Sweet Orange Research Articles

Exploring dietary habits: a study of food consumption patterns among school children aged 10-16 in Mysuru

Background: Diet plays an important role in the growth and development of children. Poor diet in children in Mysuru is linked to future health risks. This study examines the eating habits of children aged 10-16 years to create better food recommendations for children in preventing future consequences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mysuru district. Data from 126 students aged 10-16 years from 2 schools were collected using A semi-structured food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on dietary intake developed based on a 24-hour recall method and included items on demographic data, frequency of meal consumption in different food categories, and food frequency data. Anthropometric measurements were done. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Among the students, most consume rice and idli daily; dosa and khichdi frequently. Pasta, puffed rice, and legumes are less common. Milk and milk products vary, with coffee/tea and paneer often consumed once a month. Fruits like apples, bananas, and grapes are consumed twice a week, while sweet lime, mango, and orange are mostly monthly. Boiled eggs and chicken are often bi-weekly; fish, beef, red meat, and prawns/crab are mostly consumed once a month or less. Biscuits and gobi are frequently consumed weekly; cakes, French fries, samosas, pizza, and chocolates are mainly consumed monthly. Conclusions: This study observes the dietary habits of Mysuru students (aged 10-16), to understand nutritional status and frequency of food consumption aiding targeted interventions to promote healthier eating and reduce chronic disease risk.

Green method for quantification of lavender and sweet orange essential oils in blends by synchronous fluorescence first derivative

A simple green method for the quantification of sweet orange and lavender essential oils (EOs) content in blends was developed using synchronous fluorescence of the first derivative spectra and sample preparation by surfactant-free microemulsions (SFMEs). Excitation and emission wavelengths pairs (λex/λem) were determined for both EOs (at 336/436 nm for sweet orange and at 330/388 nm for lavender). Optimization was conducted to establish the condition to prepare the SFMEs systems: 50 μL of oily phase containing EO diluted in octan-1-ol (1:4, v/v), 2.0 mL of water and propan-1-ol up to 5.0 mL final volume. Different proportions of EO in the oily phase were evaluated for analytical curves construction. Synchronous fluorescence measurements were performed and the acquired data were corrected by inner filter effect. Considering the first derivative of the synchronous scanning, data were extracted at 316.8 nm (Δλ = 100 nm) and 352.0 nm (Δλ = 58 nm) for sweet orange and lavender EOs, respectively, with correlation coefficients above 0.99. Limits of quantification of 7.97 μg mL−1 and 65.80 μg mL−1 were obtained indicating that 0.46% of sweet orange and 3.69% of lavender EOs can be quantified in mixtures. Simulated blends (25:75%, 50:50% and 75:25%, volume proportions) were also evaluated with recoveries of 71.5 – 128.9% and coefficient of variation between 3.1% – 11.6%. Additionally, the method's greenness was evaluated through three green metrics (Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, and AGREE) with consistent results.

Elucidation of the sweetening mechanism of sweet orange fruit aroma compounds on sucrose solution using sensory evaluation, electronic tongue, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation

Sweetness enhancement through aroma has been suggested as a strategy to mitigate sugar addition in foods, but such enhancement depends on the type of aroma. Ethyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, octyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, butyl hexanoate, γ-terpinene, nootkatone, and acetophenone with fruity aroma from sweet orange were selected as the objects to investigate the sweetening effect of aroma compounds in a 5% sucrose solution using an artificial sensory tongue and an electronic tongue. The results showed that nine aroma compounds exerted a significant effect on the sweetness, among which ethyl butanoate, ethyl propanoate, and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate imparted a more comfortable effect. Subsequently, the mechanism of their sweetening action was studied by molecular simulation. Molecular docking results indicated that the binding free energy decreased below −5.9 kcal/mol in the presence of aroma compounds, indicating that sucrose was more tightly docked to the sweet taste receptor. Molecular dynamics (MD) further implied that under the influence of ethyl butanoate, the stable time of binding was advanced by 15 ns, and the amino acids forming hydrogen bonds changed from LYS65, ASP278, GLU302, SER165, and SER303 to SER165, ASP142, LYS65, and GLU302. The interaction depends on hydrogen bonds, water bridges, and hydrophobic forces.

Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: Analysis and risk assessment of EU RASFF notifications between 1999 and 2022

Pesticides are commonly used to increase agricultural productivity by decreasing pest damage to crops. However, their residues may have detrimental consequences on human health. The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) pesticide notifications in fruits and vegetables (F&V) were analyzed over the past 24 years to identify the most frequently reported products, pesticides, their origin countries, and their associated potential risks. The F&V product category received 5040 pesticide residue notifications, accounting for 67.1 % of total notifications related to pesticide residues across all product categories. Bulgaria and Germany were the major notifiers, while Turkey and India were the most notified origin countries of these notifications. 52.3 % of the total notifications were classified as border rejection. The top notified pesticides were chlorpyrifos (13.3 %), dimethoate (6.5 %), carbendazim (5.2 %), chlorpyrifos-methyl (5.1 %), and omethoate (4.7 %), while the top notified products were sweet peppers (22.4 %), beans (7.6 %), okra (5.1 %), oranges (4.6 %), and grapes (4.2 %). Critical associations between specific pesticides and produce highlight grave health concerns, notably with dichlorvos in beans and amitraz in pears, surpassing acceptable limits and posing potential health hazards. The study underscores the importance of proactive risk management actions such as destruction and withdrawal in addressing these concerns for consumer safety in addition to more multi-control risk management actions.

Extraction from Sweet Orange Peel (Citrus Aurantium var Sinesis), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus), and Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) as Aromatherapy Candles for Empowerment of Home Economics

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the residents of Ngijo, a sub-district in Gunungpati District, Semarang. This community service activity aims to empower the Ngijo Family Welfare Development (PKK), Gunungpati, Semarang, as a solution for making aromatherapy candles from waste orange peel, jasmine flowers, and lemongrass. The methods of community service carried out include preparation, outreach, and evaluation. Preparations included signing a letter of cooperation with partners, making aromatherapy candles through six trials where the aroma smelled very good, and socializing with demonstrations where the team explained the consequences of product failure. Posters were given to residents to strengthen their understanding of this activity. The activity's success was seen in the residents' enthusiasm during the question-and-answer session regarding their understanding of making aromatherapy candles. The empowerment of PKK Ngijo, Gunungpati, and Semarang is successful because this activity is exciting and valuable, especially orange peel, which contains essential oils and has a refreshing aroma.

Adaptive Responses of Hormones to Nitrogen Deficiency in Citrus sinensis Leaves and Roots.

Some citrus orchards in China often experience nitrogen (N) deficiency. For the first time, targeted metabolomics was used to examine N-deficient effects on hormones in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan) leaves and roots. The purpose was to validate the hypothesis that hormones play a role in N deficiency tolerance by regulating root/shoot dry weight ratio (R/S), root system architecture (RSA), and leaf and root senescence. N deficiency-induced decreases in gibberellins and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels and increases in cis(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) levels, ethylene production, and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis might contribute to reduced growth and accelerated senescence in leaves. The increased ethylene formation in N-deficient leaves might be caused by increased 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid and OPDA and decreased abscisic acid (ABA). N deficiency increased R/S, altered RSA, and delayed root senescence by lowering cytokinins, jasmonic acid, OPDA, and ABA levels and ethylene and SA biosynthesis, increasing 5-deoxystrigol levels, and maintaining IAA and gibberellin homeostasis. The unchanged IAA concentration in N-deficient roots involved increased leaf-to-root IAA transport. The different responses of leaf and root hormones to N deficiency might be involved in the regulation of R/S, RSA, and leaf and root senescence, thus improving N use efficiency, N remobilization efficiency, and the ability to acquire N, and hence conferring N deficiency tolerance.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the SOD gene family under biotic and abiotic stresses in sweet orange

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the SOD gene family under biotic and abiotic stresses in sweet orange

Molecular basis of one-step methyl anthranilate biosynthesis in grapes, sweet orange, and maize.

Plants synthesize an array of volatile compounds, many of which serve ecological roles in attracting pollinators, deterring herbivores, and communicating with their surroundings. Methyl anthranilate (MeAA) is an anti-herbivory defensive volatile responsible for grape aroma that is emitted by several agriculturally relevant plants, including citrus, grapes, and maize. Unlike maize, which uses a one-step anthranilate methyltransferase (AAMT), grapes have been thought to use a two-step pathway for MeAA biosynthesis. By mining available transcriptomics data, we identified two AAMTs in Vitis vinifera (wine grape), as well as one ortholog in "Concord" grape. Many angiosperms methylate the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) to produce methyl salicylate, which acts as a plant-to-plant communication molecule. Because the Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) SA methyltransferase can methylate both anthranilate (AA) and SA, we used this enzyme to examine the molecular basis of AA activity by introducing rational mutations, which identified several active site residues that increase activity with AA. Reversing this approach, we introduced mutations that imparted activity with SA in the maize AAMT, which uncovered different active site residues from those in the citrus enzyme. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the Vitis AAMTs shares an ancestor with jasmonic acid methyltransferases, similar to the AAMT from strawberry (Frageria sp.). Collectively, these data demonstrate the molecular mechanisms underpinning AA activity across methyltransferases and identify one-step enzymes by which grapes synthesize MeAA.

