Oil Suspension Research Articles

Acidic phosphonium-based ionic liquid encapsulated on titania particles with enhanced electrorheological response

Research on electrorheological (ER) fluids has led to significant advancements in the development of smart materials that adjust their viscosity in response to applied electric fields. This study focused on synthesizing titania ionogel-based particles (TiO2-IL) using an environmentally friendly sol-gel process involving tetrabutoxy-titanium (TBT) combined with an ionic liquid (IL), specifically 11-carboxyundecyl-triphenyl-phosphonium bromide. The successful incorporation of the IL into the TiO2 particles was confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis. The electrorheologial properties of TiO2-IL ionogel suspension in silicone oil were compared with those of pure TiO2 suspension. The addition of the ionic liquid (IL) significantly enhanced the electrorheological (ER) properties of the fluid, achieving a shear stress of approximately 1340 Pa at an electric field strength of 5 kV/mm. The fluid also exhibited excellent reversibility and a rapid response to changes in the electric field, which is attributed to the higher polarizability by the IL. Furthermore, the study observed low current density during operation, which helps maintain the fluid’s integrity and longevity under high electric fields. The fluids demonstrated stable ER effect across a temperature range of 40–70 ℃ and a reasonable sedimentation stability of around 80 %. These characteristics, combined with the moderate conditions for particle preparation, make the TiO2-IL fluid a promising candidate for ER applications.

Release behaviour of flavour filled yeast cells produced with the concentrated powder form technology

Cells of spent brewer's yeast represent a natural and sustainable material for the encapsulation of aroma compounds. Although the usability of yeast cells as microcapsules was proven decades ago, respective technologies are not established in the market. The conventional production method involves the suspension of yeast and aroma oil in water. Resulting mixtures have a poor processability, which likely contributes to the lack of industrial interest. Production of flavour filled cells without the suspension step is possible using the concentrated powder form technology. In the given work, this high-pressure spraying process was used to fabricate a dry powder of yeast cells containing 15 wt% limonene. The release behaviour in different model matrices was investigated to predict the applicability in food products. Immediate or prolonged release was observed depending on the media composition. Water was confirmed as the main release trigger. The fabricated yeast capsules can serve as a controlled release system.

Calcium chloride dihydrate as a promising system for seasonal heat storage in a suspension reactor

The shift to renewable energy sources increases the demand for energy storage to balance supply and demand. The call for heat storage solutions is particularly high with heat dominating residential energy needs. Simultaneously, significant industrial waste heat potential could be seasonally stored in reversible chemical reactions using thermochemical energy storage technologies. This study investigates the reversible dehydration of calcium chloride dihydrate which has been recognised as a suitable thermochemical material in prior studies. A new method is introduced by investigating the reaction in a lab-scale batch-type suspension reactor. In the reactor, a mechanical stirrer suspends the solid thermochemical material in an inert liquid, to prevent agglomeration of the particles. The investigation involves a parameter variation that includes different suspension media, different mass fractions of the solid reactant, as well as different system pressures during charging. The experimental investigation renders 40 wt% solid or lower as the most promising mass fraction to avoid agglomeration. Vegetable oils show promising results as suspension media. However, they lack thermal stability in the temperature range of up to 210 °C. Mineral oil can ensure thermal and cycle stability. Furthermore, a notable reduction in the dehydration reaction temperatures (176 to 109 °C) is observed when the system pressure is decreased down to 50 mbar. The study concludes that calcium chloride dihydrate has the potential to be used for 22 stable charging and discharging cycles in a mineral oil suspension and that lowering the system pressure can reduce the required charging temperature of the system. To further enhance the suspension method, it is essential to focus on mass transfer and foam mitigation during the dehydration reaction.

Maximization of entropy production during vibration in a suspension based on graphite and silicone oil.

