Switching Off Research Articles

Development of IoT Enabled Energy Saving Smart Lighting and HVAC System for Building Environment

Most of the appliances used in office buildings such as the room lights, fans and Air Conditioners (AC) are manually operated, where one has to switch ON and OFF these appliances. If one tends to forget to turn OFF these switches, it will impose a major challenge in building economic stimulus for their fiscal development. It can thereby increase the amount of energy consumed and thus increasing the electricity bills. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improvement and use of a smart lighting system. This paper introduces the energy- saving, easy-to-install, wireless and low cost IoT based smart office lighting system which is suitable for installation in the office or departmental company. It uses an infrared human motion sensor (PIR Sensor) working in coordination with other sensors. When no one is there in the space, all lights, fans and Air Conditioners (AC) are turned OFF; otherwise they are turned ON to save energy. The same can be controlled via IoT and the internet. The system can easily realize energy saving and easy control of LED lighting.

Is part-night lighting a suitable mitigation strategy to limit Artificial Light at Night effects on the biological rhythm at the behavioral and molecular scales of the oyster Crassostrea gigas?

Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) is a fast-spreading threat to organisms, especially in coastal environments, where night lighting is increasing due to constant anthropization. Considering that ALAN affects a large diversity of coastal organisms, finding efficient solutions to limit these effects is of great importance but poorly investigated. The potential benefit of one strategy, in particular, should be studied since its use is growing: part-night lighting (PNL), which consists in switching off the lights for a few hours during nighttime. The aim of this study is to investigate the positive potential of the PNL strategy on the daily rhythm of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, a key species of coastal areas of ecological and commercial interest. Oysters were exposed to a control condition and three different ALAN modalities. A realistic PNL condition is applied, recreating a strategy of city policy in a coastal city boarding an urbanized bay (Lanton, Arcachon Bay, France). The PNL modality consists in switching off ALAN direct sources (5 lx) for 4 h (23−3 h) during which oysters are in darkness. Then, a PNL + skyglow (PNL + S) modality reproduces the previous one mimicking a skyglow (0.1 lx), an indirect ALAN source, during the direct lighting switch off, to get as close as possible to realistic conditions. Finally, the third ALAN condition mimics full-night direct lighting (FNL). Results revealed that PNL reduces some adverse effects of FNL on the behavioral daily rhythm. But, counterintuitively, PNL + S appears more harmful than FNL for some parameters of the behavioral daily rhythm. PNL + S modality is also the only one that affect oysters' clock and melatonin synthesis gene expression, suggesting physiological consequences. Thus, in realistic conditions, the PNL mitigation strategy might not be beneficial in the presence of skyglow, seeing worse for a coastal organism such as the oysters.

Optimal control of combined heat and power station operation

Combined heat and power stations have become one of the most utilized units of district heating systems. These stations usually contain several boilers for burning fossil fuels and renewable resources used for heating up steam, which can be used either for residential and commercial heating or electricity generation. To ensure efficiency, a boiler should either run continuously (for at least a given period) on a power output higher than a given threshold or switch off. The optimal control of the plant operations should combine an efficient setup for the turbine and boilers in operation, reflecting the demand for steam and the price of electricity, and a schedule that describes which boilers should be in operation at a given time. This paper proposes a method for optimal control of combined heat and power station operation for a given time horizon. The method is based on a two-level approach. The lower-level models correspond to finding the optimal setup of the combined heat and power station parameters for an hourly demand for different kinds of steam. The upper-level model corresponds to the optimal schedule of the operations of the individual boilers, which is planned for the entire time horizon. The lower-level model is modeled as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and is solved using parametric programming. A dynamic programming algorithm solves the upper-level model with a rolling horizon. The validity of the proposed method and its computational complexity for different granularity of the time horizon, different ranges of the parameters, varying demand for various kinds of steam, and varying electricity prices are investigated in a case study. The presented approach can be readily applied to other control problems with a similar structure.

Evolution of the cellular structure of detonation waves under the condition of non-uniform initiation

At present, detonation principles are widely used for propulsion purposes. Stable initiation of detonation and its sustainable propagation are the key factors for safe operation of detonation chambers. In this paper, the evolution of the cellular structure of detonation waves under the condition of non-uniform initiation is investigated within the frames of two-dimensional simulations in a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen with air. The dependence on cellular structure on the heterogeneity of initiation sources, chemical kinetic mechanism is studied. The simulation results are compared with experimental data. It is demonstrated, that in case of detonation decay after switching off initiators the flow structure essentially depends on heterogeneity of initiator, while in achieving the self-sustaining propagation mode the wave structure becomes independent on initiation conditions and “forgets” initial heterogeneity.

