Swell Conditions Research Articles

Incidence of 30-day readmission after total knee arthroplasty and its associated factors in Hong Kong.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures worldwide, due to the increased prevalence of osteoarthritis associated with an ageing global population. Although many studies have focused on the causes of readmission among TKA patients within 30 days post-surgery, none have been conducted in Hong Kong. This study investigated the 30-day readmission rate, causes, and risk factors among TKA patients in Hong Kong. This retrospective review included patients who underwent TKA at a local university-affiliated hospital between 2001 and 2020. Eligible patients were identified using the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System and electronic patient records. Their data were analysed to determine the 30-day readmission rate, risk factors, and underlying causes. Among the 3827 TKA patients included, the male-to-female ratio was 1:2.78 (1012:2815) and the mean age (±standard deviation) was 71.11±8.82 years. Of these patients, 3.4% underwent unplanned readmission to hospitals through the Accident and Emergency Department within 30 days of TKA. The most common causes of readmission were knee pain (33.1%), knee swelling (26.2%), and gastrointestinal-related conditions (8.5%). Age ≥80 years (odds ratio [OR]=1.63; P=0.01) and hypertension (OR=2.08; P<0.001) were risk factors for readmission. Bilateral simultaneous TKA (OR=0.42; P=0.005) was associated with lower risk of readmission. The readmission rate in this study was 3.4%, comparable to rates in previous reports. Enhanced patient education and optimised perioperative pain management are needed to minimise hospital readmissions. Fall prevention, cautious painkiller prescribing, and improved nursing care are recommended to prevent readmission.

Experimental and numerical investigation of dynamic characteristics and safe mooring criteria of moored outfitting ships under swell conditions

Outfitting ships are characterized by a small draft and a large wind area. As a kind of unpowered ship, when subjected to strong lateral loads, excessive sway motion could cause cable breakage, resulting in potential ship damage or casualties. In this paper, physical and numerical model experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of swells on moored outfitting ships. The data is analyzed in time and frequency domains to discover the relationship between swells, mooring patterns, ship motions and mooring forces. Subsequently, a numerical model is developed in AQWA, and in conjunction with the physical model experiments, safe mooring criteria for outfitting ships under swell are proposed. Results show that both reducing the sea severity and increasing the number of cables is effective in reducing the risk of cable breakage. The horizontal and heave motions of outfitting ships are controlled by swell period, while the roll and pitch motions are mainly controlled by own parameters. For the cables at different locations, the bow/stern line, breast line and spring line are mainly controlled by sway/yaw motions, sway motion and surge motion, respectively. Additionally, the safe mooring criteria could be widely applied to outfitting quays to ensure the safe operation.

The impact of bedding planes on microwave-induced damage in rock at the field scale: a numerical model

The feasibility of microwave heating-assisted rock breakage technology in geotechnical engineering has been widely explored. However, the limited knowledge of the impact of the contrast properties between different bedding planes and outer formation stresses limits its application at the field scale. In this work, the mechanics of mineral processing, rock breakage, and unconventional gas and oil exploitation were first characterized. A coupled model is subsequently proposed to govern the coupling process of microwave heating and induce inhomogeneous deformation and stress in various bedding planes. Three stress forms are considered in this approach: horizontal stress, normal stress, and shear stress. With the assistance of the finite element method, the stress conditions of bedding planes composed of rock under free swelling, constant stress, and constant volume were addressed. A bedding plane characterized by high microwave adsorption ability is usually compressed by a bedding plane characterized by low microwave adsorption ability. The bedding ore is under the condition of free swelling during mineral processing, whereas in the remaining two scenarios, the bedding rock is stress controlled. The tensile and compressive stresses can reach their maximum values under the condition of free swelling. The outer formation stress reduces the values of tensile and compressive stresses but has little impact on the shearing stresses. Additionally, this work provides criteria for defining an a priori evaluation of the effectiveness of microwave treatment of bedded ore and rock for different geotechnical engineering applications.

