pass algorithm for generating BE-Matrix from IUPAC name have been proposed and illustrated with suitable examples. The third pass of the algorithm can independently be used to convert from symbolic chemical names of any compound to BE-Matrix, thus making task of a chemist much simpler.

Double Dissociation Between Visual Recognition and Picture Naming

Study of the corticosubcortical functional anatomy of reading and picture naming. To study the role of the left basal occipitotemporal area and its white matter pathways. Three patients underwent awake surgery for lesions in the left basal posterotemporal region with intraoperative electrostimulations. Intraoperative testing consisted of naming, reading, and recognition of symbols. Location of the stimulation sites was obtained by comparing the surgical cavity in the postoperative magnetic resonance imaging with the tags precisely located in each one of these sites seen on intraoperative photographs. A double dissociation was elicited, inducing specific visual recognition and reading disturbances during stimulation in the left posterobasal temporal cortex, without naming impairment. Stimulation of the inferior part of the sagittal stratum (inferior longitudinal fascicle) generated the same response, while a specific picture-naming impairment, consisting of semantic paraphasia, was obtained when stimulating superiorly to this fascicle, over the lateral wall and roof of the ventricle (inferior fronto-occipital fascicle). We propose the existence of a dual visual language route in the left dominant hemisphere. The first pathway seems to run basally, from the occipital lobe to the posterobasal temporal cortex, mediated by the left inferior longitudinal fascicle, subserving visual recognition. The second pathway might run superiorly and more medially, from the occipital pole directly to the frontal areas, and could be underlain by the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, involved in naming (semantic processing). Such a model might have both fundamental and clinical implications for the selection of the tasks during awake mapping as well as for postsurgical rehabilitation.

And the best top level domain for European Enterprises is …

Abstract The virtualization and dematerialization of private as well as business life, including the conduct of business, are noticeable features of the 21st century. One must bear in mind that e-commerce is the biggest and the fastest growing market in the world.50 It is indispensable to consider the domain as a space on the Internet and the domain name as an Internet code address of a computer knot (IP numeric address) converted through the DNS database placed on special name computer servers into a verbal (literal) form. Such a unique and symbolic name performs many more functions than merely serving as an address and undeniably has a strong significance for successful business conduct. Th us, the choice of a TLD for a domain to be used for entrepreneurial activities truly matters and definitely should be done while considering key factors, including economic, legal, and technical aspects

An experimental evaluation of the effects of using training sentences to aide young children's word recall

Using a task that is similar to real-world early reading of environmental print, this study explored how two encoding conditions impacted young children's ability to remember names associated with symbols. Sixty-five children from prekindergarten (n = 20), kindergarten (n = 20), and first grade (n = 25) were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. Both groups heard 15 words accompanied by 15 black-and-white line drawings, but the experimental group also heard training sentences. Results indicated that the experimental group had significantly poorer recall accuracy for the symbol names when compared with the control group. Older children in both groups were found to be more effective than younger children at the symbol naming task. Practical applications and theoretical implications are discussed.

A 6D space framework for the description of distributed systems

This paper proposes a six-dimensional (6D) space framework and an appropriate reference entity for the description of organizations and realization of identifiable matter. The aim was to compose and present a new differentiable and well-structured syntactic reference entity on the basis of a general 4D space-time system. The entity should be visual, capable of providing people who develop, integrate or analyse distributed motional applications with basic means for navigation and adequate comprehension of motion. The common length, width and height dimensions determine the 3D subspace for definition of the geographic points of the motional concept. Time and the newly- founded content and merit dimensions together form a 3D realization space that inherently describes existence of motion outside the geographic points. The content dimension is used to declare the quantitative values of the quantities and properties of motion. The merit dimension is used to declare the qualities of quantities and properties. The transformation in the dynamic realization space is defined by the named quantities and properties. The time dimension is used to define the dynamic channels for the valuable content of a named quantity or a property of motion. The temporal content values of the named quantities and properties of matter are defined at the geographic points. Symbolic names of the axes of the new 6D axis system are: length, width, height, time, and the newly introduced content and merit. An ontology is proposed by the author to define the hierarchy of the merital names. The content axis uses the basic hierarchy with Arabic numerals to define the quantitative values of the quantities (properties). The 6D axis system that is semantically interpreted as a syntactic reference item is universally usable to describe the motion of a distributed concept, a model or a real entity, including transformation between different qualities of motion. Potential usage of the new 6D axis system together with the ontology is described. An example in the field of electrical engineering and industrial automation technology is presented. A visual user interface is discussed.