The electrical conductivity of a suspension of graphite and silicone oil in the presence of a small electric potential difference and vibration (40÷50Hz) is considered. The concentration of the suspension was selected near the percolation threshold. It has been found that such a nonequilibrium system evolves to increase its dissipation power, and low-energy vibrations accelerate, and high-energy ones hinder this process. Since the dissipation power of the considered system is proportional to entropy production, the results obtained are consistent with the so-called maximum entropy production principle (MEPP). This is the first experimental confirmation of MEPP in the case of a nonequilibrium process with continuous transformations under conditions for the emergence of alternative variants for the development. The possibility of choice among alternatives in a complex system is a fundamental point in the experimental discussion of MEPP, and it was previously underestimated.

Dissipation and Dietary Risk Assessment of the Fungicide Pyraclostrobin in Apples Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

The fungicide pyraclostrobin is the main measure used to control apple alternaria blotch in production. To evaluate the potential dietary risks for consumers, the dissipation and terminal residues of pyraclostrobin were investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Pyraclostrobin in apples was extracted by acetonitrile with 2% ammonia and then purified using primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). The method showed good linearity within the concentration range of 0.005-0.1 mg L-1, with a coefficient of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9958. The recoveries ranged from 96.0% to 103.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.8% and 2.3%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg-1. Pyraclostrobin dispersible oil suspension was applied in 12 apple fields across China according to good agricultural practices (GAPs). In Beijing and Shandong, the dissipation of pyraclostrobin followed first-order kinetic equations, with a half-life of 11 days. The terminal residues ranged from <0.01 to 0.09 mg kg-1. The national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of pyraclostrobin was compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI), resulting in risk quotient (RQc) of 80.8%. These results suggest that pyraclostrobin poses a low health risk to consumers under GAP conditions and according to recommended dosages.

Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the effects of chronic benzene exposure on the central nervous system in mice

Benzene exposure is known to cause serious damage to the human hematopoietic system. However, recent studies have found that chronic benzene exposure may also cause neurological damage, but there were few studies in this issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of damage to the central nervous system (CNS) by chronic benzene exposure with a multi-omics analysis. We established a chronic benzene exposure model in C57BL/6J mice by gavage of benzene-corn oil suspension, identified the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in mice brain using 4D Label-free proteomic and RNA-seq transcriptomic. We observed that the benzene exposure mice had a significant loss of body weight, reduction in complete blood counts, abnormally high MRI signals in brain white matter, as well as extensive brain edema and neural demyelination. 162 DEPs were identified by the proteome, including 98 up-regulated and 64 down-regulated proteins. KEGG pathway analysis of DEPs showed that they were mainly involved in the neuro-related signaling pathways such as metabolic pathways, pathways of neurodegeneration, chemical carcinogenesis, Alzheimer disease, and autophagy. EPHX1, GSTM1, and LIMK1 were identified as important candidate DEGs/DEPs by integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. We further performed multiple validation of the above DEGs/DEPs using fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR), parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting to confirm the reliability of the multi-omics study. The functions of these DEGs/DEPs were further explored and analyzed, providing a theoretical basis for the mechanism of nerve damage caused by benzene exposure.

Influence of graphene nanoplatelets on the thermal conductivity of heat transfer oils based on the developed hotwire method

The thermal conductivity measurements of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) loaded mineral oil suspensions are obtained using an unconventional custom-made Transient Hot-Wire setup using tungsten. The presence of a few layers of graphene in the prepared GNP using a single-step ultrasonication of graphite microparticles without the use of a surfactant is verified by AFM, TEM, Raman Spectroscopy, XRD, and XPS techniques. We measured the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity ( Cp ) of GNP-loaded mineral oil suspensions. The experimental result shows a maximum of 45.5% increment in the thermal conductivity of the mineral oil with 1 mg ml−1 (11.481 ×10−4 weight fraction) loading of GNP at 30 °C. Despite thermal conductivity enhancements, the results indicate that the Cp is not compromised, since a low concentration of nanoplatelets was used. The experimental results agree with the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium approach (MGEMA) model for the thermal conductivity of nanofluids which we found to be suitable for lower loading of nanoparticles. We propose GNP incorporated mineral oil suspensions are effective when it comes to heat transfer fluids even with the lower volume and mass fractions.