Experimental Analysis of the Condensation Flow and Heat Transfer characteristic in a spiral tube under Ocean Swell conditions

The floating liquefied natural gas platform is a key enabling technology for the development of marine natural gas resources. It’s core component, the spiral wound heat exchanger, is frequently subjected to offshore sloshing conditions, which present a significant challenge for the technology. To clarify the condensation flow and heat transfer characteristics in the spiral tube under offshore shaking conditions, an experimental system with a sloshing platform was constructed. The impact of sloshing mode (sway and roll), displacement (sway: 250∼1500mm or roll: 3∼15°), and period (10∼16s) on the heat transfer coefficient (h) and frictional pressure drop (ΔPfric) were analyzed under different operational parameters (mass flux, vapor quality and pressure). Additionally, the comprehensive sloshing factor (CSF) was used to evaluate the overall effect of shaking on condensation process. The results show that the sway and roll motions positively impact the h and ΔPfric. The impact decreases with the increases in mass flux and vapor quality and is negatively correlated with operating pressure. In sway motion, the CSF ranges from 1.39% to 11.82%, with an average of 5.15%. In roll motion, the CSF ranges from 1.15% to 5.13%, with an average of 2.57%.

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Polystyrene Nanospheres for Homogeneous Light-Initiated Chemiluminescence Immunoassay.

Homogeneous light-initiated chemiluminescence technology (LICA) is widely used in clinical diagnostics due to the advantages of high sensitivity, minimal reagent usage, and no need for washing. Luminescent microspheres receive singlet oxygen emitted by photosensitive microspheres to generate optical signals. Therefore,1O2-initiated luminescent nanospheres are crucial, but there are few reports on the preparation of 1O2-initiated luminescent nanospheres. Herein, monodisperse luminescent Eu/C-28@PS (Eps) nanospheres were prepared and optimized using chelate Eu (TTA)3phen and 4-(2-phenyl-5,6-dihydro1,4-oxathiin-3-yl)-N, N-ditetradecylbenzenamine (C-28) as probe dye via THF/water swelling-shrinking procedure. Various swelling parameters were studied to obtain the swelling conditions that produce the minimum particle size and narrow size distribution, which shows good results in uniform particle size distribution (~ 250nm, a PDI of 0.03), surface carboxylate content (1.18mmol/g), and BSA loading capability (129.8mg/g) in the case of 20mg total probe dosage and 2h of incubation at 40°C using 14% THF/water mixture as a co-solvent system. The composition of the entrapped probe has a gain effect on the 1O2-initiated fluorescent signal and the optimal ratio of Eu (TTA)3phen: C-28 (1:1) was obtained on a commercial analyzer using IgG and anti-human IgG as models in PBS buffer. These results indicate that monodisperse luminescent Eps nanospheres are suitable as light-initiated chemiluminescence sensors and have great application potential in early detection, screening tests, and prognostic evaluation of patients.

Control of Solar Photovoltaic Integrated Universal Active Filter Using Artificial Intelligence Technique

This paper organizes, a different technique based on adaptive filtering is proposed for the control of three phase worldwide active power filter with a solar photovoltaic array integrated at its DC bus. Two adaptive filters along with a zero crossing detection method are used to remove the magnitude of fundamental active component of distorted load currents, which is then used in estimation of reference signal for the shunt active filter. This technique enables extraction of active component of all three phases with reduced mathematical computation. The series active filter control is based on synchronous reference frame theory and it regulates load voltage and maintains it in-phase with voltage at point of common coupling under conditions of voltage sag and swell. In this paper An artificial intelligence technique fuzzy logic controller is used. The performance of the system is evaluated on an MATLAB/SIMULINK software under various dynamic conditions such as sag and swell in voltage at point of common coupling, load unbalancing and change in solar irradiation intensity.

