The aim of this article is to present the social–ecological system (SES) as a unit of analysis for sustainable water management under conditions of anthropogenic pressure in Poland. In the face of accelerating climate change and growing human impacts, Polish water systems are exposed to increasing ecological stress and to material and immaterial losses affecting local communities. The SES approach provides an integrative analytical framework that links ecological and social components, enabling a holistic view of adaptive and governance processes at multiple spatial scales, from municipalities to areas that transcend administrative boundaries. Methodologically, this study triangulates three complementary approaches to strengthen explanatory inference. This conceptual SES review defines the analytical categories used in the paper, the bibliometric mapping (Scopus database with VOSviewer) identifies dominant research streams and underexplored themes, and the qualitative Polish case studies operationalize these categories to diagnose mechanisms, feedbacks, and governance vulnerabilities under anthropogenic pressure. The bibliometric analysis identifies the main research streams at the intersection of SES, water management and sustainable development, revealing thematic clusters related to climate change adaptation, environmental governance, ecosystem services and hydrological extremes. The case studies - the 2024 flood, the 2022 ecological disaster in the Odra River, and water deficits associated with lignite opencast mining in Eastern Wielkopolska - illustrate how anthropogenic pressure and climate-related hazards interact within local SES and expose governance gaps. Particular attention is paid to attitudes and social participation, understood as configurations of behaviors, knowledge and emotions that shape decision-making in local self-government, especially at the municipal level. This study argues that an SES-based perspective can contribute to building the resilience of water systems, improving the integration of ecological and social dimensions and supporting more sustainable water management in Poland.

This study examines the impact of climate-related risks—specifically, physical, regulatory, and reputational risks—on corporate water disclosure (CWD) in water-intensive industries in Indonesia, one of the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Grounded in legitimacy theory, the research explores how companies enhance transparency in water management to maintain social acceptance amid external pressures. Using 780 firm-year observations from sustainability and annual reports covering 2021–2023, this study developed the CWD index based on three leading indicators: water efficiency targets, policies, and total water withdrawal. The regression results show that physical and reputational risks positively and significantly impact the level of water disclosure. Firms experiencing operational disruptions or reputational pressure tend to enhance their disclosure efforts to sustain legitimacy. On the other hand, regulatory risk shows a significant negative relationship with disclosure, suggesting that stringent regulations may lead to symbolic rather than substantive reporting. Company size was also found to be the strongest predictor of water disclosure, affirming that larger companies have greater capacity and pressure for sustainability reporting. This research provides a theoretical contribution by integrating the climate risk dimension into sustainability disclosure studies and a practical contribution for regulators. These findings highlight the need for incentive-based regulatory frameworks encouraging genuine corporate transparency and sustainable water management practices.

Objective – To design and implement a rainwater harvesting and irrigation automation system for food plant beds located in a community garden under an impermeable roof, reducing dependence on manual irrigation by volunteers and promoting sustainable water management. Methodology – This applied research, with an exploratory and experimental approach, included bibliographic and technical surveys on rainwater harvesting systems, irrigation automation, and sustainable urban agriculture. The project was developed through field measurements, hydraulic efficiency tests, and component adjustments, resulting in the installation of an automated irrigation system at Horta das Flores, located in the eastern region of São Paulo, Brazil. Relevance – The proposal integrates engineering, automation, and urban sustainability by applying accessible technology for rainwater reuse in a community and educational context. The studied garden functions as a pedagogical space, hosting events and educational activities on sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), thus reinforcing the connection with the 2030 Agenda. It stands out for its replicability in small-scale urban gardens and its direct contribution to SDGs 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, and 13. Results – The system proved technically and operationally feasible, ensuring regular water supply and reducing manual effort. Field evaluation enabled hydraulic improvements and automation adjustments, confirming the potential for optimizing water use and increasing efficiency in urban water management. Methodological contributions – The study broadens the debate on the application of sustainable technologies and automated systems in urban agriculture, providing technical and academic foundations for replication in other urban contexts. Social and environmental contributions – The project strengthened the integration between university and community, encouraging environmental education, social participation, and shared water governance. By promoting rational water use and local food production, it reinforces the importance of integrated solutions for sustainable cities.

