Oil Suspension Research Articles

Deep Learning-Enabled Label-Free On-Chip Detection and Selective Extraction of Cell Aggregate-Laden Hydrogel Microcapsules.

Microfluidic encapsulation of cells/tissues in hydrogel microcapsules has attracted tremendous attention in the burgeoning field of cell-based medicine. However, when encapsulating rare cells and tissues (e.g., pancreatic islets and ovarian follicles), the majority of the resultant hydrogel microcapsules are empty and should be excluded from the sample. Furthermore, the cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules are usually suspended in an oil phase after microfluidic generation, while the microencapsulated cells require an aqueous phase for further culture/transplantation and long-term suspension in oil may compromise the cells/tissues. Thus, real-time on-chip selective extraction of cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules from oil into aqueous phase is crucial to the further use of the microencapsulated cells/tissues. Contemporary extraction methods either require labeling of cells for their identification along with an expensive detection system or have a low extraction purity (<≈30%). Here, a deep learning-enabled approach for label-free detection and selective extraction of cell-laden microcapsules with high efficiency of detection (≈100%) and extraction (≈97%), high purity of extraction (≈90%), and high cell viability (>95%) is reported. The utilization of deep learning to dynamically analyze images in real time for label-free detection and on-chip selective extraction of cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules is unique and may be valuable to advance the emerging cell-based medicine.

Electrorheology and shear dependent reversible gelation of elongated α-FeOOH suspensions

We study the effect of applying an external electric field (E) on the rheology and microstructure of α-FeOOH, length (L) = 488 ± 20 nm and an aspect ratio of (5 ± 0.8) – in – silicone oil suspensions (α-FeOOH/silicone oil). The α-FeOOH/silicone oil suspensions show Newtonian response up to α-FeOOH particle volume fraction of 0.039 when no E is applied. The suspensions exhibit τy ~ E2 and E1.5 scaling in the low and high E regimes respectively and the normalized τy versus E data of the suspensions collapses onto single master curve, irrespective of the particle loading and applied E. The solid-like behavior of the suspensions is also evident from the frequency-independent storage modulus, and the plateau in relaxation modulus with applied E. The optical microscopy reveals the E driven irreversible network formation of α-FeOOH particles, which does not relax to a uniform dispersion of α-FeOOH particles when the E is switched off. The suspensions demonstrate a reversible ER response once they are sheared at constant shear rate of 10 s−1.

Flow behavior of concentrated tricalcium phosphate suspensions in oil through injection for softgel encapsulation

Softgel encapsulation is an important manufacturing process used to produce convenient oral dosage forms of pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. An important step in this process involves the injection of a fill material into a gelatin lined mold, and poor flow of the fill material during the injection may lead to undesired defects. We investigated the effect of fill composition on the injection behavior of an oil-based tricalcium phosphate (TCP) suspension containing lecithin by rheological measurements, capillary breakup extensional rheometry (CaBER), and high-speed flow visualization experiments. Shear rheology for TCP suspensions in soybean oil at concentrations of 27.8 wt% and 55.6 wt% showed shear thinning behaviors both with and without the addition of lecithin. Adding up to 0.5 wt% lecithin led to decreases in shear viscosity, while additions up to 1 wt% caused a slight increase. Results from CaBER and breakoff studies indicated that the length at which flow breakoff occurs was closely related to the Ohnesorge number, a dimensionless parameter representing the relative importance of viscous to surface-tension forces during breakoff, with higher values correlated to longer breakoff lengths. An optimal lecithin concentration exists for minimized TCP suspension viscosity which shortens flow breakoff times and improves softgel capsule seaming quality.

Study on oil and suspension solid removal from oil field wasted water by sedimentation

In order to remove oil and suspended solid in oilfield wastewater, Takacs model was improved and applied to the simulation of oil floating, the parameters of oil coagulation velocity were added. By this model, the accurate oil floating model and sludge sedimentation model were established. On the basis of this model, the experimental verification was carried out by the sample from the wasted water station. By the response surface method, the influence of flow rate, treatment fluid concentration and settling time and their interaction on oil removal rate and suspension removal rate were studied, and the important influence of time factor was determined. According to the pollution degree of oil field wasted water, based on the theory and experimental method of this paper, the treatment capacity and settling time of oil field wasted water could be optimized, which provides theoretical guidance for the improvement of settlement device and the industrial application in the oilfield.