Functional Analysis of RMA3 in Response to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Infection in Citron C-05 (Citrus medica)

Citrus bacterial canker disease, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), poses a significant global threat to the citrus industry. Lateral organ boundaries 1 (Lob1) is confirmed as a citrus susceptibility gene that induces pathogenesis by interaction with the PthA4 effector of Xcc. Citron C-05 (Citrus medica) is a Citrus genotype resistant to Xcc. However, there is little information available on the regulation of Lob1 in resistant genotypes, which is important for the breeding of citrus cultivars resistant to canker disease. This study aimed to identify upstream regulatory factors of Lob1 in Citron C-05 and to investigate its function in disease resistance. ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange (C. sinensis), a susceptible genotype, was utilized as the control. cDNA yeast libraries of Xcc-induced Citron C-05 and ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange were constructed. The capacities of ‘Bingtang’ and Citron C-05 were 1.896 × 107 and 2.154 × 107 CFU, respectively. The inserted fragments ranged from 500 to 2000 bp with a 100% recombination rate. The promoter of Lob1 was segmented into two pieces and the P1 fragment from both genotypes was used to construct a bait yeast (PAbAi-CsLob1-P1; PAbAi-CmLob1-P1). Through library screening with the bait yeast, upstream regulators interacting with the Lob1-P1 promoter were identified and then validated using Y1H and dual-luciferase tests. The expression analysis of the three transcript factors indicated that RMA3 was upregulated by inoculation with Xcc in the resistant Citron C-05, but not in the susceptible sweet orange. The overexpression of CsRMA3 in ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange led to reduced canker symptoms, with a significantly lower pathogen density in the leaves following Xcc inoculation. When CmRMA3 was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Citron C-05, typical canker symptoms appeared on the CmRMA3-silenced leaves at 15 days post-inoculation with Xcc. Further expression analyses revealed that the CmRMA3 transcription factor suppressed the expression of Lob1. These results suggest that RMA3 participates in the resistant reaction of Citron C-05 to Xcc infection, and such a response might be in relation to its suppression of the expression of the pathogenic gene Lob1.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of plant extracts against plant pathogen associated with sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.), in Jimma, Western Ethiopia

BackgroundSweet oranges are a vital agricultural commodity, but they are susceptible to various pathogenic fungi that can cause significant economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of plant extracts against pathogenic fungi attacking sweet oranges in Jimma, Ethiopia.Materials and methodsVarious plant extracts were obtained from locally available plant species and tested against selected pathogenic fungi using standard in vitro antifungal assays. The results revealed varying degrees of antifungal activity among the plant extracts, with some showing promising inhibitory effects against the targeted fungi. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in antifungal efficacy among the tested extracts.ResultsThe study found that Penicilium spp., Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., and Fusarium spp, were the predominant fungal species. The study found that the extracts of Vernonia amygdalina, Ginger oficealae, and Pterolobium stalatam were effective in inhibiting mycelial growth against these pathogens. This suggests the use of these medicinal plants for the preservation and control of sweet orange fruit in most of the Ethiopian region.ConlusionThese findings suggest the potential of certain plant extracts as natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides for managing fungal diseases in sweet orange cultivation. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these plant extracts and optimize their application in agricultural practices. This study contributes to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for plant disease management in the region.

Effect of Shading and Foliar Spraying with Nutrient Solution on Vegetative Growth and Yield Traits of Sweet Orange Trees cv. Local.

Effect of Shading and Foliar Spraying with Nutrient Solution on Vegetative Growth and Yield Traits of Sweet Orange Trees cv. Local.

