Carrier For Sustained Release Research Articles

Thermosensitive hydrogel as a sustained release carrier for mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the treatment of intrauterine adhesion

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), a prevalent etiology of female infertility, is attributed to endometrial damage. However, conventional therapeutic interventions for IUA are plagued by high recurrence rates. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hUCMSC-EVs) demonstrate the promising therapeutic effects on IUA, but the current efficacy of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is hindered by lower retention and bioavailability. In this study, a thermosensitive hydrogel was utilized as a prolonged release carrier to improve the retention and bioavailability of hUCMSC-EVs in IUA treatment. The hydrogel-EVs complex effectively prolonged EVs retention in human endometrial stromal cells and an IUA mouse model. The complex exhibited superior protection against cellular injury, significantly alleviated endometrial damage, inhibited fibrosis, suppressed inflammation, and improved fertility compared to EVs alone. The results indicated that thermosensitive hydrogel enhanced the therapeutic capacity of EVs for IUA by prolonging their retention in the uterine environment. The hydrogel-EVs complex provides a novel strategy for the sustained release of hUCMSC-EVs in the treatment of IUA.Graphical

Injectable dual drug-loaded thermosensitive liposome-hydrogel composite scaffold for vascularised and innervated bone regeneration

Adequate blood supply and thorough innervation are essential to the survival of tissue-engineered bones. Though great progress has been created in the application of bone tissue engineering technology to bone defect repair, many challenges remain, such as insufficient vascularisation and deficient innervation in newly regenerated bone. In the present study, we addressed these challenges by manipulating the bone regeneration microenvironment in terms of vascularisation and innervation. We used a novel injectable thermosensitive liposome-hydrogel composite scaffold as a sustained-release carrier for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, which promotes angiogenesis and neurogenic differentiation) and dexamethasone (Dex, which promotes osteogenic differentiation). In vitro biological assessment demonstrated that the composite scaffold had sufficient cell compatibility; it enhanced the capacity for angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and the capacity for neurogenic/osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, the introduction of bFGF/Dex liposome-hydrogel composite scaffold to bone defect sites significantly improved vascularisation and innervated bone regeneration properties in a rabbit cranial defect model. Based on our findings, the regeneration of sufficiently vascularised and innervated bone tissue through a sustained-release scaffold with excellent injectability and body temperature sensitivity represents a promising tactic towards bone defect repair.

High‐performance aminosilane‐infused alginate capsules for sustained drug release

AbstractSodium alginate (AlgNa) is often used to prepare oral drug capsules, offering the advantages of facile carrier formation and pH sensitivity. However, these capsules suffer from high porosity, large pore size, and mechanical and physiological instabilities. Although the performance of AlgNa in oral drug carriers can be enhanced through hybridization with other substances, this results in increased complexity and additional preparation steps. To address this problem, organic–inorganic hybrid capsules are herein prepared via the one‐step incorporation of aminosilanes (3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane) into AlgNa and evaluated as delivery vehicles for the sustained release of a model drug, diclofenac sodium. The hybrid capsules show elevated drug encapsulation efficiencies (up to 92.7%) and pH responsiveness and outperform pure alginate capsules, exhibiting contraction and low release rates (<10%) in a simulated stomach environment (pH 1.2) and swelling and sustained release (10 h) in a simulated intestinal environment (pH 7.4). The formation of siloxane bonds between the aminosilane molecules results in stronger and more compact capsule membranes contributing to sustained drug release. Thus, our results demonstrate the potential of the proposed capsules, fabricated using a simple ecofriendly method, as carriers for sustained drug release.

Synthesis and characterization of Ketotifen Fumarate Intercalated Zn–Al Layered Double Hydroxides as sustained-release carriers

The present study seeks to synthesize, characterize, and sustain the release of properties of Ketotifen Fumarate Intercalated Zn–Al Layered Double Hydroxides (Zn-Al-KF-LDHs) by the chemical co-precipitation method. A variety of techniques were used to analyze the synthesized products, including Elemental Analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Thermogravimetry Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The XRD patterns successfully highlighted the remarkable crystallinity of the typical hydrotalcite-like materials, Zn-Al-KF-LDHs. While the FT-IR analysis indicates the chemical functional groups and interlayer anions of Zn-Al-KF-LDHs, the elemental analysis determines the content of Zn, Al, S, C, H, and N. The TG-DTA results show that Zn-Al-KF-LDHs possess improved thermal stability. These findings provide an empirical understanding of the supramolecular structure of Zn-Al-KF-LDHs, enabling its comprehensive structural analysis. Additionally, the sustained-release properties of simulated gastric juice and intestinal juice, which followed the theoretical models of Higuchi and Riger-Peppas, indicated that the layered double hydroxides have potential applications as sustained-release carriers for ketotifen fumarate.

