Sustained Campaign Research Articles

Comprehensive Assessment of Factors Affecting Malaria Prevalence among Pregnant Women in Nyabubare Health Centre III, Bushenyi District, Uganda: Implications for Public Health Intervention

Malaria remains a significant global health burden, particularly among pregnant women, with adverse outcomes such as maternal mortality and low birth weight. This study comprehensively investigates the multifaceted factors influencing malaria prevalence among pregnant women attending Nyabubare Health Centre III in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through structured interviews and documentary review from a sample of 86 respondents, including 80 pregnant women and 6 health workers. Descriptive analysis revealed poverty, deficiency in malaria control measures, low education levels, environmental factors such as swamps and floods, age, limited access to health facilities, and climatic changes as major determinants of malaria prevalence among pregnant women. Despite a relatively low malaria prevalence, knowledge gaps regarding malaria prevention were identified. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, including subsidies for preventive equipment, sustained information campaigns, and improvements in healthcare services to enhance malaria prevention and control among pregnant women in the region. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare practitioners to develop effective strategies to mitigate the impact of malaria on maternal and child health in resource-limited settings. Keywords: Prevalence of malaria, pregnant women, and knowledge

Reductions in the Working Week: Labour Intensity and Productivity in Chile from a Marxist Perspective

ABSTRACT The initial outright rejection of shorter working hours by many employers has been replaced by their sustained campaign to recoup lost time by raising the work intensity of their employees and its impact on fixed capital. But longer working hours imposed in some countries as part of the neoliberal globalized attack on the living standards of workers since the 1980s, have called into question both marginalist and Marxist explanations of the reasons behind falling and rising working hours. This article investigates—from a Marxist standpoint—the combined impact of shorter working hours, rising productivity and labour intensity both theoretically and in practice, during the first two decades of this century in Chile. This article investigates the probable impact on the economy and its division into wages and profits, of a cut in the working week and changes in labour flexibility.

AI-Driven Sustainable Video Marketing Strategies: Harnessing Deep Learning Algorithms to Sustainable Advertising Campaigns with Special Reference to the Education Industry

Purpose: This research explores the interplay between deep learning algorithms, trust in sustainable advertising, and prior knowledge of deep learning algorithms in shaping perceptions of sustainable advertising in the context of education. The study aims to uncover the impact of these factors on sustainable advertising and examine the moderating role of prior knowledge of deep learning algorithms. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs a quantitative research design, utilizing a structured survey instrument for data collection. Simple random sampling techniques were used to select participants from a population of 194,366 1st year students. Data analysis includes multiple regression, mediation analysis, and moderation analysis using Hayes PROCESS Model 58. Findings: The results reveal significant positive effects of deep learning algorithms (independent variable) and trust in sustainable advertising (mediator variable) on sustainable advertising (dependent variable). Prior knowledge of deep learning algorithms (moderator variable) also has a positive influence on sustainable advertising. Trust on sustainable advertising mediates the relationship between deep learning algorithms and sustainable advertising. However, above mediator relationship is negatively moderated by prior knowledge of deep learning algorithms. This suggests that prior knowledge can weaken the positive impact of trust. Originality: This research contributes to the understanding of how AI-driven marketing strategies, trust, and knowledge influence sustainable advertising perceptions. It offers valuable insights into the moderating role of prior knowledge in this context. Implications: The findings have implications for educational institutions and marketing practitioners. They suggest that deep learning algorithms and trust in sustainable advertising can positively impact sustainable advertising perceptions. However, practitioners should be cautious in situations where individuals have high prior knowledge, as trust can reduce impact. Educational institutions can use these insights to optimize their marketing campaigns and foster sustainable advertising in the education sector. Limitations of the study include the reliance on self-reported data and the potential for response bias, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. For future research, investigating the role of other potential moderators and mediators in the relationship between deep learning algorithms and sustainable advertising could provide a more comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon. Keywords: Deep Learning Algorithms, Education Industry, Prior Knowledge of Deep Learning Algorithms, Sustainable Advertising, Trust in Sustainable Advertising

