Sushruta Samhita Research Articles

Concept of Vaikritapaham for the Management of Scar in Ayurveda – A Critical Review

A wound has six root causes, and eight primary locations, characterized by signs of five, prescribed with sixty therapeutic measures and management by four limbs of treatment. The aesthetic management of wounds and scars has been an extensive concept from ancient days to the current surgical practice. Ayurveda is elemental in boundless cosmetic measures for people spanning centuries, with the idea of vaikritapaham commending wound management in the branch of Shalya Tantra. This study aimed to explore the concept of vaikritapaham, managing scar and granulation issues in Ayurveda. The method followed for this review was a thorough analysis of brihatrayees and their commentaries and reference from various research articles on scar management in Ayurveda. It was found that in Sushruta Samhita, the concept of vaikritapaham as the anti-scar measure is mentioned in sapta upakrama of vrana-sopha and various concepts like Utsadana and avasadana for stimulating and depressing granulation, mrdukarma and darunakarma for hardening and softening the woundksarakarma for improper granulation, krsnakarma, pandukarma and pratisarana for discolouration of the skin, romasanjanana and lomapaharana for repilatory and depilatory measures respectively have been mentioned in shasti upakrama of Vrana. Charaka and Vagbatta have described lepas for discolouration issues in managing Vrana. The research thoroughly reviewed the concept of vaikritapaham, scar management and measures for granulation issues in Ayurveda.

A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW ARTICLE ON TWAK W.S.R. SKIN

In Ayurveda the word Twak or Charma is used for skin. Twak is referred to as due to the fact its miles that which covers the frame. This also suggests the moves of skin within the shape of pulsatility and responsiveness. Twak is the Updhatu of Mamsa. at some point of the formation of Garbha, differentiation of the layers of the skin takes region and is produced by means of all of the 3 Dosha, particularly through the Pitta Dosha. Charaka described Twacha because the Matruja Bhava (maternal issue) that is one of the six Bhava crucial in the development of foetus. Twak is Upadhatuof Mans Dhatu which paperwork the outer protecting of the frame and protects frame from outside factors such as heat, bloodless and many others. its far an important organ of the integumentary machine envelops underlying tissues and organs. Ayurveda point out the Twak as Sparshanaindrya. The layers of the Twak has been cited through extraordinary Acharyas, but the know-how of the each layer isnt always so much clear with respect to the layer stated inside the modern technology. Acharya explained the thickness of the Twak layers in as compared with the Vreehi grain and each layer has distinct thickness. concerning the formation of Twak, it was correlated with simile of formation of casein over milk. there may be a want to understand the extraordinary layer of Twak and pores and skin, their structural, useful & developmental interpretation to correlate in among them. Aims & Objectives: To review Twak from various Ayurvedic Samhita.To study and correlate twaksthara with layers of skin. Materials and methods: The literary resources for the existing have a look at was amassed by means of ayurvedic samhitaslike Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, AstangSangrah,Bhavprakasha&Sharangdharaetc. it will likely be correlated with the contemporary available books, literature, journals, web sites, and studies paper as according to correlate the possible layer of skin and its formation with the layer of the Twak and its formation process on the basis of classical information. Conclusion-The classical description regarding the Pramana of each TwakSthara has lacuna of evidence so, it can be the issue for similarly have a look at and have to be matched with the modern-day descriptions. The layer of the Twak corresponds with the layer of skin within the purposeful and structural element.

MAGGOT THERAPY OR KRIMI UTPATTIKARA CHIKITSA: A REVIEW OF HISTORY AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Maggot therapy is a technique that involves the use of live maggots to treat chronic wounds. Krimi utpatti kara chikitsa means the creation of a swarm of flies over a wound to debride the unhealthy granulation tissue for healthy wound healing. This has to mention in the Indian surgical treatise Susruta Samhita in the management of kaphaja arbuda chikitsa. We summarize the history and technique of maggot therapy, as well as its uses for different indications and contraindications. The use of maggots for wound debridement, antibacterial activity, and promotion of wound healing are discussed, along with the mechanism of action and potential side effects. Finally, the potential of Maggot therapy to become a mainstream treatment option for chronic wounds is being discussed. Overall, this review highlights the promising benefits and the growing interest in maggot therapy as a viable alternative or adjunct to traditional wound care management.