Review Article About Gel Polymers and Their Applications

One of the important applications of hydrogels is agricultural applications, as there is a controlled release of nutrients from the hydrogel into the soil, which are fertilizers loaded on the hydrogel. A large part of the fertilizer added to the soil is lost through leaching, especially in highly porous soils, in chemical processes, heavy rains, etc. A number of different polysaccharides, such as chitosan, pectin and carboxymethyl cellulose have been used to prepare hydrogels as a fertilizer release system for soil revitalization. Many studies have been conducted in this field. For example, Agaba et.al indicated that moisture retention in a particular soil due to the hydrogel is necessary to create a forest. Planted Water affects soil properties such as aeration, temperature, nutrient transfer, water absorption and conversion, which affects plant growth. Dimitri et al investigated the applicability of cellulose-based hydrogels in three different formulations, i.e. crosslinked by carbodiimide, as a carrier for sustained and controlled release of water and as nutrients in arid and desert regions.

Polydopamine-armored zeolitic imidazolate framework-8-incorporated zwitterionic hydrogel with multifunctional properties for infected wound healing

Diabetic skin wound healing is compromised by bacterial infections, oxidative stress, and vascular disruption, leading to delayed recovery and potential complications. This study developed an antibacterial, antioxidant, and adhesive hydrogel dressing that promotes rapid bacterial-infected diabetic wound healing using the biological macromolecule of polydopamine (PDA). This hydrogel comprised PDA-armored zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles (PDA@ZIF-8 NPs) combined with a second armor of zwitterionic polymer network (poly(acrylamide-co-sulfobetaine methacrylate); PAS), realizing low concentration Zn2+ release, good adhesion (14.7 kPa for porcine skin), and improved tensile strength (83.2 kPa). The hydrogel exhibited good antibacterial efficacy against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, 92.8 %), Escherichia coli (E. coli, 99.6 %) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, 99.2 %), which was attributed to the properties of the incorporated PDA@ZIF-8 NPs. Notably, in vitro, the PDA@ZIF-8 PAS hydrogel not only promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration but also facilitated endothelial cell angiogenesis. In vivo, the PDA@ZIF-8 PAS hydrogel retained its Zn2+-releasing function and effectively suppressed bacterial growth in infected wounds, thereby accelerating the regeneration of both normal and diabetic wounds. This multiarmored hydrogel is a promising sustained-release carrier for functional metal ions and drugs, making it applicable for not only skin healing, but potentially the regeneration of other complex tissues.

Formulation and Characterization of Triamcinolone Acetonide Acetate-Loaded Microspheres Prepared by a Static Mixing Technique

Purpose: Reproducibility and scale-up production of microspheres through spray drying present significant challenges. In this study, biodegradable microspheres of Triamcinolone Acetonide Acetate (TAA) were prepared using a novel static mixing method by employing poly( lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as the sustained-release carrier. Methods: TAA-loaded microspheres (TAA-MSs) were prepared using a static mixing technique. The PLGA concentration, polyvinyl alcohol concentration (PVA), phase ratio of oil/water, and phase ratio of water/solidification were optimized in terms of the particle size, drug loading (DL), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of TAA-MSs. The morphology of TAA-MSs was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while the physicochemical properties were evaluated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The in vitro release of TAA-MSs was compared to that of the pure drug (TAA) using a water-bath vibration method in the medium of pH 7.4 at 37°C. Results: The formulation composition and preparation condition for the preparation of TAA-MSs were optimized as follows: the PLGA concentration was 1%, the phase ratio of oil(dichloromethane) /water (PVA solution) was 1:3, the phase ratio of water (PVA solution)/solidification was 1:2. The optimized TAA-MSs displayed spherical particles with a size range of 30-70 μm, and DL and EE values of 27.09% and 98.67%, respectively. Moreover, the drug-loaded microspheres exhibited a significant, sustained release, with 20% of the drug released over a period of 28 days. The XRD result indicated that the crystalline form of TAA in microspheres had been partly converted into the amorphous form. DSC and FT-IR results revealed that some interactions between TAA and PLGA occurred, indicating that the drug was effectively encapsulated into PLGA microspheres. Conclusion: TAA-loaded PLGA microspheres have been successfully prepared via the static mixing technique with enhanced EE and sustained-release manner.