Energy-Efficient Base Station Switching-Off With Guaranteed Cooperative Profit Gain of Mobile Network Operators

This paper studies the energy-efficient cooperative base station (BS) switching-off in multi-input single-output (MISO) cellular networks, where the roaming-cost-based cooperation and the cooperative beamforming among multiple mobile network operators (MNOs) are jointly designed. To make the cooperation among MNOs practical, we introduce a new constraint to make sure the cooperative profit gain of MNOs is non-negative and also formulate an optimization problem to maximize the system energy efficiency (EE) by jointly considering multiple factors, including the operation modes of BSs, the connection states between users and BSs, the beamforming vectors of multi-antenna BSs under constraints of users’ quality of service, BSs’s power budget, and the non-negative profit gain of MNOs, etc. To solve the non-convex problem, we propose an energy-efficient beamforming-aware BS switching off method (EBBSOM), in which we first design a roaming-cost-based BS switching-off algorithm (EE-BSOA) to search the feasible inactive BSs and then propose a successive convex approximation (SCA) and Dinkelbach’s method-based EE maximization beamforming algorithm (EE-BFA) to optimize beamforming vectors. In order to keep the cooperative profit gain non-negative for MNOs and also to balance the load and power consumption of BS from the profit perspective, we present a profit-wise BS switching-off priority method. We theoretically prove that the proposed EBBSOM is able to resolve the inconsistency between BS switching-off and EE maximization. Simulations show that the proposed EBBSOM enhances the system EE without degrading the economic profit gain of MNOs. Also, the proposed profit-wise BS switching-off priority enables the EBBSOM to achieve higher EE than traditional load-wise one. Furthermore, it is also observed that there exists a feasible rate price region, which is able to clearly characterize network EE and the average profit gain of MNOs simultaneously.

STRATEGI PROGRAMMING INEWS DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN PROGRAM SIARAN BERITA MENJELANG ASO 2022

This research concentrates on the realm of television studies as an institution, to find out how the strategy of the iNews Siang news program is in maintaining news broadcast programs ahead of ASO 2022. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. The object of this research study is the iNEWS Afternoon program ahead of the Migration policy of Analog TV broadcasts to Digital TV broadcasts or Analog Switch Off (ASO). The problems in this study are dissected by analyzing how the strategy of the iNews Siang news program is in maintaining the news broadcast program ahead of ASO 2022, data collection techniques are applied to support information by conducting observations, interviews, and documents. The purpose of this research is to find out the strategy for the INEWS Siang news program in maintaining the news broadcast program ahead of ASO 2022, through the pre-production, production and postproduction stages observed as one unit in a series of program strategies. Participatory observation methods, interviews and literature on the news department, Morrisan's program strategy theory were built as a framework for the approach. The results obtained are iNews TV station programming strategy, especially in the iNews Afternoon Towards ASO 2022 program in broadcasting television broadcast programs to digital so that they can reach all audiences throughout Indonesia. Therefore, there are programs broadcast by the iNews Siang program in preparation for or ahead of ASO 2022. ASO stands for Analog Switch Off. The policy of discontinuing Analog TV broadcasts to be subsequently transferred to digital TV broadcasts is known as Analog Switch Off (ASO).
 Keywords: ASO, iNEWSTV, digital broadcast, programming strategy, television journalist

Investigation of the autorotation stability of a turbofan engine with a detached fan blade

One of the requirements for the aircraft being designed is the ability to continue flying and landing if one engine fails. One of the calculated cases of engine failure is the separation of the fan blade. This phenomenon causes large vibrations in both the engine itself and the aircraft structure. A calculation model and method for studying engine oscillations with damage in the form of blade separation have been developed. Numerical studies of the oscillations of the engine suspended on a pylon were conducted. The operation of an engine with an unbalance of the fan after switching off during the transition to autorotation is considered. Numerical simulation was performed using the ANSYS Workbench package. The front supports of the rotors are ball bearings installed in the elastic elements of the "squirrel cage". Ball bearings are modeled as a rigid hinge. There are two thin-walled shells, which are intermediate power elements outside the elastic element. With an increase in the imbalance of the fan rotor, the gap in the oil damper closes, the damper housing sits on the shells, switching on their rigidity to work. Thus the support stiffness characteristic is bilinear. The stiffness coefficients of the elastic element "squirrel cage" and the shells of the front support are determined by numerical simulation. The fan rotor is modeled as a rigid body on bearings. The motor stator is modeled by a rigid body on an elastic suspension. The pylon and elements of the elastic suspension of the engine are modeled by beams of variable section, working simultaneously in tension, torsion, and bending. Numerical analysis of the transient oscillations of the D-436-148FM engine mounted on the pylon of the AN-178 aircraft was performed. The amplitude-frequency response of oscillations is obtained in the frequency range below the fan speed in the cruising mode. The stability of engine oscillations at a resonant frequency close to the autorotation frequency has been studied. The results of the numerical simulation are presented in the form of diagrams. Orbits of the centers of gravity of the fan rotor and the motor casing in the resonant mode are constructed. Poincaré mappings of oscillations of the same points of the structure are also constructed.