Separation of free fatty acids and neutral lipids from an aqueous suspension of crude microalgae oil with ethyl acetate

The aim of this study was to determine the liquid-liquid equilibrium data for a ternary system of water, ethyl acetate and oil from the microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. The potential of the ternary system was also investigated for the selective extraction of free fatty acids and neutral lipids from crude microalgae oil. The equilibrium data were obtained using a model oil formulated from a mixture of refined vegetable oils, with a fatty acid profile analogous to the dark and opaque algae oil. The experimental equilibrium curves and tie lines were provided as a function of temperature for a free fatty acid content of 2%, 20% and 40% (w/w). The free fatty acids in the model oil migrated preferentially to the ethyl acetate-rich phase in each of the systems under study, with extraction efficiencies ranging from 79.4% to 97.1%. However, the extraction efficiencies for the neutral lipids were lower (51.5–70.1%), indicating the preferential extraction of free fatty acids. The distribution coefficients of neutral lipids (1.06–2.34) and free fatty acids (3.85–33.2) were determined in order to better understand the selectivity of the green solvent, ethyl acetate, in the purification of crude oil from algae. The selectivity values varied from 1.84 to 28.6, indicating that the solvent was effective in concentrating neutral lipids and free fatty acids in the ethyl acetate-rich phase. The increase in free fatty acid content therefore reduced the partition coefficient for neutral lipids, improving its selectivity, and making it possible to concentrate this lipid class by liquid-liquid separation with ethyl acetate.

Numerical Investigation of Short Bearing Lubricated with Copper Oxide Nanolubricants

Performance of short hydrodynamic journal bearing lubricated with Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle suspensions in base oil (nanolubricants) is investigated numerically. Dimensionless pressure, load carrying capacity and friction parameter are calculated by numerical solution of the modified Reynolds equation by means of finite difference method. The particular values of couple stress parameter for nanolubricants are evaluated and used for finding pressure distribution. Modified Krieger Dougherty equation is used to predict the viscosity of nanolubricant. Two short bearing configurations with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.5 are analyzed by evaluating the pressure profile, load carrying capacity and friction parameter. The comparative results between plain lubricants and nanolubricants are presented. The results reveal improved pressure and load carrying capacity accompanied by decrease in friction parameter of short bearing. The shorter bearing configuration with aspect ratio of 0.25 shows better results than the others.

Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in CNT-infused spiraling disk

This study investigates the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics influenced by the thermophysical properties of carbon nanotube suspension in engine oil over a stretching-spiraling disk. The surface comprises Homan stagnation point flow impinging normal to a rotating, radially stretching disk, which gives velocity a form of logarithmic spiral. Similarity ansatz transformed coupled nonlinear differential equation system is derived and solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c collocation method. Numerical and asymptotic solutions are also obtained against the controlled parameters via graphical representations and tabular data. Findings indicate that the magnetic field enhances temperature distribution while reducing the velocity field. At the same time, stretching increases radial velocity but decreases azimuthal velocity and temperature profiles, regardless of carbon nanotube type. The asymptotic values of skin friction decline with an increase in the spiralisng angle and in the absence of a magnetic field for both SWCNTs and MWCNTs cases.

Natural product nobiletin-loaded Pickering emulsion stabilized by bovine serum albumin/carboxymethyl inulin complexes: preparation and digestive characteristics.

To expand the application of nobiletin (NOB) in semi-solid functional foods, bovine serum albumin (BSA)/carboxymethyl inulin (CMI) complexes-stabilized Pickering emulsion (BCPE) (φoil = 60%, v/v) was fabricated, and the swallowing index and bioavailability of the NOB-loaded Pickering emulsion was evaluated. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) images revealed that BSA/CMI complexes attached to the oil-water interface. NOB-loaded BCPE exhibited a viscoelastic and shear-thinning behavior. Fork drip test results suggested that the textural value of unloaded and NOB-loaded emulsions was International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative Level 4, which could be swallowed directly without chewing. The in vitro lipolysis model suggested that NOB had a faster digestive profile and a higher bioaccessibility in the BCPE than in the oil suspension. The in vivo rat model revealed that the oral bioavailability of NOB was increased by 2.07 folds in BCPE compared to its bioavailability in unformulated oil. Moreover, BCPE led to a higher plasma concentration of the major demethylated metabolite of NOB (4'-demethylnobiletin) than the unformulated oil. Accordingly, BCPE enhanced the oral bioavailability of NOB by improving bioaccessibility, absorption, and biotransformation.