Ecofriendly Controlled-Release Insecticide Carrier: pH-/Temperature-Responsive Rosin-Derived Hydrogels for Avermectin Delivery against Mythimna separata (Walker).

The exploration of environmentally friendly, less toxic, sustained-release insecticide is increasing with the growing demand for food to meet the requirements of the expanding population. As a sustained-release carrier, the unique, environmentally friendly intelligent responsive hydrogel system is an important factor in improving the efficiency of insecticide utilization and accurate release. In this study, we developed a facile approach for incorporating the natural compound rosin (dehydroabietic acid, DA) and zinc ions (Zn2+) into a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel network to construct a controlled-release hydrogel carrier (DA-PNIPAM-Zn2+). Then, the model insecticide avermectin (AVM) was encapsulated in the carrier at a drug loading rate of 36.32% to form AVM@DA-PNIPAM-Zn2+. Surprisingly, the smart controlled carrier exhibited environmental responsiveness, strongly enhanced mechanical properties, self-healing ability, hydrophobicity, and photostability to ensure a balance between environmental friendliness and the precision of the drug release. The release experiments showed that the carboxyl and amide groups in the polymer chains alter the intermolecular forces within the hydrogel meshes and ingredient diffusion by changing temperatures (25 and 40 °C) and pH values (5.8, 7.4, and 8.5), leading to different release behaviors. The insecticidal activity of the AVM@DA-PNIPAM-Zn2+ against oriental armyworms was good, with an effective minimum toxicity toward aquatic animals. Therefore, AVM@DA-PNIPAM-Zn2+ is an effective drug delivery system against oriental armyworms. We anticipate that this ecofriendly, sustainable, smart-response carrier may broaden the utilization rosin and its possible applications in the agricultural sector.

Chitosan/Histidine nanoparticles for controlled curcumin delivery: A potential strategy in anticancer treatment

Cancer, a life-threatening disease influenced by environmental factors, evolving lifestyles, and dietary choices, necessitates potent and sustained therapeutic interventions. This research explores the potential of chitosan/histidine nanoparticles (CS/HIS-NPs) as a controlled delivery system for curcumin (CUR), a promising anticancer agent. CUR was efficiently incorporated into CS/HIS-NPs via ionic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinker, and its impact was evaluated on Human liver adenocarcinoma (HEP G2) cells. Comprehensive analyses, including structural (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)) and morphological (Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)) assessments, were conducted, revealing a robust encapsulation efficiency of 98.4 %. The nanoparticles exhibited an average size of 31.183 ± 13.822 nm for CS/HIS-NPs and 127.86 ± 44.344 nm for CUR-CS/HIS-NPs. Cytotoxicity assessments and in vitro release studies with CUR-CS/HIS-NPs demonstrated promising results, indicating the potential efficacy of the delivery system. This study introduces a novel approach to curcumin delivery and underscores the capability of CS/HIS-NPs as a sophisticated pharmaceutical carrier for sustained curcumin release. By utilizing a polymer matrix to govern release kinetics, chitosan/histidine nanoparticles emerge as a promising avenue for advancing anticancer drug delivery.