Reactivity of astrocytes in hippocampal CA1 area in rats after administration of habanero peppers.

Astrocytes react to microenvironmental changes. Their reactivity is manifested by an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100b protein levels, hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The aim of the study was to analyse immunoreactive GFAP (GFAP-IR) and S100b (S100b-IR) astrocytes of hippocampal CA1 area in adult rats intragastrically (i.g.) treated with habanero peppers. Brains from 10 control rats (group C) and 10 rats receiving oil suspension of habanero fruits for 7 days (group I-7) or 28 days (group II-28) were used. Antibodies against GFAP and S100b were used for immunohistochemistry. Morphology and distribution of astrocytes was evaluated under light microscope and their density was quantitatively analysed. In the CA1 hippocampal area of group II-28 rats, GFAP-IR cells with numerous, branched processes were observed. S100b-IR astrocytes had delicate, single processes in comparison with cells without processes observed in groups I-7 and C. In groups I-7 and II-28, GFAP-IR astrocytes' density significantly increased in SR - stratum radiatum of hippocampal CA1 area. In group I-7, a density of cells with the expression of S100b was significantly increased in SO - stratum oriens layer. In group II-28, the density of S100b-IR astrocytes was decreased. Habanero peppers administrated to rats, especially for a longer time, caused reactive changes in the astrocytes in hippocampal CA1 area, and thus these glial cells may protect neurons against excitotoxic damage.

Behaviour and morphology pattern analysis of Indian major carps fingerlings exposed to commercial diesel oil suspension

ABSTRACT Increased demand for commercial petroleum derivatives, including diesel has increased the possibility of numerous spills and leakages into the aquatic environment worldwide that can directly or indirectly pollute waterbody disrupting the health status of fish species and other aquatic organisms. This study was conducted to understand the effects of commercial diesel oil on freshwater species of rui (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) fingerlings. The fingerlings were exposed to four different concentrations (0; 0.25; 0.50 and 0.75 ppm) of diesel oil, each containing three replications for 96 h. After 96 h lethal concentration (LC50) for rui, 0.35 ppm; catla, 0.30 ppm; and mrigal fingerlings 0.3625 ppm, were calculated through probit analysis. Maximum mortality occurred at the highest concentration of diesel oil, and treated fingerlings showed behavioural and external morphologic alterations. Dissolved oxygen decreased with the increasing of oil concentrations, and water quality was poor among all the treatments. This study demonstrated that commercial diesel oil directly affects the survivability, behaviour, and external morphology of rui, catla, and mrigal fingerlings. It is expected that the present results will be beneficial to make awareness of the fretful effects of commercial diesel oil and other oils uses in the environment.

Encapsulation of an Anionic Surfactant into Hollow Spherical Nanosized Capsules: Size Control, Slow Release, and Potential Use for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications and Environmental Remediation.

A new platform that allows encapsulation of anionic surfactants into nanosized capsules and subsequent release upon deployment is described. The system is based on DOWFAX surfactant molecules incorporated into sub-100 nm hollow silica nanoparticles composed of a mesoporous shell. The particles released 40 wt % of the encapsulated surfactant at 70 °C compared to 24 wt % at 25 °C after 21 and 18 days, respectively. The use of the particles for subsurface applications is assessed by studying the effectiveness of the particles to alter the wettability of hydrophobic surfaces and reduction of the interfacial tension. The release of the surfactant molecules in the suspension reduces the contact angle of a substrate from 105 to 25° over 55 min. A sustained release profile is demonstrated by a continuous reduction of the interfacial tension of an oil suspension, where the interfacial tension is reduced from 62 to 2 mN m–1 over a period of 3 days.