CLASSICAL REFERENCES OF HINGU (ASAFOETIDA) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BRIHATRAYI: A REVIEW

Hingu (Asafoetida) is a commonly used traditional spice in Asian cuisine since ancient times. The botanical source of Hingu is Ferula asafoetida (Bunge) Regel: Apiaceae family, native to the mountains of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. The useful part of the drug is the oleoresin gum extracted from the stem and rhizome of the Asafoetida plant. This study was designed to compile the classical uses of Hingu in Brihatrayi. In this study, 72, 56 and 62 references for uses of Hingu were founded in Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita, respectively. According to these references, Hingu can apply in various dosage forms such as Kashaya, Curna, Vati, Gutika, Varti, Lepa, Leha, Taila, Ghrita, Anjana, Dhumapana and Dhupana. And also it is useful in a vast range of diseases belonging to various disciplines of Ayurveda, including Kaya Cikitsa, Kaumarabhritya, Shalya, Shalakya, Graha Cikitsa, Vajikarana, Visha Cikitsa, Striroga and Prasuti roga. It is mainly indicated in diseases of Annapacana (Gastrointestinal tract) and Shwasana (Respiratory tract) and also as a Rakshoghna dravya. Hence, it can be concluded that Hingu is a mostly prescribed herbal medicine in Brihatrayi. It is a more valuable herbal source in managing various diseases in human beings in all stages of their lifespan.

Water as Discussed by Charaka, the Father of Indian Medicine

Water, the unavoidable substance for each and every object of the nature, has been counted as sacred and respectable since time immemorial. Water is needed for making the soil fertile, growth of the plants, drinking for the animals and humans, external cleaning purposes of the human, animal etc., cleaning of the dress , utensil etc. of the human beings etc. If observed, it is seen that, water is used in huge quantity by the human itself. In each step a man needs water. Summarily to say, for a man it is almost impossible to live without water even for a hour. Hence it is occupying an important place in the literatures also. Many descriptions are available in the Indian literatures showing the importance of water. Water, along with its usefulness also may cause some sufferings to the human beings, animals etc. A good number of diseases are identified by the researchers that are transported by water when it becomes contaminated. Difference in the qualities of water according to different source is also an important point to be noted. Extensive study and research are already conducted and continuing in different levels to know more about the mysterious nature’s gift “water”. The present scientific society is aware about the latest knowledge on water. But astonishingly there are some interesting facts and concepts about water in the classics of ancient Indian health science, Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya etc. which should be apprised to the modern scientists and researchers. Hence, considering as the need of time, a study on the descriptions on water in one among the Ayurvedic classics, Charaka Samhita, which is considered to be the oldest is conducted.

Management of Amlapitta (Hyperacidity) with Patoladi kwath: A Case Study

Amlapitta (Hyperacidity) is one of the gastrointestinal disorders. It is closely related with food habits, behavioral pattern & life style. It is not described in basic compendium of Ayurveda like Charak samhita, Sushruta samhita & Ashtang hridaya. Its detail description is available in Madhavnidan, Kashyap samhita, Yogratnakar etc. Consumption of etiological factors leads to provocation of tridoshas & causes Agnimandya. Vitiated Agni unable to digest the food properly & leads to fermentation of food. In Amlapitta (Hyperacidity) pachak pitta is increases in its quantity & its normal bitter taste (katu) gets converted to sour (amla) taste due to fermentation of food. Tikta-Katu rasatmak drugs are mainly used for treatment as they have Aampachan & Agnideepan properties. Patoladi Kwath was used for shaman chikitsa in present case. A 42 years male patient having chief complaints of Udar-uro daha (burning sensation in abdomen & chest region), Amlodgar (Sour belching), Aruchi (Anorexia), Hrillas (feeling of Nausea), Chardi (episodes of vomiting occasionally), Udarshula (Abdonimal pain), Klama (Fatigue) & Bhrama (Vertigo) was treated with Patoladi Kwath for 15 days. Follow-up of patient was taken after each 7 days. This Kwath (Decoction) is an excellent combination of pittashamak dravyas, performs functions like Agnideepana, pachana & helps to improve digestion. After 15 days treatment, symptoms like Udar-uro daha, Amlodgar, Hrillas, Chardi, Udarshula & Bhrama got complete relief while in symptoms like Aruchi & klama relief was 80% & 75% respectively. Overall percentage of relief was found to be 90%.