BeSleep: Blockchain‐enabled distributed sleeping strategies of small base stations in ultra dense networks

SummarySmall cell networks can fulfill the increasing demandfor the high data rate of wireless applications. Energy efficiency is an important design parameter of the ultra dense small cell network (UDSCN). The sleeping strategy of small base stations (s‐BSs) is used to enhance the network's energy efficiency. An efficient sleeping strategy of s‐BSs is required while preserving users' quality of service (QoS). The idle s‐BSs can be switched to sleep mode. This paper proposes a blockchain‐enabled solution for the sleeping strategy of s‐BSs. Here, a blockchain‐enabled small cell network is created between the s‐BSs. The network is decentralized, which eliminates the workload of the macro base station (MBS). The proposed network architecture is enabled as a decentralized network through blockchain. The blockchain provides distributed control over the s‐BS operations through a smart contract. Here, smart contracts act as distributed self organizing network features to handle self‐transactions among small cells for switching off s‐BSs in the network. All the software logic required to perform s‐BS operations is written in a smart contract using Ethereum. The proposed solution improves energy efficiency and enables the ultra dense small cell network to be decentralized.

Shining a light on AIS Blackouts with maritime OSINT

Maritime open source intelligence (maritime OSINT) can be used to capture information, critical to business operations, including when electronic systems like Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) fail. AIS is used to identify vessels in maritime navigation, to plan shipping operations, and ensure safety. This data is collected and sold by global aggregators to maritime operators and industry stakeholders. However, AIS communications are vulnerable to malicious cyber activity, changing legal landscapes, adverse physical conditions, or intentional intervention. It is the latter we will focus on in this report. Often, we won't understand the motivation behind a decision to either switch off or manipulate AIS data. However, this decision can have real world impacts, including on relationships between nation states, and the physical safety of maritime personnel. We believe maritime OSINT may represent an effective method to assist in the management of AIS failures. Maritime OSINT not only captures important maritime information when AIS fails, but it provides valuable context, giving us the who, what, and why for vessel operations. In our cast study, we will use maritime OSINT to track sanctioned Russian oil exports, demonstrating how OSINT can be used in this example to inform sanctions compliance programs.

Evaluation of the energy efficiency of electric vehicle drivetrains under urban operating conditions

In electric vehicles, as in hybrids vehicles, a very important factor affecting the energy efficiency of the powertrain is the ability to use the regenerative braking energy. Depending on the settings available in electric vehicles, the driver can choose different modes of operation: switch off the regenerative braking mode altogether, select the intensity of regenerative braking, or leave the control system in automatic mode. The last mode is often the only one available on eclectic vehicles, so the driver cannot decide whether to switch off or increase intensity of the regenerative braking. This paper presents a new method for evaluating the energy efficiency of electric vehicle powertrains under urban operating conditions. The presented method uses a procedure for mapping the operating conditions allowing to determine the reference level of energy consumption in relation to those recorded during the identifica-tion tests. Identification tests were carried out in the Tri-City area using electric vehicles of different purposes and operating parameters. Performed tests allowed to evaluate the regenerative braking efficiency of tested vehicle, which varies over a relatively wide range, for vehicle A from 33% to 77%, for vehicle B from 27% to 55% and for vehicle C from 36% to 58%. It can be concluded that one of the main factors determining the regenerative braking efficiency is the level of state of charge of the accumu-lator and the management algorithm used by the vehicle for controlling this parameter.

