Sustainable Forest Use Research Articles

Estimating afforestation related forest cover change using data fusion and machine learning

Abstract Climate change threatens natural ecosystems, including biodiversity, and has emerged as the greatest challenge to human well-being. To support sustainable forest use, it is important to accurately map the distribution of afforestation and how the forests have changed over time. Climate change is affected by land use and land cover (LULC) since it alters biogeochemical cycles. Pakistan's declining forest cover has motivated policymakers to undertake the Green Growth Initiative (GGI). In accordance with its commitment to the Bonn Challenge, Pakistan executed the Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) to restore forests covering approxi-mately 0.35 million Ha. To estimate forest cover mapping accuracy, we developed a novel method to combine Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 data, and vegetation indices to assess forest cover change. The methods and models were used to create forest maps for the period of 2016 to 2022. The optimal mapping approach was chosen after classifying the land cover using two machine learning-based classifiers: random forests (RF) and support vector machines (SVM). Finally, the spatiotemporal distribution of the changes induced by afforestation was generated. Based on the classifications of land cover, forest and non-forest identification was carried out. The results show that RF produces more accurate results, with kappa coefficient of 94-97% & 0.93-0.96 respectively. The classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient of the SVM model ranges from 92-94% & 0.91-0.95. Overall, forested areas in the study area increased by 3.7%. The techniques used in this study are cost-effective for accurately monitoring changes in forest cover.

Network for forest by-products charcoal, resin, tar, potash (COST Action EU-PoTaRCh)

COST Action EU-PoTaRCh establishes a network focused on the past, present and future use of the major forest by-products in Europe. The Action emphasizes forest by-products, mainly potash, tar, resin, and charcoal (PoTaRCh), as representatives of the traditional heritage of forest exploitation, including extractives used along the time for their specific chemical, biological activity and therapeutic effect. The scientific objective of the Action is to demonstrate the value of these products for the communities and their socio-economic growth, as well as their impact on biodiversity and climate throughout time. The general aim is to identify and assess changes in production and use of PoTaRCh and extractives, along with their social and environmental impacts on sustainable development, and draw lessons for the future based on this legacy. In this way, the Action supports the sustainable use of forests and the transfer of knowledge about circular economy practices, as a contribution to the systemic shift to the new circular bio-economy. A key component of the Action is to support stakeholders that are knowledgeable about PoTaRCh goods and are interested in them because they are used in production, education and promotion of our natural and cultural heritage. The Action meets a wide range of demands thanks to the participation of partners with various activity profiles (museums, state forests, forest industry, tradition bearers associations, tourism industry, etc.). The EU-PoTaRCh Action highlights three COST inclusivity policies: the participation of inclusivity Target Countries with a long history of developing PoTaRCh, a special emphasis on gender balance, and the involvement of young researchers in leadership positions.

Training to Enhance Ecoprint Products Based on the Natural Potential in the National Environment

The communities that live in the neighborhood of national parks have restrictions on the use of the forests around them; this is related to the rules that protect the national park as a conservation area. It often creates conflict between the public and the government. Sustainable use of forests by using non-wood forests as raw materials for the production of ecoprint products can be one of the solutions. Faculty of Forestry has an obligation to assist the government in ensuring the sustainability of the forests around the national parks. This activity aims to transfer science by introducing ecoprint products that can use the potential of the surrounding nature in a sustainable way. The method used is perform a presentation and direct practice of producing ecoprint products. This activity was accomplished through the collaboration between Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park and the Ella Belaban Village, which had about 35 participants. The success of this activity is evaluated through the questionnaires before and after the activity. Based on the results of the questionnaire, there is an increase in public understanding of ecoprint products over 65%.