Modulation of the microRNA-6089/E2F transcription factor2 axis by querceting: implications for osteoblast viability, proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation in fracture healing.

Quercetin is widely distributed in plants as a flavonol compound with multiple biological activities. It has been found that quercetin can regulate bone homeostasis through multiple pathways and targets. This study investigated the role and specific molecular mechanisms of quercetin in regulating osteoblast viability, proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation. A mouse model of traumatic fracture was established and then 100 mg/kg quercetin corn oil suspension was gavaged at the same time every day for 28 days. miR-6089 and E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) expression levels in mice were measured. Fracture healing in mice was observed. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with plasmids targeting miR-6089 and E2F2, and cell viability, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and osteogenic differentiation were determined. The targeting relationship between miR-6089 and E2F2 was verified. In vivo experiments showed that quercetin significantly increased osteocalcin (OCN) expression (P<0.05) and promoted fracture healing in traumatic fracture (TF) mice. miR-6089 expression was down-regulated (P<0.05) and E2F2 expression was up-regulated (P<0.05) in TF mice. Quercetin promoted miR-6089 expression and inhibited E2F2 expression (both P<0.05). In vitro results showed that quercetin promoted miR-6089 expression and inhibited E2F2 expression in a dose-dependent manner (both P<0.05). Quercetin dose-dependently promoted MC3T3-E1 cell viability, proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation, and inhibited MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis (all P<0.05). Up-regulating miR-6089 further promoted MC3T3-E1 cell viability, proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation, and inhibited MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis (all P<0.05). miR-6089 targeted and regulated E2F2 expression. Up-regulating E2F2 attenuated the promoting effect of up-regulated miR-6089 on MC3T3-E1 cell viability, proliferation, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and inhibition of apoptosis (all P<0.05). We conclude that quercetin enhances osteoblast viability, proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation by modulating the miR-6089/E2F2 axis, thereby promoting fracture healing.

Study on the underlying molecular mechanism of benzene-induced nervous system damage in mice based on tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics.

Benzene is known to be a common toxic industrial chemical, and prolonged benzene exposure may cause nervous system damage. At present, there were few studies on benzene-induced neurological damage. This research aimed to identify the protein biomarkers to explore the mechanism of nervous system damage caused by benzene. We established a benzene poisoning model of C57 mice by gavage of benzene-peanut oil suspension and identified differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in brain tissue using tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics. The results showed a significant weight loss and decrease in leukocyte and neutrophil counts in benzene poisoning mice compared to the control group. We also observed local cerebral oedema and small vessel occlusion in the cerebral white matter of benzene poisoning mice. TMT proteomic results showed that a total 6,985 proteins were quantified, with a fold change (FC)>1.2 (or<1/1.2) and P value <0.05 were considered as DEPs. Compared with the control group, we identified 43 DEPs, comprising 14 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis results showed that the candidate proteins were mainly involved in cholesterol metabolism, complement and coagulation cascades, african trypanosomiasis, PPAR signaling pathway, and vitamin digestion and absorption. Three proteins, 2-hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase (UGT8), Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) and Complement C3 (C3) were validated using immunoblotting and immunohistochemical. In conclusion, our study preliminarily investigated the mechanism of benzene toxicity to the nervous system by analyzing DEPs changes in the brain.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF SINGLE INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF CEFTIOFUR CRYSTALLINE FREE ACID IN AMERICAN ALLIGATORS (ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS).