Design and Control of DVR Based on Adaptive Bateman Polynomial for Power Quality Improvement

ABSTRACTPower quality issues encompass a spectrum of disturbances that affect the stability and reliability of the power supply. This study explores voltage‐related anomalies, including sags, surges, flickers, unbalances, harmonics, interruptions, and swells, examining their origins, characteristics, and repercussions. These issues arise from a myriad of sources, such as load fluctuations, equipment malfunctions, and grid dynamics. The ramifications of these disturbances extend to equipment malfunctions, reduced operational efficiency, and financial losses. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVRs) are series custom power devices for mitigating these voltage‐related anomalies and use real‐time monitoring and control to quickly inject exact voltages into the grid during disruptions, restoring voltage levels to acceptable levels. This study demonstrates the capacity of DVRs to successfully alleviate power quality concerns, hence improving equipment dependability and system stability by analyzing case studies and simulation findings. The control system used to supply switching signals to the voltage source converter (VSC) of the DVR is based on adaptive Bateman polynomial (ABMP). Traditional DVR control techniques often rely on fixed or linear control strategies, which may not adequately handle varying load conditions and disturbances. ABMP offers an adaptive approach where the control parameters can adjust dynamically based on real‐time system conditions. This adaptive capability enhances the accuracy of voltage restoration, ensuring that the DVR responds optimally to varying loads and disturbances. During voltage sag and swell conditions at the grid side, the VSC injects the compensating voltage in series with the feeder with a constant switching frequency. A battery energy‐supported system (BESS) based DVR is considered for the proposed system. The supply is connected to the critical and sensitive loads. The proposed control scheme is validated through extensive simulation and experimental results.

A low-pollution surface modification system for improving the adhesion of polycarbonate

In the present study, the surface adhesion capacity of polycarbonate (PC) has been improved by using a low-pollution surface modification system that includes alkaline potassium ferrate (K2FeO4). The effects of environmentally friendly swelling conditions, NaOH and K2FeO4 contents, and other modification conditions on the PC surface topography, hydrophilicity, and surface roughness were then primarily studied. The modification resulted in an improvement of the hydrophilic property of the PC surface. There was a significant reduction in the surface contact angle from 97.6° to 34.1°. A considerable increase in the PC surface’s average surface roughness (Ra) was also observed, which increased from 2 nm to 209 nm. Meanwhile, after chemical copper plating, the maximum peel strength between the PC resin and copper layer reached 1.13 kN/m. Furthermore, infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT–IR) and X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used in the analyses of the surface chemical structure of the PC substrate, both prior to and after surface treatments. The results indicated that the modification of the surface led to increased hydrophilic groups on the PC surface, which was advantageous for the subsequent PC treatments (involving chemical copper plating). In short, the PC surface modification increased surface roughness and surface hydrophilicity, which improved the bonding between the chemically plated copper layer and the PC substrate.

Effect of waves on the magnitude and direction of wind stress over the Ocean

Correctly estimating the wind stress at the sea surface is of the utmost importance in models for climate studies, weather forecasting, and ocean–atmosphere interaction. The wind stress is mainly obtained by drag coefficient parameterizations, which always consider the wind stress to be aligned with the wind, but this is sometimes the case. Also, during moderate to weak wind conditions, these parameterizations may lead to high estimation errors due to the presence of swell. This study measured the wind stress with a high-rate (100 Hz) sonic anemometer mounted on a spar buoy. The sea state was also characterized by obtaining the directional spectrum of the waves by six wave-staff arrays sensing the free surface level at 10 Hz. Bouy’s movement was corrected by employing an inertial motion unit. The turbulent and wave-coherent wind stress components were also estimated and analyzed. It was observed that during swell conditions with wind traveling in the same direction, the wave-coherent wind stress component has an opposite direction to the wind and dampens the total wind stress magnitude. During counter-directional wind relative to swell events, the wave boundary layer is modified; swell produces a wave-coherent wind stress in the same direction as the wind, resulting in an enhanced total wind stress magnitude. The wave age, significant wave height, and the traveling direction of the swell relative to the wind are essential to correctly estimating the wind stress in swell-dominant conditions. A set of empirical parameterizations for each wind stress component is proposed.