Sound symbolic naming of novel objects is a graded function

Although linguistic traditions of the last century assumed that there is no link between sound and meaning (i.e., arbitrariness), recent research has established a nonarbitrary relation between sound and meaning (i.e., sound symbolism). For example, some sounds (e.g., /u/ as in took) suggest bigness whereas others (e.g., /i/ as in tiny) suggest smallness. We tested whether sound symbolism only marks contrasts (e.g., small versus big things) or whether it marks object properties in a graded manner (e.g., small, medium, and large things). In two experiments, participants viewed novel objects (i.e., greebles) of varying size and chose the most appropriate name for each object from a list of visually or auditorily presented nonwords that varied incrementally in the number of "large" and "small" phonemes. For instance, "wodolo" contains all large-sounding phonemes, whereas "kitete" contains all small-sounding phonemes. Participants' choices revealed a graded relationship between sound and size: The size of the object linearly predicted the number of large-sounding phonemes in its preferred name. That is, small, medium, and large objects elicited names with increasing numbers of large-sounding phonemes. The results are discussed in relation to cross-modal processing, gesture, and vocal pitch.

The role of the septin family in spermiogenesis

SEPTINS (FULL NAME: Septin; symbol name: SEPT) belong to a family of polymerizing GTP-binding proteins that are required for many cellular functions, including membrane compartmentalization, vesicle trafficking, mitosis and cytoskeletal remodeling. Two of the 14 family members in the mammalian species, Septin12 and 14 are expressed specifically in the testis. In the mouse, knockout of Septin4 and Septin12 leads to male sterility with distinctive sperm pathology (defective annulus or bent neck). In humans, sperm with abnormal expression patterns of SEPT4, 7 and 12 are more prevalent in infertile men. How septin filament is assembled/dissembled and how the SEPT-related complex regulates spermatogenesis still await further investigation.

The Effect of Animation on Learning Action Symbols by Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether participants with intellectual impairments could benefit from the movement associated with animated pictures while they were learning symbol names. Sixteen school students, whose linguistic-developmental age ranged from 38–91 months, participated in the experiment. They were taught 16 static visual symbols and the corresponding action words (naming task) in two sessions conducted one week apart. In the experimental condition, animation was employed to facilitate comprehension, whereas no animation was used in the control condition. Enhancement of learning was shown in the experimental condition, suggesting that the participants benefited from animated symbols. Furthermore, it was found that the lower the linguistic developmental age, the more effective the animated cue was in learning static visual symbols.

ABOUT LATGALE IN LITHUANIAN: RENDERING PLACE-NAMES

ABOUT LATGALE IN LITHUANIAN: RENDERING PLACE-NAMES

The Use Of Ditaola (Divination Bones) Among Indigenous Healers In Sekhukhune District, Limpopo Province

The article serves as a research report on the role of “ditaola” (divination bones) in traditional healing. Twenty-five indigenous healers were selected through purposive sampling and were asked to respond to thirty-five questions that related to the classification, different kinds of falls and the interpretation of divination bones. In addition, the researchers observed the lives of the people through participant observation. The study found that the origin and the naming of divination bones tend to reveal a very close relationship between human beings and the environment. Furthermore, the symbolic names given to the different “ditaola” seemed to make these diagnostic tools more significant in the context of indigenous healing. Unlike Western healing systems, indigenous healing was found to rely heavily on symbols and figurative language.