Capillary bridge formation at room temperature in binary liquids with small miscibility

Capillary suspensions, solid-liquid-liquid systems, are conventionally formulated by dispersing the particles in the bulk phase and then adding a small amount of secondary liquid (<5 vol%), leading to increased yield stress. Previous work has shown that partially miscible liquids form capillary bridges between particles upon temperature induced phase separation. In this work, we show that capillary suspensions can be formed by mixing particles with partially saturated 1-alkanol (6–8 carbon atoms)/water solutions, without the need for a temperature induced phase separation. Moreover, we show this effect works with different particle sizes and geometries. In addition, we illustrate that a pure suspension formed with 1-alkanols can create capillary suspensions when stored in humid conditions. This paper also demonstrates how partially miscible oil suspensions form capillary bridges even during the drying process when exposed to high humidity. This can lead to a significant decrease in drying stresses but also a change in structure.

Улучшение акустических характеристик пневмомеханизмов машин контактной сварки

Welding production forms the basis of assembly production in many branches of industry. Welding equipment is the most numerous in the environment of assembly of transport engineering units. This equipment is used both at the initial stage of assembly operations and at the final stage. The most common machines are single-point and multi-point welding with pneumatic drive. Traditional disadvantage of welding machines using pneumatic drives is the presence of intense acoustic flows at the outlet of the energy carrier, the operating sound level of which significantly exceeds the established sanitary norms and worsens personnel working conditions. Among the sources of aerodynamic flows in contact welding machines, the most relevant noise is during technological release of energy from the pneumatic mechanisms of the welding machines control systems, including the existing fleet of contact welding machines. Standard noise mufflers in the contact welding machines, the acoustic elements of which are made in the form of porous metal bushings or pots, are working efficiently for a short period of time up to 200 hours, both domestic and foreign companies Festo, Camozzi, Pneumax. The reason is that when pulsed, technological release of compressed air containing oil particles, in the presence of external dust sources, the channels of porous sound-absorbing elements are clogged with a suspension of oil with the above specified particles and condensate. This leads to an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the muffler path, an increase in the back pressure in the silencing chamber, and, as a result, to the destruction of the acoustic element, which requires frequent replacement of the muffler. The results are presented concerning the development of new chamber mufflers for contact welding machines, which efficiently reduce noise, operate without maintenance for more than fifteen years without requiring replacement. They are recommended for various branches of industries operating pneumatic systems for various purposes.

One-pot room-temperature synthesis of covalent organic framework-coated superhydrophobic sponges for highly efficient oil-water separation

Frequent oil-spill accidents not only cause serious and long-term damage to marine ecosystems, but also lead to a huge loss of valuable natural resources. To lighten the environmental pollution of oil spills as quickly as possible, an efficient and environment-friendly approach for oil-water separation is highly desirable. Herein, a facile one-pot room-temperature approach was developed for large-scale fabrication of covalent organic framework-coated superhydrophobic sponges (sponges@COFs). The as-prepared sponges@COFs possessed many superior properties, including superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle of approximately 154.3°, large specific surface area (153.059 m2/g), high porosity of the network structures, as well as good mechanical and chemical stability. Taking the aformentioned advantages together, the superhydrophobic sponges showed ultra-high adsorption capacity for oil and various organic solvents. In comparision with its own weight, the adsorption amount of the sponges@COFs for silicone oil was up to 150 times and for toluene was 125 times, respectively. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic sponges also showed fast and highly efficient oil-water separation, outstanding flame retardancy and recyclability. In addition, the sponges@COFs were successfully applied to the high-efficiency removal of oil suspension from industrial waste water, firmly confirming their application prospect in industrial wastewater treatment.

Development of Progesterone Oily Suspension Using Moringa Oil and Neusilin US2

The objective of the present study was to screen oils and suspending agents for the formulation of novel progesterone (PGT) suspension, demonstrating improved solubility, drug release, stability, and non-allergenicity. Presumably, formulated novel PGT suspensions could supersede clinically available peanut oil and lecithin based formulations (PL). The PGT suspensions were formulated by the trituration method using a vehicle (Moringa oil/peanut oil/sesame oil/sunflower oil) and a suspending agent (Neusilin US2/Fujicalin/Lecithin/Syloid 244) separately. A total of 16 PGT suspensions were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, sedimentation, thixotropy, stability, in vitro dissolution, and allergenicity. Indeed, in silico studies were performed to elucidate interactions between principal components of the suspension, using software V. life MDS 4. 6. Findings revealed the highest PGT solubility and high viscosity in Moringa oil-based formulations. Suspensions comprising Moringa oil and Neusilin US2 (MN) exhibited the lowest suspensiod size (48.7 nm), least sedimentation rate, highest zeta potential (− 39.8), and dilatent flow behavior. The in vitro percent cumulative PGT dissolved was significantly high (94.82 ± 2.56%) from MN vis PL (52.68 ± 2.62%), at p < 0.05. In silico studies revealed strong hydrophobic and Van der Waals interactions between PGT, Moringa oil, and Neusilin US2, compared with others. Allergenicity study confirmed the superiority of Moringa oil over peanut oil (p < 0.01). Moringa oil-based PGT formulations containing Neusilin US2 could be a better alternative to clinically available peanut oil and lecithin-based suspensions. Additionally, in silico interaction tools can be effectively employed for the prediction of stability and performance of suspensions.