A pharmacokinetic study of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile oil suspension (CCFA) was performed in six apparently healthy juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). A single intramuscular dose of 30 mg/kg was administered in the triceps muscle. Blood samples were collected prior to treatment and at 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120, 144, 192, 288, and 366 h post administration. Plasma samples were analyzed for ceftiofur equivalent concentrations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Mean peak plasma concentration was 23.2 µg/ml (range, 16.0-27.9), median time to maximum concentration was 72 h (range, 72-120), mean area under the curve from 0 to 366 h postdose was 4.24 h · mg/ml (range, 3.54-4.97), and mean terminal half-life was 143 h (range, 90.8-220). Plasma concentrations were maintained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for this study of 2.0 µg/ml, which was established from similar CCFA pharmacokinetic studies in other reptilian species, through the end of the data collection of 366 h. Because of prolonged plasma concentrations, a dosing interval could not be established in this study. Future studies should include extended collection time points and multidose studies to determine dosing regimens.

Effects of Astaxanthin Preparation Form on the Efficiency of Egg Yolk Pigmentation in Laying Hens.

This study investigated the effects of the preparation form of astaxanthin on egg yolk pigmentation and egg quality in laying hens. The following four astaxanthin sources were prepared in this study: (1) dried cell powder of Paracoccus carotinifaciens (Panaferd-AX), (2) fine cell powder of P. carotinifaciens (Panaferd-P), (3) astaxanthin oil suspension, and (4) water-soluble astaxanthin powder. These astaxanthin preparations were added to the basal diet at a final concentration of 2 mg/kg and fed to White Leghorn laying hens for 14 days. Although the administration of these astaxanthin preparations did not largely affect egg quality (i.e., egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, and Haugh unit), feeding significantly improved astaxanthin concentration and yolk color fan score. When water-soluble astaxanthin powder was fed, the yolk astaxanthin concentration and color fan score were most improved, followed by Panaferd-P. These results indicated that astaxanthin pulverization and water solubilization significantly improved its bioavailability in laying hens. Furthermore, although diets rich in (all-E)-astaxanthin were fed to the hens, approximately 30% of astaxanthin was present as the Z-isomers in the egg yolk. These findings may contribute to improving not only the egg quality but the nutritional value of hen eggs.

Electrospraying of submicron alginate beads in Canola oil

In this study, we investigated the electrospraying phenomena of alginate solutions in an oil medium to produce submicron alginate beads. The alginate spray dope solution, dispersed with CaCO3 particles, were electrosprayed into acidified canola oil under continuous flow. The formation of the Ca2+ crosslinked alginate beads suspension in the oil was confirmed by confocal laser microscopy, with bead diameters ranging from 200 to 900 nm. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed that bead sizes were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) from 872 ± 37 to 472 ± 23.2 nm when the applied voltage increased from 5 to 15 kV at 1.5 cm electric field distance. Additionally, alginate bead size decreased from 472 ± 23.2 to 228.2 ± 21.5 nm as the solution conductivity increased from 7 to 21 mS/cm, while increasing Span®80 concentration from 0.1 to 0.5% (w/w) reduced the bead size from 581.2 ± 43.6 to 472 ± 23.2 nm. Conversely, increasing alginate (from 2 to 6% w/w) or acetic concentrations (from 0.1 to 0.5%, w/w) resulted in an increased bead size (from 327.4 ± 22.8 to 524.3 ± 53.9 nm and 380.4 ± 1.4 to 472 ± 23.2 nm, respectively). During the 8 d storage period at 4 °C, the alginate beads suspension in canola oil remained visually uniform; however, sedimentation of beads was observed at 22 °C. Overall, this study demonstrated that submicron alginate beads of various sizes can be obtained by electrospraying aqueous alginate solution in an oil medium, through adjusting solution properties and processing parameters.