Site-specific nanoswitch circumventing immune resistance via activating TLR and inhibiting PD-L1/PD-1 axis

Immunotherapy has fundamentally altered cancer treatment; however, its effectiveness is clinically hampered by insufficient intratumoral T lymphocyte infiltration and failed T lymphocyte priming. Additionally, inducing cancer-specific immune responses while sparing normal cells remains challenging. Herein, we developed a redox-activatable polymeric nanoswitch (c-N@IM/JQ) that remained ‘off’ status in circulation but rapidly switched ‘on' after entering the tumor. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist (imidazoquinoline, IMQ) and bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitor (JQ1) are locked in c-N@IM/JQ with a redox-cleavable linker (switch off). Upon systemic administration, c-N@IM/JQ with c-RGD peptide modification preferentially accumulated at tumor sites and responded to the high glutathione levels to release native IMQ for fully mobilizing T lymphocyte army, and JQ1 for removing the programmed death ligand (PD-L)-1 protection on tumor cells (switch on). These strengthened T lymphocyte armies are easily accessible to these de-protected tumor cells, revitalizing the immune response against tumors.

Investigation on Multiple Reignitions Caused by Vacuum Circuit Breaker Switching Off Shunt Reactor Considering Contact Travel in Offshore Wind Farms

The dielectric recovery strength (DRS) of vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) interrupter is closely related to the travel characteristic of contact, which determines the overvoltage caused by switching off shunt reactor (SR) in offshore wind farm (OWF). Firstly, the travel characteristic of contact is analyzed in detail. A field experiment of 35 kV substation is performed and the relationship between contact travel and DRS in different periods is obtained. Then, a novel VCB model considering the travel characteristic is proposed and used to study the arc behavior of the VCB interrupter. The mechanism of multiple reignitions and the sensitivity analysis for switching overvoltage are discussed. Finally, a hybrid method of grey relational grade (GRG) and response surface method (RSM) is employed to optimize the contact travel in order to suppress arc reignition. A group of optimal travel parameters of VCB contact are obtained for minimizing the overvoltage peak.

An interview with Purushothama Rao Tata.

Purushothama Rao Tata is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Cell Biology at Duke University Medical Center. His lab is focussed on understanding the cellular basis of cell plasticity and self-organization in regeneration and tumorigenesis, using the lung as a model system. In 2022, Tata was awarded a Rising Star award from the International Society for Regenerative Biology. We caught up with Tata over Zoom to learn how an early plant tissue culture experiment led to a career working on human lung regeneration, the role serendipity has played in his research and the importance of switching off.

Communication strategy in socialising analogue switch off in North Sulawesi

This research delves into the efficacy of the North Sulawesi Broadcasting Commission's communication strategy in facilitating the analogue switch-off programme. The study employs qualitative research methods, utilising in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, and adopts Hafied Cangara's communication strategy framework, based on Laswell's theory , to analyse the Commission's approach. The outcomes reveal that the Commission's communication plan effectively conveyed the intended message to the public. It achieved its objectives of disseminating information and educating the populace about the switch-off process. Nonetheless, the plan could have been further enhanced to better address the diverse needs and concerns of the audience. The findings offer valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing the analogue switch-off programme, especially concerning formulating efficient communication strategies that can effectively reach all segments of Society. By shedding light on these aspects, this research significantly contributes to the broader discourse on digital television and its profound influence on broadcasting policies in Indonesia.

Analisis Sentimen Pengguna Youtube Mengenai Analog Switch Off Menggunakan Word Embedding Dan Metode Long Short-Term

Analog Switch Off (ASO) or migration program from analog television to digital television is a program issued by the Ministry of Communication and Informatics in Indonesia. Some people provide different responses and opinions on YouTube comments about ASO. There are those who give positive or neutral comments. However, there were also those who gave negative comments. Sentiment analysis is a process that is carried out automatically in studying, retrieving, and processing textual data to obtain information and see responses or opinions about an issue or object towards positive, neutral or negative opinions. Thus sentiment analysis can be used as a reference in making organizational decisions, improving a service, or as a review of a product. Sentiment analysis was performed using word embedding with Word2Vec, and sentiment classification using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method. The results of the evaluation test are 92% accuracy, 92% precision, 92% recall, and 92% f1-score.

The Analysis of the Artistic Innovation of LED Lighting in Gymnasiums Based on Intelligent Lighting Control Systems

With people's attention to and participation in sports, large-scale and comprehensive gymnasiums have sprung up nationwide. Unlike previous small gymnasiums, large modern gymnasiums have more robust functions, more intelligent control, and humanization. However, some shortcomings remain, such as too centralized control and inflexible control. Therefore, intelligent control and energy saving of lighting will become the development direction of lighting systems. To ensure the normal progress of sports events and the quality of TV broadcast, the requirements of gym lighting are increasingly stringent, so the lighting control system of gyms has higher requirements accordingly. To solve these problems, this paper designs a gym intelligent control lighting system based on LED bus, which can adapt to the corresponding lighting scenes of different venues. The experimental results show that the intelligent lighting control system designed in this paper can run normally and stably, and can complete the detection of crucial working parameters. This system can automatically control the light and dark and switch off according to the indoor lighting brightness, achieving a sound energy saving effect, improving the lighting environment, and achieving the desired goal.