Sustainable water management in agriculture is a major challenge, particularly in regions facing water scarcity and the growing impacts of climate change. The lack of efficiency of traditional irrigation methods often leads to water waste, reduced productivity, and increased pressure on natural resources. In this context, it is imperative to develop innovative solutions to optimize water use while maintaining agricultural performance. This paper proposes a smart irrigation system based on the internet of things (IoT) and cloud computing. The system incorporates several sensors to measure key environmental parameters, such as temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, and water level. An embedded ESP32 microcontroller collects and transmits the data to the thingsBoard cloud platform, where it is analyzed in real time to determine precise irrigation needs. The system's algorithm automatically makes the necessary decisions to activate or deactivate the irrigation pump, ensuring optimal and accurate water management. Experimental results demonstrate that the system significantly reduces water waste while optimizing irrigation based on the actual needs of the soil and crops. Real-time measurements and automated decision-making ensure accurate and efficient irrigation that adapts to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Performance analysis shows that the proposed approach significantly improves water resource management compared to traditional methods. The integration of cloud computing and the IoT facilitates remote monitoring and automated decision-making, making the system adaptable to a variety of crops and agricultural lands. The estimated cost of implementing the smart irrigation system is approximately $44.00, confirming its economic feasibility and appeal to small and medium-sized farms seeking to optimize water use. This solution also helps to build farmers' resilience to climate change and water scarcity. The system presented represents a significant advance in the field of smart and sustainable irrigation. By optimizing water use and improving agricultural productivity, the system directly contributes to food security, water resource conservation, and climate resilience. Thus, this study provides a replicable and adaptable model for the development of large-scale smart and sustainable agricultural solutions.

Household greywater from laundry, kitchen, and bathing activities poses growing environmental and public health challenges in peri-urban areas with limited sanitation infrastructure. This study quantified and characterized greywater from 10 households in Kotei, a peri-urban community in Kumasi, Ghana, over a 10-week period in 2023. Daily greywater volumes were measured using a bucket-based method using a cross-sectional design, and physicochemical, bacterial, and chemical parameters were analyzed for laundry, kitchen, and bathroom sources. The mean daily greywater generation was 110 ± 64.2 liters per household, with bathing accounting for 58%, laundry for 23%, and the kitchen for 19%. Laundry greywater exhibited the highest organic and ionic loads (BOD₅: 5431 ± 3440 mg/L; COD: 12469 ± 7325 mg/L; EC: 3825 ± 2635 µS/cm), while kitchen greywater showed the highest bacterial contamination (total coliforms: 136 ± 66 cfu/mL; E. coli: 34 ± 24.70 cfu/mL). Phosphate levels exceeded Ghana EPA standards across all sources, and trace metals (Pb, Fe) and triclosan were detected, indicating potential ecological risks. MANOVA confirmed significant differences in greywater characteristics among sources (p < 0.001). This study advances understanding by integrating source-specific quality data from low-income households within a peri-urban context. The findings reinforce the need for cost-effective, decentralized treatment options such as household-scale biochar filters, gravel–sand filtration systems, or constructed wetlands, that can be adapted to varying socioeconomic conditions.

Precision technologies are crucial for sustainable water management, as water scarcity and ineffective irrigation techniques continue to pose significant challenges in agriculture. One of the bases of plant-based irrigation scheduling is plant canopy temperature, which has become a reliable indicator of crop water status. The primary sensor technologies used to measure the temperature of leaves and canopies are discussed in this review, including integrated circuit sensors, thermistors, thermocouples, infrared thermometers, and infrared thermal imaging systems. Thermistors and thermocouples provide precise and affordable point-based measurements, but their scalability and installation are limited. For real-time canopy monitoring, infrared thermometers and thermal imaging provide non-contact options. Despite their higher price, thermal cameras enable the analysis of spatial variability. Low-cost irrigation system automation is made feasible by integrated circuit (IC) sensors, like the LM35, which combine accuracy and affordability. Research confirms that under deficit irrigation strategies, canopy temperature-based indices, notably the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), improve water use efficiency and enhance yield responses. However, sensor calibration, environmental variability, and the balance between accuracy and cost continue to be ongoing challenges.