Cloisite® 20A and polymer hydrogel as nano-vehicle for targeted and sustained release of amitriptyline

A class of nanomaterials known as anionic and cationic clays has drawn a lot of interest as a potential medication delivery vehicle. Therefore, cloisite® 20A (C-20A), chitosan hydrogel (CH) and sodium alginate hydrogel (Alg) were used as a carrier for sustained release of amitriptyline drug (AMT) as oral osmotic drug delivery system. AMT was intercalated inside the interlayer space of C-20A as well as wrapped inside CH and Alg hydrogels and prepared AMT/C-20A, AMT/CH and AMT/Alg hybrids. The intercalation of AMT inside the layer of C-20A and hydrogels were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The contents of intercalated AMT in the AMT/C-20A, AMT/CH and AMT/Alg was determined to be 10–12 %. The release of AMT from AMT/C-20A, AMT/CH and AMT/Alg were studied at a variable value of pH (1.2–7.4). The dissolution of AMT from the AMT/C-20A, AMT/CH and AMT/Alg into the release medium was found to be a maximum (97 %, 60 % and 80 %) at pH 6.8 as the optimum pH for AMT release, and further kinetics of the drug release from the hybrids were explored. The results were fitted well to Freundlich diffusion relationship. The high release of the AMT from C-20A and CH hydrogel indicates that C-20A and CH hydrogel enables the intercalation of the AMT and allows them to be released into the target site. By comparing the release of AMT from C-20A and CH hydrogel, AMT release from C-20A was quite efficient and fast. Thus, to make the release of the intercalated AMT in more sustained manner, and consequently reduce frequency of AMT administration, AMT/C-20A was further wrapped inside CH (AMT/C-20A/CH) and Alg hydrogels (AMT/C-20A/Alg) and found the release of AMT drug in more sustainable manner and reduced the frequency of AMT administration.

Semi‐Interpenetrated Polymer Networks Based on PHEMA and Modified Chitosan as a Potential Bactericide Hydrogel for Wound‐Healing

AbstractA series of crosslinked hydrogel are developed to evaluate their applicability as efficient carriers for sustained release of ciprofloxacin (CFX) with bactericidal activity. The hydrogels are prepared from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and carboxymethyl‐chitosan (CMCS) using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker to yield a semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) by a photoinitiated chemical method. Molecular weight and concentration of CMCS in the network are varied to optimize its properties as a wound dressing. PHEMA‐CMCS semi‐IPNs (HC‐IPNs) are characterized by their swelling ratio (Q), glass transition temperature (Tg), Young's moduli by mechanical compression submerged in water at different pHs at 37 °C, CFX delivery mimicking skin conditions, cell viability, biodegradability study and by their antibacterial activity. Results show that addition of CMCS results in pH sensitive behavior. HC‐IPNs show thermal reinforcement, and they are softer materials as compared to plain PHEMA hydrogels when submerged in water. The in vitro release of CFX suggests that the HC‐IPNs release the drug continuously up to 50 h. Unloaded HC‐IPNs show inhibition effects against Escherichia coli strain and show bacteriostatic effects against Staphylococcus aureus strain. Results suggest that HC‐IPNs probably be a potential candidate that can be applied as wound dressing for topical CFX controlled delivery.

Compritol®-based solid lipid nanoparticles of desvenlafaxine prepared by ultrasonication-assisted hot-melt encapsulation to modify its release.

Aims: Desvenlafaxine (DES) in conventional dosage forms shows initial burst release after oral administration, leading to exaggeration of its side effects. These side effects can be overcome by a sustained-release dosage form using the chemically inert, low-melting-point lipid Compritol® 888 ATO, as it reduces initial burst release. Materials & methods: The potential of DES-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (DES-SLNs) synthesized by ultrasonication-assisted hot-melt encapsulation to modify the release of DES was investigated. Results: The entrapment efficiency of DES-SLNs was 65.90% with the in vitro release profile showing a sustained-release behavior achieving 81% cumulative release within 16h without initial burst release. Conclusion: DES-SLNs are a potential carrier for sustained release of water-soluble antidepressant drugs such as DES.