Temporal response of the conductivity of electrolytes

We study the temporal response of the electric current in an electrolyte under a sudden switch on or switch off of an external electric field of arbitrary magnitude. We use Stochastic Density Functional Theory including hydrodynamic interactions to express the current as a function of the ionic correlations. Assuming small density fluctuations, we linearize the field theory to compute the correlations in the transient regime. We first show that the correlations do not follow the same trajectory when the field is switched on or switched off. Accordingly, the behavior of the current differs in the two cases: it decays exponentially when the field is switched off, but it relaxes algebraically to its stationary value when the field is switched on. This difference is a non-linear effect since an exponential relaxation is recovered in both cases in the weak field limit.

Analysis of Digital Television User Acceptance After Analog Switch-Off (ASO) Implementation in Jabodetabek

The government officially stopped broadcasting analog television or what is known as Analog Switch Off (ASO) on November 2, 2022, in Jabodetabek. It impacts analog TV users in Jabodetabek, who can no longer receive television broadcasts on their analog televisions. This research aimed to determine user acceptance of digital television broadcasts after implementing ASO in the Jabodetabek area. In the present study, the experience of digital TV users is evaluated using the UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) 2 model and the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The data was obtained from a questionnaire distributed through digital media for the Jabodetabek area. According to data processing, the two factors that significantly influence the user experience of digital television broadcasts are the Analog Switch Off (ASO) policy factor and the habit factor. The hypothesized model suitability test fits the resulting data and can affect the Behavioral Intention 41.4.

Use of diformyl‐triazolo Schiff base for Zn2+ sensing and intracellular live cell imaging

A diformylphenol Schiff base of triazole‐amine, 4‐methyl‐2, 6‐bis‐[(1H‐[1,2,4] triazol‐3‐ylimino)‐methyl]‐phenol (PTR) has been synthesised and characterised by spectroscopic data (ESI‐MS, UV‐vis, FT‐IR, NMR spectra). The probe, PTR, emits at 610 nm upon excitation at 380 nm and the emission is strongly intensified on interacting with Zn2+ ion in DMSO‐water (99:1, v/v; HEPES buffer, pH, 7.2) solution even in the presence of 15 other cations (Cu2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Pd2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Na+, K+, Ba2+, Ca2+) and the emission band has been shifted to 530 nm. The limit of detection of Zn2+, 0.30 μM is much lower than WHO recommended value (76 μM). The binding constant (Kd) is 4.2585 × 104 M−1. Selective and sensitive chemosensing behaviour of PTR to Zn2+ has been explained by switching off ESIPT quenching of the keto‐enol tautomerisation of the probe along with the chelation enhancement of fluorescence (CHEF) by binding with Zn2+. The Job's plot and NMR titration have been extended to measure the 1:1 M composition [PTR + Zn2+]. The energy calculation by the DFT computation of keto and enol isomers supports easy tautomerisation and helps ESIPT quenching by proton transfer. Intracellular Zn2+ ions in living cells of HEK293 (PBS: phosphate buffer saline; pH, 7.2) have also been identified by the probe, PTR, using fluorescence microscopic imaging technique.

Motor Characteristics of Human Adaptations to External Assistive Forces

Technology advancement has enabled the development of robotic exoskeletons that are portable, powerful, and sufficiently smart to be of practical use in the real world. These devices provide partial assistive forces that increase their user’s physical strength to better meet the demands of everyday life and have potential applications in various settings. Examples include helping older adults maintain their independence and preventing musculoskeletal injuries among factory workers. Although great strides have been made to improve the performance and usability of these devices, human characteristics and the way humans adapt to the external assistive forces from these devices are rarely explicitly considered in their development. A common assumption is that if the provided assistive forces are aligned with the intent of users, users can easily “switch off” their muscles and effectively utilize this assistive force. In this review, we demonstrate that human adaptations to external assistive forces can lead to inefficiencies or conflicts that decrease the effectiveness of robotic exoskeletons. We then discuss the motor characteristics of human adaptations to external assistive forces.