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON VARIOUS SOURCES USED IN THE PREPARATION OF SARJIKA KSHARA

An important dosage form in Ayurveda is kshara kalpana. It is one among the anusastras or accessory instruments for treatment especially diseases which require chedana or excision, scraping or lekhana In Susruta samhita and other brhattrayees much details are given about collection of plants for kshara preparation, methods of preparation, properties of kshara . Moreover in Rasasastra classics also information is available regarding method of preparation, sources, indications, dose and types of various ksharas . Among the different types of kshara, here swarjika kshara which has synonyms sarjika kshara is taken into consideration regarding the difference in sources of origin in the classics . A detailed review regarding kshara, its preparation, information about sources of swarjika kshara was done by referring classical ayurvedic textbooks and many rasagranthas like Rasa Tarangini etc. Two main plant sources and one mineral source have been mentioned in Ayurveda classics. As no available standards are present regarding the source for market samples of sarjika kshara, a standardization is a needed to compare the two main plant sources Duralabha and Dhanvayaasa mentioned in ayurvedic classicals as sarjika kshara source.

RECENT ADVANCES IN MARMA THERAPY

Marmas are vital points that, when afflicted, will cause severe pain and debility. The 107 marmas mentioned in Ayurveda have been detailed as a separate chapter in both Ashtanga Hrudaya1 and Susruta Samhita. 2 Acharya Charaka has abridged them to three. 3 In the current scenario, RSI and poor ergonomics are the main reasons that lead to the injury of marma. In this short communication the therapies carried out at several marma sites in accordance with published literature are highlighted.

Review on Medicinal Importance of Butea monosperma Lam. (Taub)

Butea monosperma is a renowned therapeutic plant, a medium size deciduous tree broadly dispersed in India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, China South-Central, Nepal, Laos, Sri Lanka, China Southeast, Pakistan, and Vietnam. Butea monosperma is being used in customary medication preparation from the pre historic period. It is acknowledged as the forest’s flame and is often branded as Dhak or Palash. It is described in Upanishads, Susruta Samhita, Vedas, Ashtanga Sangraha, Astanga Hridaya, and Charka Samhita. It belongs to the family of Fabaceae, which has an extensive range of vigorous principles, and it has phytoconstituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, etc.This revisional analysis is focused on the pharmacological actions, mainly shown by seeds, flowers, fruits, barks,leaves, etc., like anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, anti-stress, anti-implantation, anti-convulsant, wound healing, giardiasis, anti-oxidant, anti-dopaminergic, anti-microbial, sunscreen, anti-diarrheal, free radical scavenging, anti-filarial, anti-fungal, nephroprotective, protease inhibitor, osteogenic, hemagglutinating, anti-ulcer, giardiasis, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility and anti-cancer activity. GC-MS analysis of Butea monospermashows the attendance of important compounds which is volatile and HPLC analysis for non-volatile, which supplies light to its medicinal properties. These therapeutic chattels may provide impending active principles with advanced usefulness and the leastafter-effects as equated to accessible artificial drugs.

Concept of Sira and Significance of Varna (colour) in understanding Type of Conduit, Content and Function

Sira Shareera is a chapter dealt under Shareera Sthana of Sushruta Samhita, that deals with description regarding vascular entity and its distribution and function in the body. In Sushruta Samhita specific colours are mentioned for different kinds of Sira based on conducting material. Aruna Varna for Vatavaha Sira, Neela Varna for Pittavaha Sira, Gourya Varna for Kaphavaha Sira and Rohini Varna for Raktavaha Sira. These colours of the Sira depends on the nature and colour of material conducting through these Sira. The word Sira is not confined only to one type of structural entity but is used for tubular vessels of the body such as nerve, vein, artery, lymph vessels etc. In such condition it is very difficult to understand the concept of Sira doubtlessly in terms of modern anatomy. Therefore, it requires critical literature review and analytical probe to understand the concept of Sira.

Conceptual Study of Vedini Twacha Sharir with special reference to Visarpa Vyadhi (Herpes Zoster)

Ayurveda is holistic science and traditional system of Indian medicine. It belongs to maintain the balance of Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala for wellbeing of human. In medical science, anatomy has prime importance in order to diagnose and treat the disease. As Sharirsthana are explained in Ayurveda Samhitas to understand the development of internal and external body parts. Twacha (skin) is the important part of our body which is one among the five Dnyanendriyas (sensory organ). Twacha (skin) is one of the biggest and outermost protecting organs of the body. Sapta Twacha, it’s Utpatti, its thickness, and Sapta Twacha related disease has mentioned in Sushruta Samhita. Each layer has its own significance, as it is a site of respective disease. Out of seven layers Vedini Twacha belongs to fifth layer with associated disease Kushtha and Visarpa. Sign and symptoms of Visarpa are found to be kindred with Herpes Zoster in modern medicine. Current article embellished the Vedini Twacha is a locus for Visarpa Vyadhi (herpes Zoster).