Next-generation subunit vaccine delivery systems: Design, applications, and prospects

Subunit vaccine delivery systems have emerged as groundbreaking strategies to enhance immunogenicity and efficacy, overcoming the limitations of traditional vaccine approaches. This review article delves into the vast landscape of subunit vaccine delivery systems, encompassing diverse platforms, such as polymer-based, lipid-based, micelle-based, phage-based, hydrogel-based, inorganic-based, and emulsion-based carriers. This review aimed to comprehensively explore the advancements, challenges, and potential of these delivery systems in revolutionizing vaccine development. Key findings revealed that polymer-based systems offer tunable properties for sustained release, while lipid-based and micelle-based carriers enable efficient encapsulation of hydrophobic antigens. Phage-based platforms leverage host–pathogen interactions, whereas hydrogel-based carriers provide localized delivery and adjuvant effects. Inorganic nanoparticles and emulsions offer targeted delivery and improved immune responses. These findings offer opportunities to enhance the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines, optimize antigen delivery, and tailor responses to specific diseases. This review can guide researchers, clinicians, and policymakers in harnessing the strengths of diverse delivery systems to improve vaccination strategies. By shedding light on their design, applications, and impacts, this review serves as a roadmap for the development of next-generation vaccines with the potential to transform global health-care paradigms.

Extracellular vesicle-derived silk fibroin nanoparticles loaded with MFGE8 accelerate skin ulcer healing by targeting the vascular endothelial cells

BackgroundReduced supplies of oxygen and nutrients caused by vascular injury lead to difficult-to-heal pressure ulcers (PU) in clinical practice. Rapid vascular repair in the skin wound is the key to the resolution of this challenge, but clinical measures are still limited. We described the beneficial effects of extracellular vesicle-derived silk fibroin nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with milk fat globule EGF factor 8 (MFGE8) on accelerating skin blood vessel and PU healing by targeting CD13 in the vascular endothelial cells (VECs).MethodsCD13, the specific targeting protein of NGR, and MFGE8, an inhibitor of ferroptosis, were detected in VECs and PU tissues. Then, NPs were synthesized via silk fibroin, and MFGE8-coated NPs (NPs@MFGE8) were assembled via loading purified protein MFGE8 produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells. Lentivirus was used to over-express MFGE8 in VECs and obtained MFGE8-engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs-MFGE8) secreted by these VECs. The inhibitory effect of EVs-MFGE8 or NPs@MFGE8 on ferroptosis was detected in vitro. The NGR peptide cross-linked with NPs@MFGE8 was assembled into NGR-NPs@MFGE8. Collagen and silk fibroin were used to synthesize the silk fibroin/collagen hydrogel. After being loaded with NGR-NPs@MFGE8, silk fibroin/collagen hydrogel sustained-release carrier was synthesized to investigate the repair effect on PU in vivo.ResultsMFGE8 was decreased, and CD13 was increased in PU tissues. Similar to the effect of EVs-MFGE8 on inhibiting ferroptosis, NPs@MFGE8 could inhibit the mitochondrial autophagy-induced ferroptosis of VECs. Compared with the hydrogels loaded with NPs or NPs@MFGE8, the hydrogels loaded with NGR-NPs@MFGE8 consistently released NGR-NPs@MFGE8 targeting CD13 in VECs, thereby inhibiting mitochondrial autophagy and ferroptosis caused by hypoxia and accelerating wound healing effectively in rats.ConclusionsThe silk fibroin/collagen hydrogel sustained-release carrier loaded with NGR-NPs@MFGE8 was of great significance to use as a wound dressing to inhibit the ferroptosis of VECs by targeting CD13 in PU tissues, preventing PU formation and promoting wound healing.Graphical

Zinc-mineralized diatom biosilica/hydroxybutyl chitosan composite hydrogel for diabetic chronic wound healing

For sustained and stable improvement of the diabetic wound microenvironment, a temperature-sensitive composite hydrogel (ZnDBs/HBC) composed of inorganic zinc mineralized diatom biosilica (ZnDBs) and hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC) was developed. The interfacial anchoring effect between ZnDBs and HBC enhanced the mechanical strength of the hydrogel. The mechanical strength of the composite hydrogel containing 3 wt% ZnDBs was increased by nearly 2.3times. The hydrogel can be used as a carrier for sustained release of Zn2+ for at least 72 h. In diabetic rats models, ZnDBs/HBC composite hydrogel could accelerate the inflammatory process by regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factor IL-6 and anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, and also promote tissue cell proliferation and collagen deposition, thereby restoring the normal healing process and accelerating wound healing. The wound contraction rate of the composite hydrogel group was more than 2 times that of the control group. Therefore, ZnDBs/HBC composite hydrogel has the potential to be used as a therapeutic dressing for diabetic chronic wounds.