Increasing environmental pollution and climate change intensify the occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. These blooms release cyanotoxins, such as cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a hepatotoxic compound that threatens freshwater ecosystems, ecological stability, and human health. Addressing this challenge requires effective monitoring strategies aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). In this study, pencil graphite electrode (PGE) and conductive polymer based electrochemical aptasensor systems were developed for the selective and sensitive detection of CYN in both laboratory (deionized water) and environmental (lake water) samples. The proposed sensors provide low-cost, rapid, and reliable analytical platforms for environmental monitoring and sustainable water management. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and polypyrrole (PPy) were electropolymerized onto PGEs to enhance conductivity and provide effective CYN-specific aptamer (cynApt) immobilization. The surface morphologies and elemental compositions of bare PGE, PGE/PEDOT, and PGE/PPy were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), while their electrochemical properties were systematically evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Functional groups formed after polymer deposition and subsequent aptamer immobilization were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The first system, PGE/PEDOT/cynApt, achieved detection limits of 0.23 ± 0.005 ng mL-1 (0.55 ± 0.013 nM) and 0.27 ± 0.008 ng mL-1 (0.65 ± 0.018 nM) for CYN in deionized and lake water, respectively, using CV. The second system, PGE/PPy/cynApt, exhibited superior performance, reaching detection limits of 0.18 ± 0.005 ng mL-1 (0.43 ± 0.012 nM) in deionized water and 0.24 ± 0.009 ng mL-1 (0.58 ± 0.022 nM) in lake water, respectively, using EIS. Conductive polymer modifications, with PEDOT and PPy, significantly enhanced the analytical response. Both platforms exhibited high selectivity toward CYN over other environmentally relevant cyanobacterial toxins, including okadaic acid (OA), saxitoxin (STX), and anatoxin-a (ATX-a), which are known to co-occur with CYN in freshwater blooms. In addition, the developed aptasensors retained their functional performance over a 7-day storage period, indicating suitable stability for practical use. This practical approach for the early detection of CYN in aquatic environments contributes to the prevention of water-related health risks and supports sustainable agricultural practices.

Addressing global water scarcity requires sustainable atmospheric water harvesting solutions, yet existing approaches face challenges in simultaneously achieving high water capture efficiency, rapid directional transport, and effective moisture retention. This study presents a composite textile system integrating atmospheric water harvesting and unidirectional fluid transport capabilities through an industrially scalable weaving technology. By engineering asymmetric wettability patterns via structural fabric design, we developed two synergistic components: a surface asymmetric wettability patterned fabric (SAWPF) for atmospheric moisture capture and a Janus unidirectional water transport fabric (JUWTF) with vertical wettability gradients for directional liquid management. The SAWPF demonstrates exceptional harvesting efficiency (3898.98 mg·6 h-1·cm-2), representing a 51.8% enhancement over pristine fabrics. Complementary JUWTF functionality achieves rapid droplet transport (4 s transit time) with sustained unidirectional performance (cumulative unidirectional transmission R index >1200%), effectively mitigating water evaporation losses. System validation through pea seedling cultivation trials revealed significant improvements in germination rates and growth velocity compared to the control groups, while textile-skin interface experiments demonstrated superior moisture-wicking functionality for wearable applications. This integrated approach combining scalable manufacturing with fluid control mechanisms establishes a transformative platform for developing sustainable water management systems particularly promising for precision agriculture in arid regions and next-generation functional textiles.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the treatment efficiency of Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver grass) in improving surface water quality through phytoremediation, complemented by machine learning‐based water quality classification. Water quality index (WQI) and water quality classification (WQC) were anticipated and classified using a machine learning model by filtering used Chrysopogon zizanioides . Surface water samples were collected and monitored at regular intervals every 7 days over a period of 12 weeks to ensure sufficient temporal resolution for tracking dynamic changes in key parameters such as pH, turbidity, hardness, chloride, sulfate, calcium, TDS, TSS, iron, and copper. The results show that the proposed models accurately estimate the WQI and categorize water quality with improved robustness. The study found that the NARNN model predicted WQI values better than the LSTM model. Additionally, the XGBOOST algorithm had a maximum accuracy rate of 97.01%. It also has a 99.23% sensitivity rate, confirming positive detection. With a specificity rating of 97.78%, the system accurately identified negative events. The precision rate was 94.93%, suggesting its ability to predict positive events. Finally, the algorithm's F ‐score of 98.54% indicates its WQC prediction performance. This study integrates ecological restoration, technology, and community‐focused solutions to provide clean water access and sustainable water management to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs 6).