Optimizing GA3 fruit set applications in Navel sweet orange to prevent shoot die-back: a case study in South Africa

Optimizing GA₃ fruit set applications in Navel sweet orange to prevent shoot die-back: a case study in South Africa

Yield and fruit quality evaluation of some new rootstock-scion combinations of sweet orange under agro-climatic conditions of Maharashtra, India

Yield and fruit quality evaluation of some new rootstock-scion combinations of sweet orange under agro-climatic conditions of Maharashtra, India

Impact of ripening stage on the nutritional and antioxidant potential of fruit consumed by diabetics at the Abidjan Anti-Diabetic Centre

Diet can play an important role in the management and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Fruit is packed with essential nutrients and health-promoting micronutrients. What's more, the nutritional value of fruit can vary depending on its ripeness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of ripe and very ripe fruits (sweet bananas, papayas, Kent mangoes, apples, and oranges) regularly consumed by diabetics at the Abidjan Diabetes Center. To this end, the physicochemical (pH, acidity and mineral composition) and biochemical (proteins, lipids, citrates, polyphenols, flavonoids etc.) characteristics of the five fruits were determined at ripe and very ripe stages using standardized methods. The results indicate that the ripening process affects the biochemical composition of the fruit at different stages. A decrease in titrable acidity, vitamin C, protein, lipid, total carbohydrate, energy, and mineral contents was observed. An increase in the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidant activity was observed. Compared to oranges, papayas had more flavonoids (155.7 ± 0.7 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (465.4 ± 3.1 mg/100 g). Oranges, on the other hand, had more vitamin C (47.97 ± 3.6 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (44.2 ± 0.1 mg/100 g), calcium (38.60 ± 2.06 mg/100 g), and zinc (0.15 ± 0.02 mg/100 g). Similarly, ripe bananas were richer in potassium (406.2 ± 3.13 and 301.2 ± 4.04 mg/100 g), sodium (2.30 ± 0.06 mg/100 g), manganese (0.38 ± 0.01 mg/100 g), and iron (0.37 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). In conclusion, these results could help diabetics make informed food choices and manage degenerative diseases.

Pesticide residues in food of plant origin commercialized in Brazil from 2010 to 2020 – An update from the two national monitoring programs

The objective of this study was to investigate the results of the two Brazilian national pesticide residue monitoring programs obtained from January 2010 to December 2020. A total of 35,321samples of 44 different food crops were analyzed, of which 55.3% tested positive for at least one compound, with pear, peach, strawberry and sweet pepper having over 90% of the analyzed samples containing residues. Approximately one-third of the positive samples had at least one irregularity, of which 86.7% due to the presence of non-authorized pesticides for the crop, 26.3% exceeding the maximum residue level, and 13.1% showing both irregularities. A total of 191 different compounds were detected, primarily organophosphorus (OP) (37.4% of positive samples, of which over 60% of cereal/flour, potatoes, and peanuts). Chlorpyrifos, acephate, pirimiphos-methyl, and methamidophos were the main OPs detected. Triazoles were present in 27.2% of the positive samples, mainly rice, and pyrethroids in 22.4% of the positive samples, mainly in popcorn. Dithiocarbamates were present in 19.7% of the positive samples, predominantly in apples, and 5.0% of the positive samples contained N-methyl carbamates, mainly in sweet peppers. Carbendazim was the most detected pesticide (30% of positive samples), mainly in papaya (18.2% of samples containing this pesticide). About 60% of positive samples contained multiple residues, primarily in sweet pepper, pear, strawberry, and orange (over 80% of positive samples). Compared to the previous decade (2001–2010), these results indicated increased percentages of positive, irregular and of samples containing multiple residues. Dithiocarbamates were no longer the most detected pesticide group, while carbendazim remained the most detected pesticide in both periods.

Comprehensive Analysis of Genes Associated with the Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism in Citrus sinensis during Pathogen Infection

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pivotal in signal transduction processes in plant–pathogen interactions. The ROS signaling pathways involved in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and Xanthomonas citri subspecies citri (Xcc) infections in Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) are unclear. In this study, we comprehensively identified ROS metabolism-associated genes, including 9 NADPH oxidase (RBOH), 14 superoxide dismutase (SOD), 1 catalase (CAT), 9 peroxiredoxin (PrxR), 5 ascorbate peroxidase (APX), 4 glutathione peroxidase (GPX), 3 monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), 2 dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), 2 glutathione reductase (GR), 24 thioredoxin (Trx), and 18 glutaredoxin (GLR) genes in C. sinensis. An analysis revealed variable gene structures but conserved motifs and domains in ROS subfamilies. A comparative synteny analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana and Vitis vinifera indicated evolutionary conservation of most ROS metabolism-associated genes, with some originating from gene duplication events post-species divergence in C. sinensis. Expression profiling revealed five up-regulated genes and four down-regulated genes during both CLas and Xcc infections. Promoter analysis revealed numerous stress-responsive elements in the promoter of ROS metabolism-associated genes. Protein–protein interaction network analysis highlighted the involvement of ROS metabolism in various biological processes. A comparison of ROS metabolism-associated genes between C. sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata indicated multiple gene gain and loss events within ROS subfamilies of C. sinensis. This study enhances our understanding of ROS metabolism in C. sinensis and sheds light on citrus–pathogen interactions.