Understanding Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices towards Sickle Cell Disease among Adult Outpatients: Insights from Lira Regional Referral Hospital, Northern Uganda

This study investigates the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding sickle cell disease (SCD) among adult outpatients at Lira Regional Referral Hospital (LRRH) in Northern Uganda. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional qualitative approach, data were collected from 100 adult patients aged 18 years and above attending the general outpatient department (OPD) at LRRH. Results revealed a substantial level of awareness of SCD among respondents, predominantly sourced from healthcare facilities and media outlets. While many recognized SCD as hereditary, misconceptions regarding its etiology and symptoms were evident. Notably, there was a knowledge gap regarding the treatability of SCD. Attitudes towards marrying individuals with SCD were predominantly negative, reflecting concerns about genetic transmission. However, there was a positive inclination towards premarital SCD testing. Regarding practices, reliance on medical facilities for SCD treatment was predominant, with minimal engagement with alternative therapies. Recommendations include sustained awareness campaigns, integration of SCD prevention and control initiatives, and further research to elucidate regional SCD prevalence determinants. Efforts to enhance male involvement in SCD advocacy and capacity building among healthcare providers are advocated to optimize SCD management and prevention strategies within the community. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, Sickle Cell Disease, Outpatients

Indikasi Kegagalan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dari Implementasi Program CSR

The presence of multinational companies entering Indonesia has both positive and negative impacts on the communities around the company. The positive impacts that arise include the emergence of new jobs, new economic growth. The negative impacts that arise include environmental damage, pockets of poverty, crime and others. Efforts made by the company to reduce the negative impacts resulting from company activities through CSR programs. The CSR program run by the company adheres to a sustainable development approach where the company's activities do not interfere with the continuity of life for the next generation. A popular approach is the triple bottom line, namely a balance between people, planet and profit. In reality, the activities carried out through the CSR program have not had a positive impact on society, in fact there are still many negative impacts. This article attempts to examine why the implementation of CSR carried out by companies has not been able to provide positive results to society, especially in sustainable development efforts, what factors are behind sustainable development not being realized. The research method usesSystematic Literature Review (SLR). The results and discussion are that the existence of multinational companies in Indonesia in processing natural resource wealth does have big implications. The CSR concept that is developing with the idea of ​​sustainable development is a breath of fresh air in the development of this nation. But in reality, the CSR program that was implemented then fell short of expectations. The sustainable development campaign promoted by the company in the form of CSR is still limited to perpetuating the company's interests. The idea of ​​strong capitalism by multinational companies must be controlled by this country, especially the role of government and civil society.

Injury-severity analysis of crashes involving defective vehicles and accounting for the underlying socioeconomic mediators

Crashes occur from a combination of factors related to the driver, roadway, and vehicle factors. The impact of vehicles on road crashes is a critical consideration within road safety analysis, even though not much studies have been conducted in this area. This study assessed how various vehicle and other crash factors are significantly associated with crash outcomes. To do this, historical vehicle defect-related crashes were obtained for the state of Alabama from 2016 to 2020. After data cleaning, a crash injury severity model was developed using the random parameters multinomial logit with heterogeneity in means approach to account for possible unobserved heterogeneity in the data. A spatial analysis was further conducted to better understand vehicle defect crashes as a broader societal issue and potentially explore their connection with the socio-demographic characteristics of the drivers of these vehicles. The preliminary data analysis showed that brake and tire defects accounted for about 65% of the vehicle defects associated with the crashes. The model estimation results revealed that improper tread depth and headlight defects were associated with major injury outcomes, while brake defects were more associated with minor injuries. Also, crashes associated with speeding, drunk driving, failure to use seatbelts, and those that occurred on curved roads left with downgrades were likely to result in major injuries. Findings from the spatial analysis showed that postal codes with higher median incomes are more likely to record lower vehicle defect-related crashes, unlike those that have higher proportions of females and African Americans. The study's findings provide data-driven evidence for sustained safety campaigns, workshops, and training on basic vehicle maintenance practices in the low-income communities in the state.