HGNC: The Why and How of Standardised Gene Nomenclature

The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) aims to approve a unique gene symbol and gene name for every human gene. Standardisation of gene symbols is necessary to allow researchers and curators to refer to the same gene without ambiguity. Consistent use of gene symbols in publications and across different websites makes it easy for researchers to find all relevant information for a particular gene and facilitates data mining and retrieval. For each gene that we name we curate relevant information including symbol aliases, chromosomal location, locus type, sequence accessions and links to relevant databases. Therefore, our website is a central resource for human genetics. We endeavour to approve gene symbols that are acceptable to researchers to encourage widespread use of our symbols. In order to achieve this, we contact researchers that work on particular genes for advice before approving symbols and allow researchers to submit gene symbols to us directly for our consideration. We attend conferences to discuss difficult nomenclature matters and to gain community agreement. We interact with annotators of genes and proteins to provide symbols and names that accurately reflect the nature of each gene and its products. We also work with the gene nomenclature committees for other organisms, and aim to approve equivalent gene symbols for orthologous genes in human and other vertebrate species, especially mouse and rat. We will demonstrate the steps that are required to name a gene, and will show how and where the nomenclature of a particular gene is used. We will also explain the nature of our collaborations with particular journals and other databases in striving to achieve the use of a common gene nomenclature by all.

HGNC: The Why and How of Standardised Gene Nomenclature

AbstractThe HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) aims to approve a unique gene symbol and gene name for every human gene. Standardisation of gene symbols is necessary to allow researchers and curators to refer to the same gene without ambiguity. Consistent use of gene symbols in publications and across different websites makes it easy for researchers to find all relevant information for a particular gene and facilitates data mining and retrieval. For each gene that we name we curate relevant information including symbol aliases, chromosomal location, locus type, sequence accessions and links to relevant databases. Therefore, our website is a central resource for human genetics. We endeavour to approve gene symbols that are acceptable to researchers to encourage widespread use of our symbols. In order to achieve this, we contact researchers that work on particular genes for advice before approving symbols and allow researchers to submit gene symbols to us directly for our consideration. We attend conferences to discuss difficult nomenclature matters and to gain community agreement. We interact with annotators of genes and proteins to provide symbols and names that accurately reflect the nature of each gene and its products. We also work with the gene nomenclature committees for other organisms, and aim to approve equivalent gene symbols for orthologous genes in human and other vertebrate species, especially mouse and rat. We will demonstrate the steps that are required to name a gene, and will show how and where the nomenclature of a particular gene is used. We will also explain the nature of our collaborations with particular journals and other databases in striving to achieve the use of a common gene nomenclature by all.

Plant model generation for PLC simulation

This paper reports an automated procedure for constructing a plant model for PLC simulation. Since PLC programs contain only the control logic without information on the plant model, it is necessary to build the corresponding plant model to perform the simulation. Conventionally, a plant model for PLC simulation has been constructed manually, which requires much effort and in-depth knowledge of the simulation. As a remedy for this problem, we propose an automated procedure for generating a plant model from the symbol table of a PLC program. To do so, we propose a naming rule for PLC symbols so that the symbol names include sufficient information on the plant model. By analysing such symbol names, we extract a plant model automatically. The proposed methodology has been implemented and test runs performed.

The YH database: the first Asian diploid genome database

The YH database is a server that allows the user to easily browse and download data from the first Asian diploid genome. The aim of this platform is to facilitate the study of this Asian genome and to enable improved organization and presentation large-scale personal genome data. Powered by GBrowse, we illustrate here the genome sequences, SNPs, and sequencing reads in the MapView. The relationships between phenotype and genotype can be searched by location, dbSNP ID, HGMD ID, gene symbol and disease name. A BLAST web service is also provided for the purpose of aligning query sequence against YH genome consensus. The YH database is currently one of the three personal genome database, organizing the original data and analysis results in a user-friendly interface, which is an endeavor to achieve fundamental goals for establishing personal medicine. The database is available at http://yh.genomics.org.cn.

Sound and extensible renaming for java

Descriptive names are crucial to understand code. However, good names are notoriously hard to choose and manually changing a globally visible name can be a maintenance nightmare. Hence, tool support for automated renaming is an essential aid for developers and widely supported by popular development environments. This work improves on two limitations in current refactoring tools: too weak preconditions that lead to unsoundness where names do not bind to the correct declarations after renaming, and too strong preconditions that prevent renaming of certain programs. We identify two main reasons for unsoundness: complex name lookup rules make it hard to define sufficient preconditions, and new language features require additional preconditions. We alleviate both problems by presenting a novel extensible technique for creating symbolic names that are guaranteed to bind to a desired entity in a particular context by inverting lookup functions. The inverted lookup functions can then be tailored to create qualified names where otherwise a conflict would occur, allowing the refactoring to proceed and improve on the problem with too strong preconditions. We have implemented renaming for Java as an extension to the JastAdd Extensible Java Compiler and integrated it in Eclipse. We show examples for which other refactoring engines have too weak preconditions, as well as examples where our approach succeeds in renaming entities by inserting qualifications. To validate the extensibility of the approach we have implemented renaming support for Java 5 and AspectJ like inter-type declarations as modular extensions to the initial Java 1.4 refactoring engine. The renaming engine is only a few thousand lines of code including extensions and performance is on par with industrial strength refactoring tools.