Modelling the effects of void swelling and spatial heterogeneity on the fracture of metallic materials by crystal plasticity

To theoretically analyse how void swelling and spatial heterogeneity impact the fracture behaviour of metallic materials, a coupled porous crystal plasticity framework has been developed. The proposed framework is then applied to analyse the fracture behaviour of metallic materials under different swelling conditions and types of spatial heterogeneity. It is revealed that at low porosity, the spatial heterogeneity of voids will have limited influence on the fracture behaviour of the material. However, at high porosity, owing to void swelling, a concentrated distribution of voids near grain boundaries can lead to a strong deformation localization, which can be seen as an indicator of possible quasi-brittle fracture. It is further discovered that the inner pressure of the voids tends to reduce the yield stress of the material and promote localized plastic deformation. As a result, such pressure will enhance the impact of concentrated distribution of voids, which can lead to further embrittlement of the material. The present study reveals the key role of void swelling and spatial heterogeneity in regulating the fracture behaviour of metallic materials, a step towards a better understanding over the failure mechanisms of metallic materials under extreme conditions.

Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis of Anhydrite Rock Tunnels under Swelling Conditions: A Study on Stress, Deformation, and Engineering Solutions

This study presents an analytical approach for evaluating the reliability of anhydrite rock tunnels, focusing on their characteristic swelling behavior. Anhydrite rocks, prone to significant expansion upon moisture exposure, pose a challenge in tunnel construction, potentially leading to structural issues such as floor heave and lining damage. To address this, this research develops an elastic swelling analytical solution based on humidity stress field theory, enabling the assessment of time-dependent stress and deformation changes in anhydrite tunnels. The solution’s applicability is demonstrated through its application to the Lirang tunnel. The investigation into the effects of support pressure, swelling time, and reserved deformation on tunnel reliability reveals that circumferential stress at the tunnel wall increases by 13.94% and 21.86% for swelling periods of 30 and 365 days, respectively. Similarly, radial displacement escalates by 22.97% and 35.93% over these periods, highlighting the significant impact of swelling behavior. Using a spreadsheet-based First Order Reliability Method (FORM) for analysis, this study finds that the original design of the Lirang tunnel did not meet the desired reliability standards under swelling conditions. However, strategic adjustments in construction variables, such as increasing support pressure to 1.2 MPa or enhancing reserved deformation to 59 mm, elevated the tunnel’s reliability to meet safety requirements. This research provides a vital framework for assessing and enhancing the reliability of anhydrite rock tunnels, considering the long-term effects of swelling. It underscores the importance of incorporating swelling behavior in the design and construction of tunnels in anhydrite rock formations, offering valuable insights for optimizing tunnel stability in such challenging geological conditions.

Response of wind stress and surface wave to the gusts under swell and wind-wave conditions

Response of wind stress and surface wave to the gusts under swell and wind-wave conditions

Modeling phase equilibria for a water-CO2-hydrocarbon mixture using CPA equation of state in CO2 injection EOR-storage processes: a Colombian case study

Currently, it is necessary to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The oil industry in Colombia can contribute through CO2 injection processes in depleted fields. To achieve this, it is essential to have knowledge of the physicochemical interactions of CO2 with reservoir fluids. To integrate CO2, water and hydrocarbon phases, advanced models are required that capture the phenomenology of thermodynamic equilibrium. The CPA (Cubic-Plus-Association) equation of state is an equation that adds an associative term to model the interaction of water with the hydrocarbon and CO2 phase. In this work, the CO2 injection process is thermodynamically modeled in a depleted Colombian reservoir case study. There is a compositional fluid with a gradient of PVT properties in a vertical relief of 10,000 ft at a depletion condition of 2,000 psi @ 15,374 ft and an oil-water contact (OWC) at 17,000 ft. CO2 injections between 10 and 80 mol% were carried out, and through the CPA equation of state, the swelling conditions of the crude oil, the solubility of CO2 in the formation water and the pressurization of the system were evaluated. The associative parameters of the equation were taken from literature and estimated through molecular dynamics simulations of water-CO2-Hydrocarbon interactions. This thermodynamic modeling with an advanced equation of state and use of molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to simulate different CO2 injection scenarios in a compositional fluid. The development of these types of studies is key to carrying out successful CO2 injection processes focused on enhanced recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in the porous medium in a Colombian-depleted compositional reservoir.