Assessing Consumer Awareness and Engagement in Sustainable Marketing Campaigns: Evidence from Nigeria

This study examines the effectiveness of sustainable marketing campaigns in promoting consumer awareness and engagement concerning sustainability issues in Nigeria, focusing specifically on Lagos State. The objective of this study was to determine the level of consumer awareness and engagement and ascertain the level of influence that a sustainable marketing campaign has on consumer awareness/willingness to purchase sustainable products on the basis of gender and income. The research design employed was a descriptive survey that utilized an online survey method designed by the researcher, and the data were collected from 448 respondents representing diverse socioeconomic backgrounds in the area as a sample of the finite population with the aid of Taro Yamane. Data were analyzed using percentage analysis, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. These findings indicate that consumers in Nigeria exhibit a notable level of engagement and willingness to purchase products promoted through sustainable marketing campaigns. Furthermore, the study revealed that factors such as gender and monthly income do not significantly impact consumer engagement or the willingness to buy sustainable products. Based on these results, it is recommended that continuous and robust campaigns be conducted to enhance awareness and further improve consumer willingness to purchase sustainable products, considering the wide range of consumers across various demographic backgrounds in Nigeria and the unequivocal returns on investment resulting from the effective implementation of sustainable marketing campaigns in Lagos State.

The Global Covid-19 Pandemic

The politics of science, or better still, the political science of global politics is what the world is battling, concerning the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, today. Whereas scientific disciplines such as virology and epidemiology would usually take centre stage when an outbreak such as Covid-19 strikes, and now owing to the vacuum that has been created by conflicting and contradictory information from health experts on Covid-19, global health is opened up to, or left up to, political giants. Health matters of virology and epidemiology surrounding Covid-19 have, thus, been reduced to issues of politicking. The World Health Organisation's voice (WHO), despite its sustained campaign and provision of information on Covid-19, is drowned and almost silenced by the number of health authorities and experts that have come out to refute mainstream information and strategies on combating and managing Covid-19. As such, the politicization of Covid-19 and the coloniality of knowledge and information surrounding Covid-19 may very well be the main issue of contention than the Covid-19 itself. This paper, therefore, seeks to unmask the political dimensions that are camouflaged by the Covid-19 pandemic and expose the real issues that Covid-19 has allowed to thrive and are, as a result, sustained by the Covid-19 crisis. Using the qualitative research methodology, I set out to discuss and analyse the debates on Covid-19 as have been proffered in the public domain. Thus, the method of research is a desktop analysis of academic articles, newspaper articles, social media pieces and mainstream television pieces, among others. I offer a decolonial account on Covid-19.

Evaluation of the Implementation of the Green Banking Concept at Bank XYZ

Indonesia is committed to Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2016 concerning the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. To support this commitment, the role of banking, including Bank XYZ, is crucial in financing clean energy projects and other business sectors. Although Bank XYZ has shown growth in green financing since 2016, there are notes regarding financing in the coal sector between October 2018 and October 2020, as well as a decline in the ranking in the 2022 Bank Ranking Report. Therefore, an evaluation of the concept of green banking at Bank XYZ is needed to maintain its growth and ensure the effectiveness of its implementation from 2017 to 2022. This research employs a qualitative approach to analyze the implementation of green banking at Bank XYZ. The evaluation is conducted through interviews with the Risk Management Division and an analysis of sustainability reports using the Green Banking Disclosure Index (GBDI). Bank XYZ has proven to implement the concept of green banking transparently, but there are shortcomings such as a lack of transparency in sustainability budgeting, attention to debtors, internal controls, sustainability campaigns, and the use of renewable technology. This research is expected to enhance the quality of green banking implementation at Bank XYZ, support environmental preservation, and address existing weaknesses.