Role of Panchakarma in Non- Communicable Diseases

The global burden of non-communicable diseases is increasing rapidly, and adopting a healthy lifestyle is an important strategy to combat it. Ayurveda can play an essential role in this regard, as the main aim of Ayurveda is to prevent diseases by following a healthy lifestyle. However, to implement such traditional knowledge (that is based on a healthy lifestyle). Principles of Ayurveda) in actual practice, a systematic process should be followed. Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine that applies holistic principles that primarily focus on personal health. Ayurveda originated in India and is one of the oldest healthcare traditions. Ayurveda is often known as the "science of life" because "Ayu" in Sanskrit means life, and "Veda" means science or knowledge. Vagbhatt's Ashtanga Haridyama, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita (400 BC - 200 AD) and Ashtanga Hrudayam contain detailed descriptions of over 700 herbs and 6,000 sutras. This systematic process must involve serious research (i.e., development and evaluation). Ayurvedic-based lifestyle interventions) and behavioural change. This article explains the importance of Panchakarma therapies or procedures mentioned in Ayurvedic classical textbooks and their implementations to counter Non- Communicable Diseases. As a result, there is a greater goal to accomplish. Traditional knowledge of Ayurveda is found in actual practice that is useful for society. The aim is to explore and seek solutions or treatment options available in Ayurvedic classical texts for Non-Communicable diseases. The source for this study is collected from classical Ayurvedic books and commentaries, modern medical science textbooks and different articles from Pubmed, DHARA, GoogleScholar etc. Exploration of various Panchakarma procedures or therapies described in Ayurvedic classical texts helps us better understand pathologies of Non- Communicable diseases from their root causes and allow us to understand how potent Panchakarma therapies have a healthy influence to counter Non- Communicable diseases.

Evidence Based Study of Surasadi Gana on Respiratory Disorders: A Review

Introduction: Collection of medicinal herbs having similar effect are collectively known as Gana (group) in Samhita and Vargas (category) in Nighantu. Surasadi Gana is included in 37 of such groups mentioned in Sushruta Samhita, with 21 Herbs completing the group. This article is made in a view to review the importance and utility of few herbs included in Surasadi Gana indicated for the management of respiratory disorders.
 Material and Methods: The literature regarding the drugs mentioned in the group, collected from different Ayurveda classics. Research papers are compiled from published sources and discussed in light of therapeutic effects.
 Observation and Result: Maximum of the herbs in this group are having properties as Katu rasa (pungent) and Ushna veerya (hot potency). Such herbs are predominantly advised in Kapha (phlegm humour) dominant diseases, viz. Kasa (cough), Shwasa (asthma), Pratishyaya (common cold), Kushtha (skin disorders), Krimi (worm infestation) and Vrana (wound).
 Conclusion: The herbs, despite having several Ayurvedic indications, the respiratory tract is the focus of the specific activity.

PUNARNAVA BIDALAKA IN MANAGEMENT OF BLEPHARITIS: A CASE STUDY

Acharya Sushruta has explained 21 vartmaroga (eyelid disorders) in Sushruta Samhita. Blepharitis is an eyelid disorder defined as inflammation of lid margins and is common worldwide. It accounts for 45% of all ophthalmic diseases. Blepharitis has two major types anterior and posterior Blepharitis. Seborrheic Blepharitis is a subtype of anterior Blepharitis. In modern sciences, various antibiotic and steroidal ointments are provided as treatment for Blepharitis, which has its limitations and side effects. Bidalaka is a kriyakalpa (Ayurvedic therapy) advised for treating eyelid disorders due to its direct action and longer contact time with targeted tissues. Punarnava is preferred as a drug of choice for bidalaka in treating inflammation, itching, scaling and redness in Blepharitis with its anti-inflammatory, anti-edematic, anti-tumour, anti-allergic, and anti-bacterial properties. A 27-year-old female patient was diagnosed with Seborrheic blepharitis and is treated with Punarnava bidalaka, where the results prove to be significantly influential based on its clinical assessment.