The bimodal regime of ocean waves and winds over the continental shelf of Maranhão

This study analyzed surface waves and winds from ERA5 reanalysis dataset in the Western Equatorial Atlantic (WEA) Ocean in order to properly understand the long-term regime of oceanic waves over the Continental Shelf of Maranhão (CSMA), pointing to the changes that occur at the western and eastern sectors as the waves propagate to the coastal zone. A data validation with observational data collected in situ by the PNBOIA and PIRATA projects has been conducted. The parameters analyzed were significant wave height (Hs), peak period (Tp), mean wave direction (Dm), and the zonal (u10) and meridional (v10) components of wind at 10 m. The analysis covered a period of 43 years (1979–2023). The monthly climatology of the Hs, Tp and Dm found has revealed a semi-annual cycle in the waves pattern in the region. The wave direction variability executes a clockwise motion from northeast-east-southeast throughout a year. The annual climatology analysis reveals that 59 % of sea states in the region are characterized by swell conditions in the region, while wind-sea dominates in 41 % of cases, with seasonal variability. During the austral summer (autumn), swells prevail over wind-seas along the WEA, accounting for 77 % (84 %) of the cases. This coincides with the boreal winter, characterized by high storm activity, whose storms generate swells that traverse the ocean, reaching Maranhão's waters and resulting in the highest waves in the region (3.54 m in summer). In contrast, during the spring season, sea states are dominated by wind-sea conditions (70 %) due to the increase in southeast trade winds. The highest Hs observed from wind-sea conditions is 2.94 m. The largest contribution for the maxima Hs in the region is given by swells in the summer/autumn and by wind-seas in the winter/spring seasons, with swells propagating more energy and power to cause erosional processes on the eastern sector of Maranhão coast. Oppositely, in the western sector of the littoral, whose geomorphology is dominated by tidal flats, cheniers plains and mangroves, the Hs is small, indicating a depositional environment. The algorithm indicated that swells generated by tropical (extratropical) storms typically take approximately 3.5–4.5 (6−7) days to travel the distance to the CSMA, while in the equatorial zone, the arrival of swells at the CSMA averages between 3.5 and 7 days. In this study we demonstrated the CSMA region is dominated by a bimodal wave regime with a strong semi-annual cycle, which is driven by the tropical/extratropical storms propagating from the North Atlantic Ocean toward the study area and by trade winds variability.

Assessment of Power Quality Enhancement in a Grid-tied PV Network via ANN-based UPQC

Background: Microgrid is the recent decade terminology that surpasses the long-run issues associated with the public and utility grids. Among the renewable energy sources, solar PV units have gained greater importance owing to their huge potential availability and laidback operating characteristics on technological grounds. Conversely, it offers pollution-free electricity and perhaps the dependability is volatile in most situations. The literature study accumulates the foresaid setback and presents the fluctuation-less and controlled standard quality of power outputs. Objective: The aim of this particular research is to propose an assessment of Power Quality enhancement in a Grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) network via ANN-based UPQC. The novel idea behind this proposed approach is the UPQC component which deliberately regulates and controls the power system to achieve higher levels of power quality, ultimately meeting the recent IEEE standards. Method: This particular research enhances the performances of UPQC employed in the microgrid unit by replacing the traditional PI controller with a multi-layered feed-forward-type ANN controller for the current regulation of the series active filter. Additionally, a training algorithm for the ANN controller is built, trained and simulated via MATLAB/Simulink platform. The ANN-based UPQC is proposed to alleviate the power quality challenges like sag and swell in voltage, harmonic distortion, the time required for voltage compensation, and power factor. Therefore, UPQC is equipped to enrich the standard of power transfer at the point of common coupling inside the power frameworks, respectively. Result: Finally, the simulation results are presented to validate the operation of the grid-tied PV network via an ANN-based UPQC system. To show the enriched performance of the proposed topology, a comparative analysis is made with PI controller-based UPQC, and outcomes infer to be in agreement with the theoretical discussions. Also, the ANN-based proposed approach reduces the restoration time and THD as well under both sag and swell conditions, respectively. Conclusion: In this articulated work, a PV power system network with a DC-DC converter and three-phase inverter is employed for grid integration. The peak power extraction is ensured via a DC-DC converter with an incremental conductance algorithm. Both UPQCs are analysed and experimented via MATLAB/Simulink platform with inconstant nonlinear loads to investigate the indices mentioned above and corroborate the same within the operating regions.