Recent Progress in Diatom Biosilica: A Natural Nanoporous Silica Material as Sustained Release Carrier.

A drug delivery system (DDS) is a useful technology that efficiently delivers a target drug to a patient's specific diseased tissue with minimal side effects. DDS is a convergence of several areas of study, comprising pharmacy, medicine, biotechnology, and chemistry fields. In the traditional pharmacological concept, developing drugs for disease treatment has been the primary research field of pharmacology. The significance of DDS in delivering drugs with optimal formulation to target areas to increase bioavailability and minimize side effects has been recently highlighted. In addition, since the burst release found in various DDS platforms can reduce drug delivery efficiency due to unpredictable drug loss, many recent DDS studies have focused on developing carriers with a sustained release. Among various drug carriers, mesoporous silica DDS (MS-DDS) is applied to various drug administration routes, based on its sustained releases, nanosized porous structures, and excellent solubility for poorly soluble drugs. However, the synthesized MS-DDS has caused complications such as toxicity in the body, long-term accumulation, and poor excretion ability owing to acid treatment-centered manufacturing methods. Therefore, biosilica obtained from diatoms, as a natural MS-DDS, has recently emerged as an alternative to synthesized MS-DDS. This natural silica carrier is an optimal DDS platform because culturing diatoms is easy, and the silica can be separated from diatoms using a simple treatment. In this review, we discuss the manufacturing methods and applications to various disease models based on the advantages of biosilica.

Electrosprayed Core (Cellulose Acetate)-Shell (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) Nanoparticles for Smart Acetaminophen Delivery.

Smart drug delivery, through which the drug molecules are delivered according to the requests of human biological rhythms or by maximizing drug therapeutic effects, is highly desired in pharmaceutics. Many biomacromolecules have been exploited for this application in the past few decades, both in industry and laboratories. Biphasic release, with an intentional pulsatile release and a following extended release stage, represents a typical smart drug delivery approach, which aims to provide fast therapeutic action and a long time period of effective blood drug concentration to the patients. In this study, based on the use of a well-known biomacromolecule, i.e., cellulose acetate (CA), as the drug (acetaminophen, ATP)-based sustained release carrier, a modified coaxial electrospraying process was developed to fabricate a new kind of core-shell nanoparticle. The nanoparticles were able to furnish a pulsatile release of ATP due to the shell polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The time cost for a release of 30% was 0.32 h, whereas the core-shell particles were able to provide a 30.84-h sustained release of the 90% loaded ATP. The scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope results verified in terms of their round surface morphologies and the obvious core-shell double-chamber structures. ATP presented in both the core and shell sections in an amorphous state owing to its fine compatibility with CA and PVP. The controlled release mechanisms of ATP were suggested. The disclosed biomacromolecule-based process-structure-performance relationship can shed light on how to develop new sorts of advanced nano drug delivery systems.

Application of Calcium Carbonate as a Controlled Release Carrier for Therapeutic Drugs

A drug carrier usually refers to a tool that can carry the effective ingredients of drugs into the human body. The drug-controlled release system prepared by a new drug carrier can allow the gradual release of the drug in the human body at a stable rate, thus decreasing the frequency of administration and reducing the toxicity and side effects thereof; however, existing drug carriers generally have problems such as low drug loading, poor biocompatibility, stability, and specificity, each of which could be improved. Calcium carbonate can be used as a sustained-release carrier of active substances, with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cost, easy preparation, and broad application prospects. This paper reviews the synthesis and structural characteristics of calcium carbonate carrier materials and the related research progress of calcium carbonate as a controlled release carrier for therapeutic drugs, providing a reference for promoting the research and application of calcium carbonate as a drug carrier.

Development of chondroitin sulfate-based mucoadhesive interpenetrating polymeric hydrogels of captopril with adjustable properties as gastro-retentive sustained drug release carriers

Development of chondroitin sulfate-based mucoadhesive interpenetrating polymeric hydrogels of captopril with adjustable properties as gastro-retentive sustained drug release carriers

Isolation and Functioning Investigation of Salvia hispanica Seed Mucilage as A Potential Sustained Release Carrier for Water Soluble Drug

Isolation and Functioning Investigation of Salvia hispanica Seed Mucilage as A Potential Sustained Release Carrier for Water Soluble Drug