Urbanization and climate change are increasingly recognized as key drivers of hydrological alterations in rapidly growing cities. This study assesses their combined and individual impacts on runoff generation in Algiers, Algeria, over the period 1992–2016 using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model. Land cover maps from the European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative and long-term rainfall records were integrated with hydrological soil data to quantify runoff under three scenarios: (i) real conditions combining changes in climatic conditions and urbanization, (ii) fixed urban settings isolating climate effects, and (iii) fixed climatic conditions isolating urbanization impacts. Findings reveal that during the period 1992-2016, the city experienced an expansion of the impervious surfaces (from 19.86% to 41.48%) at the expense of other land covers. Moreover, the results show that although annual precipitation remained close to its baseline (608.25 mm/y), runoff displayed a continuing upward shift above its baseline (70.04 mm/y) after the early 2000s. Correlation analysis indicates that precipitation highly affects runoff variability (R² = 0.695) compared to urbanization impacts. Nevertheless, under the fixed climate conditions scenario, the 2-fold urban area expansion (with an increase of +108.4%) between 1992 and 2016 led to a +11.9% increase in runoff, underscoring its structural role in altering hydrological responses. These findings highlight the dual influence of the climatic conditions and land-use change on urban runoff dynamics and emphasize the need for integrated planning to enhance flood resilience and sustainable water management.

This study presents an in-depth experimental investigation into the effects of varying bed materials on flow velocity distribution in open channels. A critical consideration in hydraulic engineering and sustainable water resource management. Conducted within a controlled laboratory flume setup, the research examined how different sediment types, including vegetation (at varying lengths and arrangements), gravel (of multiple grain sizes), and sand (of different densities), influence hydraulic parameters such as flow velocity, discharge, water depth, hydraulic radius, and Reynolds number. Using flow current meters and hydraulic modelling principles, velocity profiles were produced for each bed condition using flow current meters and the concepts of hydraulic modeling. The results show that bed material dramatically changes sediment transport dynamics, turbulence properties, and flow resistance. Finer sands improved flow velocity because of their smoother surfaces and lower roughness coefficients, but vegetation increased flow resistance because of drag effects. These realizations lay the groundwork for creating channel systems that are more effective and resistant to erosion. The findings provide useful information for agricultural irrigation, urban drainage planning, and environmental hydraulics, with applications in sustainable water management and civil infrastructure development.