Exploring the impact of tenure arrangements and incentives on sustainable forest use: Evidence from a framed-field experiment in Ethiopia

The types of tenurial arrangements and incentives appropriate for the sustainable management of common pool resources (CPRs), such as forests, remain a topic of debate. In this study, we aim to (i) investigate the extraction level of forest resources under short and long-term property rights, and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of introducing mechanisms that leverage reputation and feelings of guilt in promoting cooperation among CPR users with short-term property rights to reduce over-harvesting. We develop a simple theoretical model to predict the optimal extraction level of a shared forest resource and validate the predictions using data from a framed field experiment conducted in rural Ethiopia. Our findings demonstrate that extraction levels under short-term property rights are higher compared to long-term property rights, aligning with the model predictions. Leveraging reputation and feelings of guilt is effective in bridging the gap in extraction intensity between short- and long-term property rights. However, as implementing reputation requires reliable monitoring that can be costly and challenging in the study context, we propose extending the duration of property rights over shared forest resources as a preferred strategy for curtailing over-extraction.

Exploring the Evolution of Sustainability Paradigms: From Linear to Circular Economy Models

Abstract As a response to the urgent environmental degradation and depletion of resources, this article analyzes the historical evolution from linear to circular economy models as a response for achieving sustainability. Tracing back to sustainable forest use proposed in 17th-century and evolving towards modern circular economy principles, there is a paradigm shift of decoupling economic growth from resource consumption. Moving through the landscape of sustainability, the paper criticizes the linear economy model that originated during industrialization period and was incapable of addressing sustainability. Key milestones, such as sustainable development, closed-loop-systems, and biomimicry, demonstrate the journey to current business models. An extensive literature review proves the interdisciplinary importance of circular economy research, exploring domains such as Sustainability Science, Management, and Bioengineering. The present research combines bibliometric analysis and systematic review on articles published between 2000 and 2023. These methods were chosen to assess the main directions of research for development of circular economy models, and recent trends. Research is centered around dynamics and trajectory of scholarly outputs on the topic, mainly those published in the past five years. A sharp rise in the number of publications regarding circular economy models is found, characterized by three notable inflections in 2017, 2018 and 2021. Two pivotal articles emerge as influential contributions. The interdisciplinary landscape of circular economy research is observed, covering diverse research areas such as Supply Chain and Logistics, Bioengineering, or Social Psychology. The cooccurrence analysis reveals 6 thematic clusters for which we propose a conceptual framework. The clusters are: environmental impact, sustainable development, interdisciplinary connections (niche sciences), circular supply chain, climate change, and IT-centric approaches that have emerged in research in the past five years. Insights from recent trends provide valuable guidance to researchers, professionals, and policymakers by using an interdisciplinary lens in the transition to a circular economy.

Deliberative Governance Principles in Forest Areas Management with Special Purposes

Apart from having educational and development goals, the management of Diponegoro University's Wanadipa Special Purpose Forest Area (KHDTK) also aims to carry out sustainable forest use activities. The management carries out efforts to achieve these goals through a deliberative governance approach, including public consultation. However, the management is not yet satisfied with the results, considering that the community around the forest has not participated well in managing the KHDTK. Therefore, this research aims to analyze deliberative governance in KHDTK forest management by testing three deliberative governance criteria: representation, participation, and deliberation process. This approach is a collaborative effort between managers of Special Purpose Forest Areas (KHDTK) and farming communities around the forest. Mixed research methods were used in this research, with a concurrent embedded model. The qualitative research approach uses key informants as data sources, while quantitative research uses respondents consisting of forest farmers. The results of the research show that KHDTK forest management based on aspects of representation, participation, and deliberation has not run optimally. Therefore, it is recommended that intensive and open communication between KHDTK managers and forest farming communities be improved in KHDT forest management, which will provide benefits to both parties.

Evaluation of Ecosystem Services in Ruoergai National Park, China

This study utilizes ArcGIS10.8 and ENVI5.3 software and the InVEST model to analyze and operate field survey data and remote sensing image data from Ruoergai National Park. The work simulates the soil retention, carbon storage, water supply, and habitat quality of the park to evaluate and analyze its four major ecosystem services. Subsequently, important areas of ecosystem services are zoned based on the results, aiming to provide decision-makers with a theoretical and scientific basis for formulating ecological environment restoration, protection, and management measures in Ruoergai National Park. The results showed the following: (1) In the study area, the land use types, ranked from largest to smallest, are grassland, unused land, forest, water area, and construction land. (2) Soil retention and water supply show an increasing trend, while carbon storage shows a decreasing trend. Habitat quality remains relatively stable, with most areas maintaining a high level of quality. (3) The importance zoning of ecosystem services in the study area exhibited a trend of “four increases and one decrease”. Specifically, the areas classified as moderately important, highly important, and extremely important all increased, while the area designated as generally important decreased. The findings indicate that climate change, land use type changes, and human activities are the primary factors influencing changes in ESs. It is crucial to prioritize highly important and extremely important areas for protection and utilization within Ruoergai National Park. Moving forward, it will be essential to minimize human activities that disrupt the ecosystem, while also focusing on the conservation and sustainable use of forest and grassland.