Juridical Analysis of Marine Pollution Prevention Control in the Barelang Coastal Community Area by the Batam City Government

This research aims to determine the control of preventing marine pollution in the Barelang Coastal Community Area. This research uses a qualitative type of research. The research method is empirical normative research, namely examining the factual implementation or implementation of positive legal provisions and contracts in each specific legal event, so this research requires primary data and secondary data. Data sources were obtained from primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of this research are that legal regulations related to the control of preventing marine pollution in the Bareleng coastal area have not been effective and have not been running well because of Law Number 27 of 2007 concerning Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands and Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Environmental Management applies administrative sanctions to business actors. The obstacle to controlling marine pollution prevention in the Barelang Coastal area is the behavior of people who still throw rubbish carelessly. Even though this is very clearly stated in Batam City Regional Regulation number 11 of 2013 article 64, there are no administrative sanctions applied to individuals or local communities. Solution Carrying out targeted and sustainable environmental education and awareness campaigns. Build cooperation with NGOs and environmental organizations to increase public awareness and revise or update inadequate environmental regulations to ensure the effectiveness of controlling marine pollution.

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY CONSUMER BEHAVIOR OF MILLENNIALS IN KAZAKHSTAN

This research explores the environmentally friendly consumer behavior of Millennials in Kazakhstan through a quantitative approach. The study targets the pressing issue of sustainable consumption prac-tices among this generation, which holds significant implications for environmental conservation. This study is aimed at exploration of determinants, patterns, and motivations behind environmentally friendly consumer behavior among Millennials in Kazakhstan. It seeks to identify the main factors influencing their choices, the extent to which eco-consciousness guides their decisions, and the influence of external factors, such as marketing strategies and peer influence.This research holds both scientific and practical significance contributing to the existing literature and offering insights into the emerging trends of green consumerism among Millennials in a Central Asian context. Moreover, it provides a quantitative assessment of the factors shaping their eco-friendly consumption, allowing for a nuanced understanding of their behavior. The research methodology in-volves the administration of structured surveys to a representative sample of Millennials in Kazakhstan. Data analysis performed with the use of such statistical methods as regression analysis and hypothesis testing to draw meaningful conclusions.Preliminary findings suggest that while environmental awareness plays a role in Millennials’ con-sumer choices, other factors such as affordability and convenience also significantly influence their be-havior. The research underscores the need for targeted strategies to encourage more sustainable con-sumption practices among this demographic. In conclusion, this research contributes valuable insights into the environmentally friendly consumer behavior of millennials in Kazakhstan, shedding light on the factors driving their choices and serving as a basis for the development and implementation of effective sustainability campaigns. It has the potential to inform policymakers, marketers, and businesses seeking to align their strategies with the preferences of this eco-conscious generation.

Management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections globally, imposing a substantial personal and economic burden on individuals and health resources. Despite international health concerns and sustained public awareness campaigns about the emergence of resistant microorganisms through the inappropriate therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents, the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is worsening, and AMR in UTIs represents a critical global healthcare issue. This narrative review summarizes evidence-based scientific material, recommendations from the current medical literature, and the latest clinical guidelines on antibiotic and antibiotic-sparing strategies for managing urological infections, including practical approaches to improve the management of patients with acute and recurrent UTIs (rUTIs) in routine clinical practice. Novel emerging therapies and prophylaxis options are described as potential alternatives to overcome the abuse and overuse of antibiotics and the practical application of the guideline recommendations and issues relating to best practice in managing UTIs.

The Art of Double-Cross: writers in strategic deception during World War Two

ABSTRACT The success of British double-cross operations in World War Two is well-known. However, the techniques used by writers in MI5 to manipulate German intelligence officers and, through them, the German High Command have never been properly examined. This essay fills that gap of understanding, focussing on the most ambitious of the double-cross operations, the network of Juan Pujol, known as agent Garbo. As Michael Howard, Christopher Andrew and others acknowledge, the double-agent networks were crucial in disseminating disinformation to the enemy, including in the run-up to D-Day. As the article shows, however, they were also used more strategically, to wage a sustained campaign of manipulation against their opponents which ensured that deception plans were swallowed and acted on. By examining their tactics and strategies in detail, the essay highlights the historic contribution of writers in British intelligence during World War Two which has previously gone almost unrecognised.