Mitigation of Ethiopian industry sector power quality problems using ultra-capacitor based dynamic voltage restorer

Nowadays, power quality issues; specifically, voltage sag, swell, harmonics, and interruptions have become significant challenges for customers in Ethiopia. These problems can lead to equipment damage, production losses, reduced trust, and increased unsold energy for utility providers. To address these issues, the implementation of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Custom Power Devices (CPD) is crucial. In this study, we focus on Desta Garment PLC, an Ethiopian garment industry. Due to faults in a nearby substation, the factory's feeder line frequently experiences voltage sag, swell, and interruptions. As a result, the factory faces partial shutdowns and occasional hours-long interruptions. To mitigate these voltage quality problems, we propose the use of an Ultra Capacitor-based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The DVR has been carefully selected and implemented with advanced control strategy which is adaptive fuzzy proportional integral controller. We collected one year of data from the factory and conducted simulations using MATLAB, comparing scenarios with and without the DVR. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mitigation technique significantly enhances voltage sag and swell conditions. Importantly, the performance aligns with both IEEE 1250–1995 and IEEE 519–1992 standards. This study highlights the effectiveness of the Ultra Capacitor-based DVR in improving power quality and ensuring stable operations for Desta Garment PLC. By addressing voltage fluctuations, the factory can maintain productivity and minimize disruptions.

Fault detection through discrete wavelet transforms and radial basis function neural network in shunt compensated distribution systems

This paper discusses a critical study of fault detection, classification, and identification in distribution systems compensated through a distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) using discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). The efficacy of the proportional integral (PI) controller is discussed in the simulation during normal, voltage sag, and swell conditions. Then, the Daubechies mother wavelet (db4) is used here to extract and decompose the fault current signals because of its high accuracy of detection with less processing time. The models are subjected to different conditions of faults, such as line to ground (LG), line to line (LL), double line to ground (LLG), and three phases (LLL and LLLG) with different fault resistance. The novelty of the scheme is that DWT and RBFNN techniques were compared and proven effective in demonstrating the faulty conditions. To validate the proposed approach, a simulation study is carried out in MATLAB with various operating conditions, and it is shown that the proposed method can depend on abundantly protecting the distribution grid from faulty conditions.

Poly(dl-lactide) Polymer Blended with Mineral Phases for Extrusion 3D Printing-Studies on Degradation and Biocompatibility.

A promising therapeutic option for the treatment of critical-size mandibular defects is the implantation of biodegradable, porous structures that are produced patient-specifically by using additive manufacturing techniques. In this work, degradable poly(DL-lactide) polymer (PDLLA) was blended with different mineral phases with the aim of buffering its acidic degradation products, which can cause inflammation and stimulate bone regeneration. Microparticles of CaCO3, SrCO3, tricalcium phosphates (α-TCP, β-TCP), or strontium-modified hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) were mixed with the polymer powder following processing the blends into scaffolds with the Arburg Plastic Freeforming 3D-printing method. An in vitro degradation study over 24 weeks revealed a buffer effect for all mineral phases, with the buffering capacity of CaCO3 and SrCO3 being the highest. Analysis of conductivity, swelling, microstructure, viscosity, and glass transition temperature evidenced that the mineral phases influence the degradation behavior of the scaffolds. Cytocompatibility of all polymer blends was proven in cell experiments with SaOS-2 cells. Patient-specific implants consisting of PDLLA + CaCO3, which were tested in a pilot in vivo study in a segmental mandibular defect in minipigs, exhibited strong swelling. Based on these results, an in vitro swelling prediction model was developed that simulates the conditions of anisotropic swelling after implantation.