Evaluation of Soil Quality and Analysis of Barriers of Protection Forests along Tarim Desert Highway Based on a Minimum Data Set

To gain a thorough grasp of the soil quality conditions in the preservation forests along the Tarim Desert Highway, a detailed assessment of the research area’s soil quality is necessary, along with the identification of any potential obstacles. This evaluation should identify any potential obstacles and provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization and precise management of protection forest soils. This paper examines the protection forest along the Tarim Desert Highway as the study area. To characterize the features of the soil quality, thirteen indicators of the chemical, physical, and biological composition of the soil were examined. The principal component analysis method was used to construct the minimum dataset (MDS) for soil quality evaluation. The diagnostic model for obstacle factors was combined with the MDS to explore the soil quality characteristics and obstacle factors in the study region. The findings indicated that (1) the constructed indexes of the MDS of protection forest soil in the study area included soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N); quick-acting phosphorus (AvP); organic carbon (SOC); alkaline phosphatase (AP); and total salt (SS); (2) soil quality based on the MDS and the total dataset (TDS) showed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.748; p < 0.05), and the research region’s soil quality were all in the medium and below level (100% of SQI ≤ 0.6), showing the status quo of high soil quality in the two ends of the shelterbelt forest and the tower center area, while the other areas were relatively low; (3) according to the findings of the soil barrier analysis, the two main obstacles influencing the soil quality of the shelterbelt forest at this time are NH4+-N and SOC, and that the soil quality of the shelterbelt forest could be improved by artificially increasing the inputs of nutrients and precise conservation measures, promoting the overall function of artificial protective forests on desert highways. In addition to providing a solid scientific foundation for the sustainable use and maintenance of shelterbelt forests along the Tarim Desert Highway, this study is also an invaluable resource for researching the soil quality of artificial shelterbelt forests in arid regions.

Corporate social responsibility: Current state and future opportunities in the forest sector

AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) remains a critical topic for the forestry sector due to increasing societal expectations about the sustainable use of forests. This paper presents an updated review of the history, current state, and future opportunities for CSR in the forest sector. Drawing from cases of CSR in practice, the review focuses on CSR's role in firms' performance and reputation capital. As opposed to popular theoretical conceptualisations, firms' choice of CSR criteria, indicators, and implementation tools remain heavily weighted toward environmental concerns. Our findings suggest that CSR benefits a firm's reputation, but the review is less categorical on CSR's more direct or tangible effects in the short‐ or longer term. The review thus identifies progress in the field but concludes that opportunities exist to exploit CSR in the forestry sector more thoroughly.

СТАН ТА АНАЛІЗ ДИНАМІКИ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ОБСЯГІВ ВИПУСКУ ПРОДУКЦІЇ ДЕРЕВООБРОБНОЇ ТА МЕБЛЕВОЇ ГАЛУЗІ

The state of the woodworking and furniture industry is analyzed from the point of view of the circular economy, since this model of the economy emphasizes its measures on reducing waste, reusing materials and sustainability of resources. The dynamics of the production volume of board products over a five-year period was analyzed in detail for the following materials: particleboard, of wood, medium density fibreboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), of wood, plywood and veneer. The prospects for the production of wooden structural board materials in Ukraine are described, which cover certain challenges, such as the need to ensure sustainable forest use, increase the energy efficiency of production, solve issues of logistics and access to sales markets, as well as the need to adapt to international quality standards and environmental norms. The Ukrainian furniture market, estimated at 27-31 billion UAH, was analyzed. The dynamics of the volume of furniture sales in Ukraine for the period from 2018 to 2022 was clarified, which had growth indicators until 2022. Nomograms were constructed to establish the dynamics of changes in export and import of furniture in Ukraine in million USD for the period from 2018 to 2022. The growth dynamics of the furniture export-import balance from/to Ukraine between adjacent years were determined, in particular: 2018/2019 – 100.17%; 2019/2020 – 106.55%; 2020/2021 – 145.64%; 2021/2022 – 105.59%. The development trends of the woodworking and furniture industry based on flexibility and mobility, innovation and adaptability to changes in market conditions, consumer preferences and environmental standards to ensure sustainable growth and success are substantiated.

СПЕЦИФИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИЕ УСТОЙЧИВОЕ И РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ЛЕСОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Sustainable development of enterprises and rational forest management in the Russian Federation are distinguished by a number of specific features that are determined by the national, geographical and economic conditions of the country. Rich forest resources, which represent an important natural wealth of Russia, provide the potential for the development of the timber industry sector and create opportunities for rational forest management. Russia also has a unique natural environment, including diverse ecosystems and rare species of animals and plants. The rational and sustainable use of forests is becoming a priority for maintaining the biological diversity and environmental sustainability of the country. In general, the sustainable development of enterprises and rational forest management in the Russian Federation is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a harmonious interaction of economic, environmental, social and technological aspects. It is necessary to take into account the specifics of the country's natural, geographical and cultural characteristics, as well as comply with international standards and norms in the field of protection and sustainable use of forest resources. 
 The need to incorporate the entire set of existing specific features defining sustainable and rational forest management arose quite a long time ago, which led to the author's approach to this topic.
 The article considers the systematized list of specific features proposed by the author that determine the sustainable development of the subjects of the forest complex and rational forest management in the Russian Federation.

Perceptions on Community Forest Management Practices and Protection of Kwonga Clan Forest, Kabwoya, Kikuube District, Uganda

The study investigated how community forest management practices enhanced the protection of the Bakwonga Clan Forest in Kabwoya Sub-County, Kikuube District Western Uganda. The Bakwonga clan is an indigenous tribe in Uganda who live by the Kwonga clan forest. The study adopted a descriptive research design to collect data through self-administered questionnaires from 181 respondents. Interviews and reviews of documentary sources complemented data collection. Using descriptive statistics, the study reveals practicing sustainable livelihood projects by Bakwonga clan protects the forest by 41.4% (M=3.71, SD=1.43), participation in conservation awareness meetings improved knowledge of forest protection by 44.8% (M=2.1; SD=1.01), and promoting sustainable forest resource use protects the clan forest by 42.6% (M=3.81, SD=1.2). Community participation in forest management moderately contributed to the protection of the Bakwonga Clan Forest in Kabwoya Sub-County, Kikuube District. Bakwonga clan members in collaboration with the Kikuube District Forest department should develop and implement a robust conservation education strategy to build capacity for Bakwonga and Non-Bakwonga to protect the clan forest.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CURRENT NATIONAL POLICIES ON INTEGRATED FOREST MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW (SLR)

This research topic focuses on exploring anthropological insights with reference to national policies on integrated forest management and climate change. Forests are a crucial element of ecosystem which provide a range of ecological, economic, and social benefits, and play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Integrated forest management (IFM), which involves the sustainable use of forests through a combination of conservation and development activities, is an important strategy for ensuring the long-term health and productivity of forest ecosystems. This research seeks to identify the socio-cultural factors that shape forest management practices, as well as the impacts of climate change on forest-dependent communities. The methodology of the study was systematic literature review (SLR), for which, researcher has collected seventeen papers from Google Scholar covering the period from 2012 to 2022 for SLR, focusing on the themes of integrated forest management, climate change and policies, specifically from Pakistan. This study underscores the significant positive impact that IFM can have on the environment and climate, fostering ecosystem-friendly conditions, along the need for ongoing assessment in ensuring its continual effectiveness in fostering sustainable practices and positive outcomes for both ecosystems and human societies. The insights gained from this research can inform the development of national policies that take into account the needs and perspectives of forest-dependent communities and promote sustainable forest management practices that are responsive to the impacts of climate change. Regular monitoring and evaluation of IFM practices may help to promote sustainable integrated forest management which will in turn improve our environment and ecosystem friendly climate and a better human life. Key words: Effectiveness, Forest Management, Integrated Forest Management, National Policies, Climate Change