Implementation of Digital Campaign in Ranca Upas for Sustainable Tourism

The concept of a sustainable tourism campaign has the content of environmental awareness activities that are made in such a way as to attract tourists as well as content to promote the sustainability of a tourist destination. With today's lifestyle that cannot be separated from technology, the campaign concept involves a lot of digital media to contribute to the wider community. One of the tourism sites that has the potential to develop sustainable tourism is Ranca Upas. The purpose of this study is to find out the application of digital campaigns and their benefits for sustainable tourism in Ranca Upas. This study utilizes qualitative analysis by using the construction of basic dimensions from previous researchers regarding digital campaigns and sustainable tourism. The results of the study show that the implementation of digital campaigns in Ranca Upas has not been maximized, but tourists' awareness of the benefits and existence of digital campaigns in Ranca Upas and its sustainable tourism program has a very good view. The implication of the research is expected to increase the effectiveness of the digital campaign structure in Ranca Upas which is expected to have an impact on tourists' awareness of the organized digital campaign and the importance of sustainable tourism.

Play&Go Corporate: An End-to-End Solution for Facilitating Urban Cyclability

Mobility plays a fundamental role in modern cities. How citizens experience the urban environment, access city core services, and participate in city life, strongly depends on its mobility organization and efficiency. The challenges that municipalities face are very ambitious: on the one hand, administrators must guarantee their citizens the right to mobility and to easily access local services; on the other hand, they need to minimize the economic, social, and environmental costs of the mobility system. Municipalities are increasingly facing problems of traffic congestion, road safety, energy dependency and air pollution, and therefore encouraging a shift towards sustainable mobility habits based on active mobility is of central importance. Active modes, such as cycling, should be particularly encouraged, especially for local recurrent journeys (e.g., home–to–school, home–to–work). In this context, addressing and mitigating commuter-generated traffic requires engaging public and private stakeholders through innovative and collaborative approaches that focus not only on supply (e.g., roads and vehicles) but also on transportation demand management. In this paper, we present and end-to-end solution, called Play&Go Corporate, for enabling urban cyclability and its concrete exploitation in the realization of a home-to-work sustainable mobility campaign (i.e., ) targeting employees of public and private companies. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed solution we developed two analyses: the first to carefully analyze the user experience and any behaviour change related to the mobility campaign, and the second to demonstrate how exploiting the collected data we can potentially inform and guide the involved municipality (i.e., Ferrara, a city in Northern Italy) in improving urban cyclability.

Effect of withdrawal speed variations on coating quality of electrophoretically deposited biogenic hydroxyapatite on AISI 316L

The use of biogenic waste for multipurpose materials has started to be encouraged in the current decade to support the world’s environmental sustainability campaign. Biogenic calcium phosphate-derived materials are potential biomaterials because of their similar properties to human bone. This paper used hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder derived from green mussel shells (Perna viridis) to coat the AISI 316L metallic implant material using the electrophoretic deposition coating method. In this study, the post-deposition withdrawal speeds of 5mm/s, 3mm/s, and 1mm/s were varied to find their effect on the quality of the HAp coating layer. Crystallography, micrography, and image processing were used to characterize the coating and calculate the percentage of HAp layer and cracks. The crystallographic data shows the HAp peaks, which conclude that the green mussel shells HAp successfully coat the substrate and can be used to coat the AISI 316L implant material. However, the appearance of the substrate crystal peaks and color difference on high withdrawal speed specimens conclude that the coating layer has cracks. In conclusion, the emergence of cracks can be minimized using 1mm/s post-deposition withdrawal speed and eventually produce high-quality HAp coating.

Comparative analysis of communication strategies in promoting csr programs: Pertamina vs Petronas

This research contrasts the digital strategic communication approaches employed by Pertamina (Indonesia) and Petronas (Malaysia), two prominent Southeast Asian oil and gas corporations, in disseminating their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) projects. As environmental concerns and climate change intensify, these companies have advanced significantly in sustainable development. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is highly valued in modern society, particularly for oil and gas enterprises catering to regional energy demands. While Pertamina and Petronas fulfil national roles, they also confront global sustainability challenges. The methodology involves analysing the Instagram profiles of @pertamina and @petronas. The study employs qualitative content analysis to scrutinise visual rhetoric, engagement metrics, message framing, the frequency of CSR posts, and audience responses, including likes, comments, and shares. The results indicate distinct approaches by each company in utilising Instagram for their sustainability campaigns. Pertamina adopts straightforward communication techniques to elucidate its CSR initiatives, while Petronas employs storytelling to link business activities with societal issues. These insights could influence the digital communication strategies of other firms in CSR efforts. The study suggests that cultural relevance and societal significance can enhance stakeholder involvement on Instagram. It concludes that proficient digital strategic communications can mould public perceptions of a business's commitment to sustainability.