In semi-arid areas like Southeastern Anatolia, where agricultural productivity and water supply are extremely climate-sensitive, drought is a significant environmental and socioeconomic problem. Comprehensive assessment of drought and soil moisture dynamics is fundamental to sustainable agriculture and water security in semi-arid regions. This study analyzes drought patterns across seven provinces in the Southeastern Anatolia (GAP) region of Türkiye (Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kilis, Mardin, Siirt, and Şanlıurfa) from 1963 to 2022, employing four drought indices (SPI, SPEI, CZI, and RDI) at multiple timescales (1-, 3-, and 12-month) to support evidence-based strategies for sustainable water and agricultural resource management. A more thorough evaluation is made possible by this multi-index and multi-scale method, which is rarely used concurrently at the provincial level. Additionally, the drought characterization was validated and enhanced through the analysis of ERA5-Land soil moisture data (1950–2022). According to the findings, the provinces with the lowest median index values and the highest frequency of extreme drought episodes are Diyarbakır and Şanlıurfa. The SPEI-12 (THW) median values showed a neutral long-term drought–wetness balance with seasonal changes, ranging from −0.0714 (Adıyaman) to 0.188 (Şanlıurfa). Particularly after 2009, soil moisture levels decreased to as low as 2–3 mm during the summer, indicating heightened evapotranspiration stress. RDI-12’s reliability in long-term drought evaluation was confirmed by its strongest correlation with other indices (r = 0.87–0.97). According to spatial research, the frequency of moderate droughts in the southwest was as high as 39%, whilst the eastern provinces experienced severe and intense droughts as high as 8%. However, with frequency above 53%, wet occurrences were more common in the east, particularly in Siirt. By clarifying long-term drought and soil moisture patterns, this study provides essential insights for sustainable irrigation planning and agricultural water allocation in the GAP region.

Underground structures interfere with groundwater by seeping into the tunnel if it is a pervious structure or by interfering with the hydraulic head and flow direction if the structure is impervious. The latter effect is referred to as the barrier effect and results in groundwater level increasing upstream and decreasing downstream of the structure. The barrier effect is predicted to interfere with groundwater availability by creating an imbalance between areas upstream and downstream of the structure. To estimate the barrier effect of the Northern Collector Tunnel (NCT I) on groundwater flow in the Upper Tana basin, a vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey and MODFLOW modeling was carried out. VES was carried out using 4 profile lines (6 km long) along NCT 1 to identify groundwater recharge zones and characterize the aquifer. In addition, MODFLOW was used to estimate groundwater flows with a good simulation of R2 of 0.99. Results showed that many of the recharge zones are on the upstream side of the tunnel where many shallow springs of a maximum depth of 50m are located. Further, the study showed that the tunnel increased the hydraulic head on the upstream side by up to 10% with a 2% decrease observed in boreholes on the downstream side. This means that water users on the downstream side of the tunnel who rely on springs for their livelihood will be affected by the fall in water levels. Therefore, water managers and policymakers must implement measures to compensate the affected water users. This would mean exploring ecentralized water sources like rainwater harvesting to meet their water needs. In addition, groundwater levels should be continuously monitored along the tunnel to inform policy decisions. This will contribute towards achieving SDG goal number 6 by ensuring sustainable water management and access to water by all users.

In arid Rajasthan, groundwater is the primary water source for domestic and agricultural needs across the state's hydrogeological spectrum. However, pervasive chemical has been reported locally, and long-term statewide groundwater quality trends remain poorly characterized. This study presents a comprehensive 21-year spatiotemporal analysis of groundwater quality across Rajasthan, India, focusing on irrigation compatibility, human health risk, and regional hydrochemical evolution. Mann-Kendall, Modified Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope tests were used to identify temporal trends in 12 key parameters (EC, major ions, nitrate, fluoride). Irrigation suitability was assessed using standard indices (SAR, RSC, Na%, KR, MH, PI, PS), and non-carcinogenic health risks were quantified via hazard indices for nitrate and fluoride ingestion. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to delineate evolving hydrochemical zones. Temporal analysis reveals statistically significant deterioration in salinity, sodicity, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations, particularly in the arid northwest and agriculturally intensive east. Key irrigation indices such as RSC (~ 269mg/L), SAR (~ 43.8), and KR (> 2.5) consistently exceeded permissible limits, rendering most groundwater marginal to unsuitable for crop use. Concurrently, hazard index values for nitrate and fluoride ingestion averaged 2.35 (adults) and 2.99 (children), indicating chronic health risks in over various districts. Hierarchical cluster analysis delineated distinct hydrochemical zones, salinity-dominated west, nitrate-enriched agricultural belts, and fluoride-affected hard-rock terrains with increasing divergence over time. The emergence of complex contamination profiles underscores an accelerating groundwater quality crisis, demanding region-specific interventions. This integrated, multi-dimensional assessment provides critical insights for sustainable water management and policy planning in semi-arid and arid landscapes undergoing hydrochemical stress.