Timber yield of commercial tree species in the eastern Brazilian Amazon based on 33 years of inventory data

Abstract Selective logging in neotropical forests has directly affected the dynamics of tree species, compromising species conservation and timber yield. Sustainable use of logged forests requires new tree recruitment and diameter growth in remaining trees to compensate for trees removed between cutting cycles. This long-term study investigated timber yields in four species groups with differing values (lower, intermediate, high, and mixed) in logged and unlogged forests in the plateau region of the Tapajós River in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Analysis was based on two size classes: medium and large commercial-sized trees. In both forest types (logged and unlogged), we found relevant tree recruitment and changes in size classes for all value groups. Most of the recruited trees observed during the 33 years of monitoring remained in the medium size class, but they also occurred in the large size class in logged forests. Over the same period, a significant loss of timber yield was seen, resulting from high mortality among the remaining trees in both size classes due to natural processes and the aftereffects of logging. Timber yield was also seen to be influenced by species richness within the group of commercial species, and recruitment and tree diameter growth capacity to counterbalance losses from mortality of the remaining trees after logging had become restricted. Forest timber yield was mainly regulated by light-demanding species, and shade-tolerant species contributed little to timber yield during the first cut. Continuous monitoring of the remaining trees and measures to reduce tree mortality during cutting cycles can encourage growth and reduce losses in stocked trees. Additionally, the national rules for forest management in the Brazilian Amazon need to be improved to achieve long-term management sustainability.

Tradeoffs and synergies between food security and forest cover in Brazilian drylands

AbstractGlobal food demand is expected to increase in the next decades, pushing agricultural expansion and deforestation. However, food production in agricultural lands is just one dimension of food security, to which forest goods and services also contribute. In this paper, we aimed to explore the relationship between forest cover and food security. We hypothesized that food security is improved by both human‐made and green infrastructure combined. To test this relationship, we explore the relationships between forest cover and a multidimensional index of food security that included both socioeconomic and natural variables taken from Brazilian official databases for 1141 municipalities of the Brazilian Caatinga (a seasonally tropical dry forest). The index was formed by 12 principal components axes (12 PCs) and we found that financial poverty (PC 1) and economic inequality (PC 2) were the main determinants of food insecurity in Caatinga. We found that lowest food security values were found in two contrasting contexts: one is represented by poor and unequal municipalities with high forest cover while the other refers to poor and less unequal municipalities but with little forest cover. Municipalities with intermediate levels of forest cover had slightly higher food security, a consistent pattern across time (2006–2017). Win–win scenarios where both forest cover and food security increased with time were almost as common as lose–lose situations (25% and 22% respectively). This suggests a sort of balance between forests and human‐made land uses and reinforces that natural capital contributes to food security. Zero‐hunger is a main issue for sustainable development goals, and our results adds to the notion that both sustainable use of forests and socioeconomic improvements must coexist rather than being treated as antagonistic policies.

Productive use of natural resources in agriculture: The main policy lessons

Managing natural resources involves the sustainable use of land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wildlife. These ecosystem services improve human life. Natural resources are fundamental to life despite their use for consumption and public goods. Environmental processes increase soil productivity, recycle nutrients, clean air and water, and regulate climate. This paper explores the impacts of agriculture productivity and alternative energy sources on natural resources, considering the roles of imports of goods and services and economic growth in China from 1980 to 2018. Results show that the agriculture productivity index and alternative energy sources decrease natural resource depletion, while economic growth and imports of goods and services increase it. The long-term use of natural resources must be maintained while minimizing their environmental impact and maximizing their social value. By planning or managing the world's natural resources, we can ensure their integrity for present and future generations, including air, water, land, flora, and fauna. Policymakers must ensure that the earth's capacity for producing renewable resources is maintained and improved wherever possible. Study limitations and future research directions are mentioned.