Thermal destruction of &lt;i&gt;d&lt;/i&gt; -mannose condensation products using &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; -aminoacetanilide in solvent-free systems

Thermal destruction of D-mannose condensation products using p-aminoacetanilide in solvent-free systems, such as paraffinic oil and a KBr-matrix, was studied by the methods of electronic and vibrational spectroscopy. The thermal destruction of mannosylamine in a KBr matrix is accompanied by intense coloration. At the same time, the bands in the IR spectra characterizing the functionalization of aminoacetanilide retain their position and intensity, which indicates the absence of transformation of the amine fragment. The appearance of the 1645, 1680, 1690 cm -1 bands of enone O=C-C=C- fragments is noted, along with the 1750 and 1780 cm -1 bands attributed to the stretching C=O vibrations of esters and lactones likely formed as a result of transformation of the primary mannosylamine degradation products. The thermal destruction of a mannosylamine suspension in paraffinic oil shows a lower transformation of the mannosyla-mine structure in comparison with experimental processes in a KBr matrix. The spectra depict the bands of С = O vibrations in different structural environments, as well as the signal shift of 1280 cm -1 into the low- frequency region characterizing the elimination of arylamine. The reflection spectra of the alcohol solutions of destruction products demonstrate the presence of only the 1750 cm -1 band; the 1780 cm -1 band does not appear probably due to the instability of lactones in solutions, which causes their recyclization. An analysis of vibrational spectra showed the absence of bands characteristic of melanoidin N-heterocycles due to the predominant formation of acyclic conjugated systems and carboxylic acid derivatives in the studied solvent-free systems. In the electronic spectra of the alcohol solutions of destruction products in both systems, maxima of about 260 nm were recorded. These maxima correspond to the absorption of oxyenone chromophores and the continuous absorption region in the visible part of the spectrum, caused by the formation of extended chromophores, i.e. condensation products of the intermediates of mannosylamine decomposition. The obtained results can be useful both when selecting conditions for the Maillard reaction with a given functionalization and when developing methods for the synthesis of antioxidant agents for protecting polymers and oils.

Pneumonia lipóide exógena em lactente

OBJECTIVES: To report a case of an exclusive breastfeeding infant who developed pneumonia after bronchoaspiration of mineral oil for the treatment of intestinal pseudoconstipation. CASE REPORT: LGZ, male, 5 months old, previously healthy, exclusive breastfeeding, with maternal report of absence of evacuation for six days. She sought medical attention at the basic health unit (UBS), where mineral oil was prescribed and later, discharged home. She reported that when administering mineral oil the patient had a choking crisis followed by cough and vomiting. After four hours of the event he was brought to the emergency room due to grunting. He checked in presenting regular to poor general condition, tearful, tachypneic, with nasal obstruction and grunting, saturation oxygen 90% in ambient air. Non-invasive supportive measures were taken, followed by infectious screening and chest radiography. We chose immediate initiation of parenteral antibiotic therapy for exogenous lipoid pneumonia. He was admitted to the nursery for 10 days, received corticosteroid therapy (methylprednisolone 2mg/kg/day) and antibiotic therapy with amikacin (15mg/kg/day) and clindamycin (30mg/kg/dose) for secondary infection coverage. During hospitalization, the patient underwent chest computed tomography on the 3rd day and bronchoalveolar lavage was collected on the 9th day. He got better as expected and soon discharged after 10 days of hospitalization, in good general condition, eupneic, remaining in outpatient follow-up, without apparent sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Lipoid pneumonia is a potentially fatal condition, caused by alveolar filling with oil. The main treatment is the immediate suspension of mineral oil.