Engaging school children in sustainable lifestyle: Opportunities and challenges

IntroductionSustainable Development Goal 12.8 aims to capacitate people with relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature. This study documents unique opportunities and challenges associated with engaging school children in Sustainable lifestyle for health. ObjectiveTo identify opportunities and challenges in engaging school children in Sustainable Lifestyle. MethodsParticipatory action research was designed through “Sustainable lifestyle Campaign” for 134 students (11–14 years) of 8 schools in Kolar city, Karnataka, India. The project was divided into Induction, Interaction and Reinforcement phases. Induction phase included Inter-school competitions (on themes of climate change and health). In Interaction phase, participants individually named various impacts of climate change and the climate change risk they perceived. In groups of 6–8, they then Free Listed and Pile sorted Climate change actions. In Reinforcement phase, interactive games and symposium on Climate Change and Sustainable Lifestyle were organized for the participants. At the end of Reinforcement phase, participants repeated the free listing and pile sorting exercise. Free lists were analyzed for frequencies and Smith's Salience Index, and the pile sorts using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (non-metric MDS) using Anthropac ver 4.98. ResultsThe participants named “Cancer” (65%) and “Asthma” (50%) as health impacts of climate change while other impacts were largely unknown. Major themes, such as “Perceived risk”, “Eagerness to engage in climate action”, “Incompleteness of information” and “Lack of autonomy” were identified. Reinforcement phase improved frequency and Smith's salience (>0.8) of individual level climate change actions across groups. Non-metric MDS showed that rationale of pile sorting shifted from “Source-based” sorting to “Level of Action” based sorting after the Reinforcement. ConclusionsExisting knowledge of participants regarding sustainable lifestyle is theoretical with insufficient emphasis on health. Sustainable lifestyle awareness campaigns focusing children must have provisions for family and peer involvement to sustain the individual or family level actions.

The Primitivisation of Major Warfare

Despite optimistic technological visions, future warfare is likely to consume and destroy military equipment and personnel at rates for which the West is ill prepared. Medium and larger militaries in particular may be primitivised during and by future warfare: they may become more socially, organisationally and technologically primitive versions of themselves. This is a process with historical and contemporary precedents, as experienced by Germany’s Wehrmacht during the Second World War and the Russian army in Ukraine today. The tactical and operational realities of sustained military campaigning against a major adversary may well primitivise Western militaries too, a challenge for which better technology is at once a partial answer and a vulnerability. Primitivisation has implications not only for defence-industrial and personnel policies, but also force design and ultimately employment.

Product Sustainability and Consumer Environmental Awareness in Differentiated Markets

Sustainable management of natural stock resources can be promoted through state intervention. This study investigates optimal regulatory strategies to mitigate the negative environmental effects of human activities within a duopolistic, differentiated linear market à la Hotelling framework. The analysis is conducted from both a business and a social perspective, aiming to elucidate the role of regulatory interventions, awareness campaigns, and sustainable production characteristics in shaping firm behavior and market outcomes. Under the business perspective, a game-theoretical approach is employed, involving the regulator and two competing firms. The equilibrium in prices and production characteristics is derived, revealing how firms respond to sustainable characteristics and awareness campaigns. In the social perspective, where the regulator has complete control, optimal strategies are determined to maximize social welfare, resulting in reduced differentiation and enhanced sustainability. This study identifies the optimal level of awareness campaign and sustainable characteristic proposed by the regulator. The findings highlight the significance of coordinated regulatory policies and awareness campaigns to induce firms toward more sustainable practices, ultimately contributing to a more ecologically balanced market. The study offers insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking effective strategies to address environmental concerns in differentiated markets, thereby promoting sustainable economic growth and reducing ecological impacts.