Performance analysis of three-phase solar PV, BESS, and Wind integrated UPQC for power quality improvement

UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) is indeed a Versatile power conditioner which could be utilized to adjust for a variety of power supply voltage disturbances, rectify voltage fluctuation, and minimize harmonic load current in accessing the power source. To ensure a continuous power supply. We are making use of UPQC technology in combination with shunt and series AFC (Active filter compensators) to counteract power quality problems resulting from grid harmonics and nonlinear loads. Therefore, the focus of this research is to analyze the UPQC's system performance under swell and sag with the variation of solar irradiation and temperature. To achieve these two distinct cases of PV system like temperature-25 °C, irradiance-700 W/m2, and temperature-45 °C, irradiance-800 W/m2, are considered respectively. The implementation of the FOPI controller purposes to bolster power quality of 3-phase HESS (hybrid energy storage system), which includes an integrated UPQC for outstanding performance. In order to manage harmonics resulting from non-linear loads and reduce grid power quality issues, the UPQC model integrates both shunt and series AFC. In the case of extended voltage interruptions, the integrated UPQC with BESS, wind and PV can effectively resolve power quality concerns. The UPQC shunt compensator efficiently harnesses power from HES (hybrid energy systems), whereas the series compensator acts as a guardian, protecting the load from power quality issues originating in the grid. In order to regulate the voltage of the DC connection at a desired level, the aim of this article is to develop a FOPI controller with isodamping properties. In particular, a novel hybrid algorithm called the Enhanced Seagull with Rooster Update (ES-RU) Algorithm, which combines the ideas of Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) and Seagull Optimization algorithm (SOA), optimally tunes the gain of the FOPI controller. For optimal performance, the FOPI controller's gain parameters (Kp, Ki, λ) are finely tuned using an Enhanced Seagull with Rooster Update (ES-RU) Algorithm. As a consequence, the performance of the adopted and extant models is examined during sag and swell conditions with respect to source voltage and load voltage and compared with other conventional models like PI, FF, CS and SG, respectively for both cases like temperature-25 °C, irradiance 700 W/m2, and temperature-45°C, irradiance-800 W/m2, correspondingly. The overshot and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the proposed ES-RU is superior to the existing models like PI, FF, CS and SG.

Improved prediction of wave overtopping rates at vertical seawalls with recurve retrofitting

This study investigates the reduction in overtopping discharge along a vertical seawall through the implementation of a recurve retrofitting. A comprehensive set of physical modelling experiments were undertaken in a laboratory-scale wave flume at the University of Warwick, to investigate the wave overtopping processes under both swell and storm wave conditions. The tests measured overtopping discharges for impulsive and non-impulsive wave conditions. The effects of geometrical design of recurve retrofitting on overtopping reduction are examined by four configurations with varying overhang length and recurve hight. The study revealed that the reduction in overtopping is primarily determined by the length of the overhang in the recurve wall, while the influence of the recurve height is limited. A longer overhang length results in a more substantial decrease in overtopping discharges on the seawall crest. The results also highlight the role of incident wave steepness and the crest freeboard on the overtopping mitigation performance of the recurve walls. A new enhanced methodology is proposed to predict the wave overtopping from vertical seawalls with recurve retrofitting., considering the effects of freeboard and wave steepness. The findings of this study provide new important insight in the role of retrofitting as a robust intervention to improve the wave overtopping mitigation performance of seawalls. The predictive empirical formulae proposed by this study facilitate readily and accurate estimation of overtopping rates as a function of retrofitting geometrical design, allowing for wider application of retrofitting solutions.