Different Doses of β-Cryptoxanthin May Secure the Retina from Photooxidative Injury Resulted from Common LED Sources.

Retinal damage associated with loss of photoreceptors is a hallmark of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. Potent nutritional antioxidants were previously shown to abate the degenerative process in AMD. β-Cryptoxanthin (BCX) is an essential dietary carotenoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and provitamin A activity. It is a potential candidate for developing intervention strategies to delay the development/progression of AMD. In the current study, the effect of a novel, highly purified BCX oral formulation on the rat retinal damage model was evaluated. Rats were fed with BCX for four weeks at the doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight in the form of highly bioavailable oil suspension, followed by retinal damage by exposing to the bright light-emitting diode (LED) light (750 lux) for 48 hrs. Animals were sacrificed after 48 hours, and eyes and blood samples were collected and analyzed. BCX supplementations (2 and 4 mg/kg) showed improvements in the visual condition as demonstrated by histopathology of the retina and measured parameters such as total retinal thickness and outer nuclear layer thickness. BCX supplementation helped reduce the burden of oxidative stress as seen by decreased serum and retinal tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities in BCX groups. Further, BCX supplementation modulated inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB), apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3), growth proteins and factors (GAP43, VEGF), glial and neuronal proteins (GFAP, NCAM), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), along with the mitochondrial stress markers (ATF4, ATF6, Grp78, Grp94) in the rat retinal tissue. This study indicates that oral supplementation of BCX exerts a protective effect on light-induced retinal damage in the rats via reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, also protected against mitochondrial DNA damage and cellular death.

The surfactant effect on electrorheological performance and colloidal stability.

The impact of two nonionic surfactants, namely Span 20 and Span 85, on the electrorheological response and colloidal stability of urea-coated barium titanyl oxalate (BTRU)/silicone oil suspensions is investigated. We quantitatively analyze the surfactant effect on modified ER performance through the measurements of yield stress and current density, as well as the tuned suspension stability through calculation of the Turbiscan stability index (TSI) and naked-eye observations of sedimentation phenomena. The surfactant effect on particle-oil interactions and agglomeration effects is examined by measuring the permeability of silicone oil when mixed with the Span surfactant and the cluster size of particles in dispersing medium, respectively. Our results indicate that with the presence of a Span surfactant, the yield stress of the suspension exhibits a local maximum at certain Span concentrations. We hypothesize that below the optimal Span concentration, the ER properties are enhanced by the increase of the electrostatic interaction between particles. Above the limiting concentration, the ER activity is weakened by the formation of a double-layer surfactant structure that generates a steric hindrance effect. We discover that the addition of the Span surfactant favors the improvement of the particle agglomeration phenomenon, thereby promoting colloidal stability of the suspension. Consequently, in the consideration of both ER properties and suspension stability, an optimal ER fluid with the addition of 0.4 wt% Span 85 is acquired with remarkable integrated ER properties.

Viscosity of Slag Suspensions with a Polar Liquid Matrix

Under the operating temperatures employed in steelmaking, most slags and fluxes often contain solids, such as undissolved CaO and its reaction products; thus, they are more viscous than their fully liquid states. However, few studies have considered the dielectric interactions of solid particles with the liquid matrix in such systems. In the present study, the viscosity of suspensions of dispersed particles consisting of polyethylene beads in a matrix of silicone oil or aqueous glycerol at room temperature was measured. Then, empirical models for estimating the viscosity based on the Einstein–Roscoe equation were proposed. Furthermore, the viscosity of suspensions of CaO and MgO particles dispersed in a matrix of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO slag at 1773 K was measured, and the feasibility of the proposed viscosity equations was investigated. As expected, the viscosities of the suspensions of polyethylene beads dispersed in silicone oil and glycerol increased with an increasing bead volume fraction. Under comparable measurement conditions, the viscosities of the glycerol suspensions were higher than those of the silicone oil suspensions. The proposed viscosity models based on the Einstein–Roscoe equation and the capillary number reproduced the viscosity of the silicone oil suspensions but underestimated that of the glycerol suspensions. The trend of increasing viscosity of the molten slag suspensions with dispersed CaO and MgO particles was similar to that of the room-temperature suspensions, exhibiting Bingham non-Newtonian behavior. The viscosity model composed with the results from the glycerol aqueous suspensions underestimated the slag viscosity, which can be attributed to the repulsive forces in the high-polarity liquid matrix.