Sustainable use of forests

Sustainable use of forests

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KESATUAN PENGELOLAAN HUTAN (KPH) MENUJU KEMANDIRIAN UPT (UNIT PELAKSANA TEKNIS) (Studi Kasus UPT-KPH Jeneberang II Meliputi Kabupaten Bantaeng, Bulukumba, dan Sinjai)

This study aims to (1) analyze internal and external environmental factors that determine the independence of forest management by UPT-KPH Jeneberang II, (2) formulate a strategy for developing UPT-KPH Jeneberang II towards independence. Data was collected using field survey methods, in-depth interviews and literature studies. Data were analyzed descriptively and SWOT. The results showed that the internal, and external environmental factors that determine the independence of UPT-KPH Jeneberang II in forest management are Human Resources (HR) according to the required competencies and forest management planning documents (strengths) and forest restoration (weaknesses). Meanwhile, external environmental factors are determined by FMU business management rules (opportunities) and the forest area boundary demarcation has not been implemented (threats). Based on these supporting and inhibiting factors, the strategies needed in the development of UPT-KPH Jeneberang II towards independence are (1) Strengthening the implementation of regulations that support KPH business management by KPH HR with the availability of good forest management planning documents, (2) Increasing involvement the parties in the activities of sustainable forest use, management of social aspects, and forest protection and conservation, (3) Utilizing regional regulations to support forest utilization cooperation by encouraging the development of superior and non-superior product commodities

Soil quality variation and its driving factors within tropical forests on Hainan Island, China

AbstractSoil quality is a critically important component of soil within ecosystems, and our understanding of soil quality variation and its driving factors in tropical forests is limited. This study collected soil samples at 0–20 cm depths from two typical tropical forests (tropical rainforest and rubber plantation) on Hainan Island, China's largest tropical island, during dry and rainy seasons. A soil quality index (SQI) using principal component analysis was applied to measure soil quality based on 21 soil properties. The soil properties' spatial and seasonal changes and their driving factors were simultaneously collected for a holistic analysis of the ecosystems. The results were summarized as follows: (i) The SQI of the rubber plantation decreased by 26.48% compared to the tropical rainforest on the island, while four soil properties investigated (soil pH, total phosphorus, cellulose decomposition, and actinomycetes) increased. (ii) The SQI of different soil types in the two tropical forests displayed an apparent discrepancy. Within the same soil type, the SQI of tropical rainforests showed no obvious differences, while there was a notable spatial discrepancy among rubber plantations in dispersed geographical positions belonging to varied climatic zones. (iii) The SQI of the tropical rainforest was significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season. In contrast, there were no significant differences between the two seasons for rubber plantations, indicating that soil quality in the tropical rainforest was more sensitive to seasonal changes than soil quality in rubber plantations. Overall, we concluded that except for land use and soil type, spatial variability and seasonal pattern also played essential roles in soil quality on the tropical island. The results from the SQI are expected to provide novel information regarding the sustainable use of tropical forests on Hainan Island.

Public debt and environment degradation in OIC countries: the moderating role of institutional quality.

Although the effect of public debt on environmental quality has been envisaged in prior empirical studies, the outcomes are inconclusive. Moreover, institutional quality can directly or indirectly influence public debt and environmental quality. However, empirical investigations probing the moderating role of institutional performance in public debt and environmental degradation relationship are missing. This research pursues to bridge this gap by exploring whether the institutional quality is a factor that moderates the debt-environment relationship of OIC economies in the period 1996 to 2018. Short-run findings disclose that public debt statistically significantly degrades the environment quality in the panels of low and overall OIC-income countries, but it mends the environmental performance in the high-income panel of OIC countries. Institutional performance is negatively linked with all environmental damaging measures across the three-income stratum of OIC countries. Both the short-run and long-run results of the interactive term between public debt and institutional quality reveal that it turns the unfavorable influence of public debt on environmental damaging measures. The outcomes of the study validated an inverted U-shape EKC when CO2, CH4, and ecological footprint are employed in all three-income panels of OIC countries. However, for N2O emission, a U-shaped EKC is seen in the panels of low-income and overall OIC nations. To address environmental issues, our results suggest that OIC countries should improve the institutional quality and control the public debt at a certain level, also ensure sustainable use of biocapacity and forests.