A REVIEW OF ADHIPATI MARMA

Background: The Adhipati Marma is Sandhi Marma and Sadyapranahara in nature; measurement is about half angula. There is a controversy about sandhi in the context of Adhipati Marma. The Sushruta School thought it was Asthi Sandhi, but the recent commentator of Sushruta Samhita, like Acharaya Dalhana and Ghanekar, considered it a Sira Sandhi. Aims and objective: To analyze the structural entity of Adhipati Marma. Material and methods: Classical textbooks of Ayurveda and contemporary science, journals, publications, articles, e-journals etc., related to Adhipati Marma. Discussion: The Adhipati Marma is situated in Shira Pradesha, which is Sandhi Marma. The posterior fontanelle or lambda is an anatomical landmark in the skull, which may be delayed in the closure and can cause hydrocephalus or congenital hypothyroidism. The Torcular Herophili, or confluence of sinuses, is a highly variable structure which constitutes a network of dural venous sinuses. Injury to Torcular Herophili or confluence of sinuses is infrequent, but sepsis, thrombosis and embolism may occur, which can be fatal. Conclusion: Due to controversies of Adhipati Marma, From Sushruta's point of view, Adhipati Marma can be compared as lambda or posterior fontanelle. At the same time, Acharya Dalhan and Ghanekar's point of view may be considered lambda or Torcular Herophili or confluence of sinuses.

Early Pregnancy Subject in An Ancient Indian Source: Sushruta Samhita

Amaç: Antik Hint tıbbının en önemli kitaplarından birisi olan Sushruta Samhita, döneminin en ünlü cerrah hekimi olan Sushruta tarafından yazılmıştır. MÖ 5. yüzyıldan önce yazıldığı kabul edilen Sushruta Samhita'da yer alan "erken gebelik" dönemine ait bilgilerin antik Yunan-Roma tıbbının önemli eserleri ile karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Sushruta Samhita, Purva-tantra ve Uttara-tantra olmak üzere iki bölüm olup Purva-tantra ise Sutrasthana, Nidana, Sarirasthanam, Chikitasathanam ve Kalpasthanam olmak üzere beş kitaptan oluşmuştur. Sushruta Samhita'nın İngilizce çevirisi ilk olarak 1907'de yapılmış olup 1911 tarihli İngilizce baskısı bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Sushruta Samhita’nın içinde bulunan kitaplardan biri olan Śárira Sthánam’ın III. bölümünde anlatılan "erken gebelik” konusu ele alınmış ve mevcut bilgiler Antik Yunan-Roma tıbbının önemli eserleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma 1 Şubat 2022 ile 1 Ağustos 2022 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Sushruta Samhita sade, öz ve anlaşılır bir dil ile yazılmıştır. İnceleme konusu olan metin üzerinde dinin yoğun etkisi olmayıp kitapta yer alan bilginin temelinde gözlem ve muhakemenin de önemli rol oynadığını düşündürmektedir. "Gebe kalmak için uygun dönem" gibi gözleme dayanan konularda Sushruta Samhita'da yer alan bilgilerin günümüz tıbbı ile daha uyumlu olduğu söylenebilir. Buna karşılık "fetüsün gelişimi" gibi gözlemin yanı sıra hayvan diseksiyonu gibi daha ileri incelemeye dayanması muhtemel bilgilerin antik Yunan-Roma tıbbında daha ileri düzeyde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Antik Yunan-Roma tıbbının aksine Sushruta Samhita'da en azından araştırmaya konu olan bölüm dikkate alındığında kadına karşı cinsiyetçi bir yaklaşımın bulunmadığı gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Günümüzde mevcut tıp ekolünün antik Yunan tıbbına dayandığı görüşü yaygın olmakla birlikte antik Hint tıbbında, en azından ele alınan konuda, gözlem ve muhakemeye dayanan ileri bir tıp pratiğinin olduğu görülmektedir. O nedenle, günümüz tıbbının temellerinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için antik Hint tıbbı gibi diğer önemli tıp ekollerinin de derinlemesine incelenerek tıp biliminin gelişimine yaptıkları katkıların ortaya konulması önem taşımaktadır.