Experimental investigations on the performance of nanoboric acid suspensions in coconut oil during milling operation on Al 6061-T6 alloy

The manufacturing industry nowadays is facing various environmental regulations and is in the process of development of new techniques to minimize use of chemical-based lubricants during machining processes. The heat generated in the cutting zone during machining play critical role in determining the workpiece quality and tool life etc. These cutting fluids are widely employed to dissipate the heat generated during machining; but they also put severe ill effects on the environment and health of workers. Hence, it is important to explore environment friendly alternatives of the chemical based cutting fluids. Coconut oil has been used in machining industries as such cutting fluid because of its higher thermal and oxidative stability. The present work investigates the use of Nanoboric acid suspensions in Coconut oil during milling operation on Al6061-T6 alloy. Variation of cutting tool temperatures and surface roughness under different cutting speeds and fluid flow rates are investigated. The cutting temperature increases with increase in cutting speed and decrease in fluid flow rate. Surface roughness decreases with increase in cutting speed and fluid flow rate, respectively. It was also found that minimum cutting temperature and surface roughness are obtained in case of 0.5% weight of Nanoboric acid suspension in Coconut oil.

Dynamic viscosity of dispersion of silica dioxide nanoparticles

Dynamic viscosity of silica dioxide suspensions in oils was investigated by acoustical, rotary and capillary methods. An installation has also been created for measuring the viscosity of a liquid at low gradients of the flow velocity, when one can expect that the structure of the liquid change little during elementary acts of viscous flow. It is shown that at low flow rate gradients of the investigated suspensions, an increased value of viscosity is found (relative to the viscometric one), which indicates the structuring of these suspensions with the formation of a supramolecular structure. The observed phenomenon of increased viscosity can be of practical importance for all processes where slow flows prevail.

Foam stability using silica coated nanoparticle for enhanced oil recovery

A mixture of nanoparticles and water can be used in the nano-water alternating gas approach (NWAG) to enhance oil recovery from an oil field. Now, the wettability of rock, relative permeability curves, and the interfacial tension analyzed for improvement of the operation. With an approach application, nanoparticles became importance over the last decade but the activity of using nanoparticles is practically unknown. A major stumbling-block to the success of foam application in EOR is the adverse influence of oil on foam stability. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of various surfactant, nanoparticle concentration as well as hydrocarbons with well-defined properties on foam stability. Orderly, a comprehensive series of experiments at static state is conducted to investigate the foam stability of five different concentrations for surfactant and nanoparticle respectively in the absence and presence of mineral oil and synthetic brine suspension. The results suggested that there is a significant impact of the concentration of the surfactant and nanoparticle on foam stability. Besides, results suggested that less stable foam is shown in the presence of oil as compare to brine solution. The addition of half life method shows the promising result on the use of nanoparticles as foam stabilizer.

Rheological and Wettability Properties of Engine Oil with a Submicron Spherical Carbon Particle Lubricant Mixture

This study examined the physical and chemical properties of engine oil with a submicron-sized carbon particle lubricant mixture. Spherical carbon particles were added to engine oil to lower the friction and wear losses. In the current study, morphological and chemical analyses of these carbon particles were performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results clearly demonstrated that these spherical particles consist of a pure carbon element. In addition, the size distribution and dispersion stability of the carbon particles in the engine oil were investigated. The results revealed that the carbon particles have a diameter in the range of 200 to 700 nm, and they maintain their suspension in the engine oil for about 240 hours without using surfactants. Rheological studies were conducted to explore the effect of carbon particles on the rheological properties of the baseline oil at different temperatures and shear rates. The viscosity measurements, at temperature ranging from 5 to 60 °C, for the baseline oil and the oil-carbon particle lubricant mixture were almost identical (less than 4 % difference). Furthermore, a wettability analysis was performed to examine the effect of carbon particles on the wetting behavior of the baseline oil on a steel substrate.