Morpho-physiological characterization of second generation colchiploids in sweet orange (<i>Citrus sinensis </i>(L.) Osbeck) cv. Mosambi

Induction of tetraploidy in citrus is commonly meant for the development of triploid seedless cultivars as well as resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. Three-year-old, 20 second-generation colchicine treated (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20%) plants (colchiploids), established from the putative tetraploid branches of the first generation colchiploids of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. Mosambi vegetatively propagated on Jatti khatti rootstock, along with their wild (parent) type, were characterized based on morphological and physiological traits. Plant height and canopy volume were reduced, but stem girth, nodes per shoot and bark: wood increased in the majority of the second-generation colchiploids related to the wild type. Colchiploids also possessed improved flower characteristics in terms of length and width. The stomatal dimensions increased, but stomatal concentration reduced in all the colchiploids. Colchicine treatment also caused significant variations in leaf gas exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, leaf net transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and intrinsic water use efficiency in colchiploids affecting their photosynthetic activities. The solid tetraploids identified on the basis of morpho-physiological characterization can be used in future breeding programmes for the development of triploid seedless citrus cultivars or can be used for the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses.

Morpho-physiological characterization of second generation colchiploids in sweet orange (<i>Citrus sinensis </i>(L.) Osbeck) cv. Mosambi

Induction of tetraploidy in citrus is commonly meant for the development of triploid seedless cultivars as well as resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. Three-year-old, 20 second-generation colchicine treated (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20%) plants (colchiploids), established from the putative tetraploid branches of the first generation colchiploids of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. Mosambi vegetatively propagated on Jatti khatti rootstock, along with their wild (parent) type, were characterized based on morphological and physiological traits. Plant height and canopy volume were reduced, but stem girth, nodes per shoot and bark: wood increased in the majority of the second-generation colchiploids related to the wild type. Colchiploids also possessed improved flower characteristics in terms of length and width. The stomatal dimensions increased, but stomatal concentration reduced in all the colchiploids. Colchicine treatment also caused significant variations in leaf gas exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, leaf net transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and intrinsic water use efficiency in colchiploids affecting their photosynthetic activities. The solid tetraploids identified on the basis of morpho-physiological characterization can be used in future breeding programmes for the development of triploid seedless citrus cultivars or can be used for the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses.

Purification and characterization of limonin D-ring lactone hydrolase from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) seeds.

Citrus products often suffer from delayed bitterness, which is generated from the conversion of non-bitter precursors (limonoate A-ring lactone, LARL) to limonin under the catalysis of limonin D-ring lactone hydrolase (LDLH). In this study, LDLH was isolated and purified from sweet orange seeds, and a rapid and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography method to quantify LARL was developed and applied to analyze the activity and enzymatic properties of purified LDLH. Purified LDLH (25.22 U mg-1) showed bands of 245 kDa and 17.5 kDa molecular weights in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE analysis respectively. After a 24 h incubation under strongly acidic (pH 3) or strongly alkaline (pH 9) conditions, LDLH still retained approximately 100% activity. Moreover, LDLH activity was not impaired by thermal treatment at 50 °C for 120 min. Enzyme inhibition assays showed that LDLH was inactivated only after ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, and other enzyme inhibitors showed no significant effect on its activity. In addition, the LDLH activity of calcium ion (Ca2+) intervention was 108% of that in the blank group, and that of zinc ion (Zn2+) intervention was 71%. LDLH purified in this study was a multimer containing 17.5 kDa monomer with a wide pH tolerance range (pH 3-9) and excellent thermal stability. Moreover, LDLH might be a metallopeptidase, and its activity was stimulated by Ca2+ and significantly inhibited by Zn2+. These findings improve our understanding of LDLH and provide some important implications for reducing the bitterness in citrus products in the future. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genetic diversity and population structure of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) germplasm revealed by SSR and InDel markers

Genetic diversity and population structure of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) germplasm revealed by SSR and InDel markers