Utility of Vrana Basti in the Management of Venous Ulcer. A Single Case Report

Varicose ulcer or Venous ulcer is open wounds in the skin that occurs with sustained venous hypertension and improper functioning of venous valve, usually in the lower limbs. It is one of the most serious chronic venous insufficiency complications, accounting for 80% of lower extremity ulcerations. Gangrene, cellulitis and risk of amputation are the complications if it is left untreated. Symptomatologies of venous ulcer indicate the correlation towards sirajanyadushtavrana, which is explained in Sushruta Samhita. A case of 26- Year- old male who presented with complaints of venous ulcer in medial aspect of lower 1/3rd of left leg associated with pain, swelling, and discoloration of the skin since 3 months has been taken for the current study. Vranabasti for 5 days was done Followed by cleaning and dressing with NS and jatyaditaila. oral medicines are Sahacharaadikashaya two times a day, tab Kaishoraguggulu three times a day, cap viscovas three times a day, khadiraaristha two times a day, sahacharaaditaila for local application twice a day. There was Significant improvements in the size of the wound and nature of tissues.

Commentators View on Medicinal Plants of Sushrutokta Salsaradi Gana Regarding their Controversial Botanical Identity: A Review

Sushruta Samhita is one of the foundational literature included in the Brihat traiye literatures of Ayurveda. Out of 37 different Ganas mentioned in Sutra Sthana of Sushruta Samhita, Dravya-sangrahaniya-adhyaya; Salsaradi-gana is one of them in which 23 medicinal plants have been described. Classically Salsaradi-gana is clinically indicated for Kushta (skin diseases), Prameha (diabetes mellitus), Pandu (anemia), and Kapha-medo-vishoshana (anti-hyperlipidaemic) disease. For this study, a review of the original commentary of Acharya Dalhana and Acharya haranchandra on Sushruta Samhita and the scientific research papers published on the medicinal plants listed in the Salsaradi-gana of Sushruta Samhita in indexed journals is done. Out of 23 medicinal plants mentioned 8 plants have controversial identification. The controversy in the identification of these medicinal plants is seen directly affecting the pharmacological action and clinical efficacy. Those 8 plants’ controversial identity is cleared with the establishment of a genuine plant for each of the plants through scientific and classical justification.

Anatomy of Janu Sandhi w.s.r. to Knee joint: An Ayurveda Overview

The knowledge of anatomy in Ayurveda has been poorly understood in today’s era. The lack of sufficient literatures regarding the subject has hindered its development. Despite the hurdles, still the concept of anatomy in Ayurveda is in depth and seeking for scientific exploration. The increasing incidence of joint diseases leading towards chronicity are best being treated through Ayurveda, but the concepts behind the results are not well understood due to lack of proper knowledge in anatomy. The description of various anatomical entities has been clearly mentioned in Samhitas in Ayurveda. Sushruta Samhita, the pioneer text of Ayurveda surgery, in its Shareer Sthana primarily has described about the human body anatomy. Apart from this, Charaka Samhita, the text of medicine has also lightened regarding the anatomy. In this article, the anatomical concepts of Janu Sandhi (knee joint) are extracted from Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita in order to organize the knowledge systematically. The concepts are correlated with the view of contemporary medical science and illustrated in best possible way.

An Observational Study of Vataja Hridroga in Correlation with Electrocardiographic Changes

Diagnosing a disease is far important before initiating the treatment. Different important and involuntary functions are regulated by different Dosha, Dhatu and Oja, which are situated in the heart. Hridroga is disease of Marma and is life threatening. However emphasis is given to explore the possibility of inclusion of electrocardiogram a bedside investigating tool as a support to existing Pramanas and Rugna pariksha. In accordance with the World Health Organization, India accounts for one-fifth of these deaths worldwide especially in younger population. So the study aimed at comprehension of electrocardiographic changes in patients suffering from Vataja Hridroga as mentioned in Charak samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanghridaya and their specific correlation. 100 patients were included in the study and their symptomatology with electrocardiographic changes was observed. Vata Pradhan Kapha-Pitta Anubandha observed in in 38% patients, Vata Pradhan Kapha Anubandha observed in 34% patients, Keval Vata Pradhanata observed in 23% patients, Vata Pradhan Pitta Anubandha observed in 5% patients. This Kapha-Pitta Anubandha indicates its contribution in Srotorodha Pradhan and Avaranatmak Samprapti. Dosha vitiation and Anubandha causes various pathological changes in Hridaya like Shotha, Paka, Srotorodh thereby leads to specific changes in electrocardiogram. Significant correlation between two were observed.