Recent trends in decentralized wastewater treatment system in developing countries: A critical review of case studies and future perspectives.

An effective approach for Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 removal using psyllium - gum ghatti based smart material.

Sustainable water management in urban environments requires exploring alternatives that reduce pressure on conventional water resources. Among other options, this study analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of wastewater reuse versus reverse osmosis desalination for urban water supply in coastal cities, using Spanish cases such as Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, and Bilbao as a reference. In areas such as the Cantabrian coast, traditionally well-supplied, resource pressure and climate change raise the need for resilient alternatives for water supply. Reuse requires adding advanced tertiary treatment to existing WWTPs. Total costs (investment and operation) are estimated at €0.780/m³, also considering the need to build a secondary distribution network for non-potable uses, which represents a structural limitation. The main operating costs of regeneration are related to energy, reagents, waste management, and maintenance, while investment costs in transport networks represent a considerable burden. This option is economically advantageous compared to desalination, especially where existing infrastructure exists and the climate favors a significant demand for reused water. Reverse osmosis desalination, on the other hand, has higher costs, with an estimated total cost of €1,271/m³. However, its main advantage is that the water produced is suitable for human consumption and can be directly integrated into the main water supply network without the need for additional secondary networks. This makes it a more robust option in contexts where increased resilience to droughts or meeting drinking water demands are required. However, its higher energy consumption and operating costs make it less economically competitive compared to reuse, except in cases where urban or climatic characteristics make the latter difficult to implement. The study concludes that the most appropriate option depends on the local context and allows decision-making to be guided toward context-adapted solutions based on both technical and economic criteria. Key Words: water, reuse, desalinization, urban, cities, economy

Climate change is forcing a fundamental revision of water management in agriculture, particularly in Mediterranean viticulture. In Italy, rising average temperatures, irregular rainfall patterns, and the frequent occurrence of extreme events are reducing water availability and quality, compromising both yields and the quality of grape and wine production. This study presents a technical and scientific analysis of the current state of irrigation in Italian vineyards, integrating data from the 7th General Agricultural Census by ISTAT (2020) with information from the SIGRIAN system, and adopting a geospatial approach to estimate the actual water requirements of grapevines. Furthermore, the benefits of Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) are explored as a means to increase water use efficiency without compromising enological parameters. The results highlight significant territorial differences in water needs and irrigation management, underscoring the necessity for adaptive policies and site-specific technologies.

222Rn in Argentina: A comprehensive review of environmental and hydrological applications.

ABSTRACT Monsoon fluctuation and agricultural land use systems were revealed to have a critical impact on soil hydrological characteristics in a comprehensive 2‐year study (2020–2021) across microwatersheds in West Bengal, India. Twenty different cropping systems were evaluated, with the groundnut‐rice‐potato rotation (C10) proving to have better performance, showing high infiltration (2.03–2.06 cm h −1 ) and permeability (0.22 cm s −1 ) through varying monsoon years. The 2021 monsoon (1674 mm rainfall) revealed the resilience of biologically‐managed systems, with C10 retaining 95% permeability post‐monsoon, while conventional systems (e.g., C5, C7) showed 15%–20% declines. Principal component analysis identified soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate stability, and porosity as key drivers of hydraulic function, with C10's success attributed to groundnut‐derived biopores (1.5–2.0 m depth) and SOC‐mediated aggregate stability (0.36%–0.84%). Systems with shallow‐rooted crops (C7, C8) performed poorest (0.01–0.33 cm h −1 infiltration), particularly in clay‐rich soils. The study demonstrates that strategic crop diversification—particularly pre‐monsoon legumes with deep root systems—can overcome textural limitations, enhancing monsoon resilience. The results offer practical recommendations for climate‐adaptive agriculture in rainfed regions, highlighting groundnut‐based rotations as nature‐based solutions for sustainable soil health and water management.