Relationship between white matter volume and cognitive performance during adolescence: effects of age, sex and risk for drug use

Familial drug abuse history has been shown to have an impact on cognitive development during adolescence. The present study examined the relationship between white matter volume and cognitive processing speed in adolescents with and without a familial substance abuse history. The sample comprised 33 female and male adolescents stratified by risk (family history positive, FH+) and low-risk (FH-) groups. Gray and white matter volumes were measured by segmenting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The neurocognitive test battery included tests that assessed processing speed, verbal ability and mental flexibility. Age-related differences in neuropsychological functioning were seen but did not differ by risk group status, although there was some evidence for an age x gender effect. Information processing speed (digit symbol and Stroop word color naming) was correlated significantly with white matter volume; however, this pattern was observed only in FH- females. Cognitive performance and tissue volumes did not differ significantly between risk groups. Age-related differences in neuropsychological functioning were seen that might, in larger samples, prove to be related to risk for substance abuse in adolescents who have not yet initiated drug use.

Peeling bifurcations of toroidal chaotic attractors

Chaotic attractors with toroidal topology (van der Pol attractor) have counterparts with symmetry that exhibit unfamiliar phenomena. We investigate double covers of toroidal attractors, discuss changes in their morphology under correlated peeling bifurcations, describe their topological structures and the changes undergone as a symmetry axis crosses the original attractor, and indicate how the symbol name of a trajectory in the original lifts to one in the cover. Covering orbits are described using a powerful synthesis of kneading theory with refinements of the circle map. These methods are applied to a simple version of the van der Pol oscillator.

Globally enumerating unstable periodic orbits for observed data using symbolic dynamics

The unstable periodic orbits of a chaotic system provide an important skeleton of the dynamics in a chaotic system, but they can be difficult to find from an observed time series. We present a global method for finding periodic orbits based on their symbolic dynamics, which is made possible by several recent methods to find good partitions for symbolic dynamics from observed time series. The symbolic dynamics are approximated by a Markov chain estimated from the sequence using information-theoretical concepts. The chain has a probabilistic graph representation, and the cycles of the graph may be exhaustively enumerated with a classical deterministic algorithm, providing a global, comprehensive list of symbolic names for its periodic orbits. Once the symbolic codes of the periodic orbits are found, the partition is used to localize the orbits back in the original state space. Using the periodic orbits found, we can estimate several quantities of the attractor such as the Lyapunov exponent and topological entropy.

Advocates Grade SAMHSA's Post-Hurricane Efforts

Advocates Grade SAMHSA's Post-Hurricane Efforts

The cyclic object: The example of visual reasoning in the shape understanding system

In this paper the method of understanding a cyclic object is presented. The cyclic object is a 2D object with holes. The cyclic object frequently appears in many fields of medical research and engineering. The method of understanding of the cyclic object is part of the research aimed at developing a shape understanding system (SUS) able to perform complex visual tasks connected with visual thinking. In SUS, in contrast to the recognition systems, ‘recognition’ is interpreted in the context of the well-defined shape classes. Understanding includes, among others, obtaining the visual concept in the process of the visual reasoning, naming and visual explanation. The result of the visual reasoning is the symbolic name that refers to the possible classes of shape. The possible classes of shape, viewed as hierarchical structures, are incorporated into the shape model. The cyclic class is defined and the processing methods characteristic for this class are described. At each stage of the reasoning process that leads to assigning an examined object to one of the possible classes, the novel processing methods are used. These methods are very efficient because they deal with the very specific classes of shapes. The main novelty of the presented method is that the cyclic object is related to the concept of the shape categories called the symbolic names. This approach makes it possible at first to focus on the processing of the cyclic object and next to interpret it as a real world object or a sign.