Preparation of probiotic oil suspension containing Lactobacillus acidophilus

Probiotics are defined as microorganisms that, when administered in sufficient quantities, confer a health benefit on the host. As they are very susceptible to environmental conditions, solid dosage forms are used to increase their stability. In pediatric use, liquid preparations of edible oily suspensions containing probiotics are more favorable since they help overcome the difficulty of oral administration in children. However, few research articles related to the preparation process of these oily suspensions were reported in Vietnam. Our study focuses on preparing an oily suspension containing L. acidophilus at a laboratory scale, oriented for use in infants and children under two years of age. The oily suspension was prepared using the dispersion method. Different mixtures of oil and dispersing agents were studied for their effect on the stability of the suspension in terms of sedimentation rate, drop time, average particle size, and the amount of L. acidophilus. The results showed that an oily suspension containing L. acidophilus could be made using the dispersion method with a mixture of oils as the dispersion medium and Aerosil and aluminum tristearate as dispersing agents. The prepared suspension had an appropriate sedimentation rate of about 10–20%, an average drop time of 1,0 drop/s, an average particle size of 3–3,5 µm, and an amount of L. acidophilus above 3 x 108 - 5 x 108 CFU/ml. Our study successfully prepared an oily suspension containing L. acidophilus using the dispersion method. The prepared suspension had good physical stability, and the number of L. acidophilus remained over 108 CFU/ml during two months of storage.

Microalgae suspension as a source of n-3 long-chain PUFA in feed for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L) – Technical constraints and nutritional quality

The aim of this research was to study possible inclusion levels of AlgaPrime™ DHA LS microalgae (Schizochytrium sp.) plant oil suspension in feed mixes prior to extrusion and in the post drying vacuum coating step and evaluate microalgae digestibility in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). In the technical evaluation, physical quality, expansion, and microstructure parameters were studied for AlgaPrime™ DHA LS inclusion in fishmeal and plant-based diets prior to extrusion. A target lipid level of 361 g/kg DM was achieved for all feeds. High physical quality and water stability were measured and mixture design models with R2 in the range of 0.950 to 0.999 (P < 0.001) were established for specific mechanical energy (SME), apparent dough viscosity in the extruder die (Vdie), expansion, and microstructure parameters. Addition of AlgaPrime™ DHA LS resulted in a feed mix lipid level in the range of 27 to 204 g/kg and was the main contributor for the observed variation in this study. Commercially, the most interesting feed was the centroid point with a feed mix lipid content of 92 g/kg. This equals an AlgaPrime™ DHA LS content of 48 g/kg in the final feed. Alternatively, the AlgaPrime™ DHA LS can be added in the vacuum coating process. In this study the pellet pores size distribution allowed high amount of microalgae suspension to be absorbed (50% of total oil) with no significant impact on oil leakage. Based on the findings in the technical trial, 4 diets were produced for the fish experiment; 1) control feed with a 1:1 fish oil and rapeseed oil mixture, 2) a feed where the oil mixture was partly replaced by 100 g/kg AlgaPrime™ DHA LS prior to extrusion, 3) a feed where 100 g/kg of oil mixture were replaced in the vacuum coating step by 100 g/kg AlgaPrime™ DHA LS and 4) where 100 g/kg oil mixture was replaced both prior to extrusion and in the vacuum coating step by AlgaPrime™ DHA LS. All diets showed high nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon, also for the saturated fatty acids. This documents no need for extra cell wall rupture for the microalgae suspension prior to extrusion or vacuum coating. Lower content of tri-saturated triacylglycerols than reported in previous Schizochytrium biomasses have limited the negative effects on the digestibility of saturated fatty acids in Atlantic salmon.

DETERMINATION OF THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF LEVODOPA-BASED NAZAL DROPS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Relevance. Currently, nasal delivery of drugs is considered as a relevant alternative to oral administration and opens up new possibilities for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. During the pharmaceutical development of a new form of nasal delivery of levodopa, the target quality profile of the drug was determined. The aim of this study was to develop a target quality profile for nasal drops based on api L-DOPA for further study of the stability and standardization of the drug. Material and methods. Experimental series of nasal drops containing levodopa (3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine - l-dopa), which is an oily suspension of polymer particles with micronized levodopa, which were evaluated by quality indicators in accordance with the requirements of the state pharmaco-poeia of the Russian Federation and the pharmacopoeia EAEU: authenticity and quantification (for an active pharmaceutical substance), as well as par-ticle size, sedimentation stability, pH value characterizing the dosage form "Suspensions", testing for acid number, peroxide value and a universal indi-cator for assessing the quality of all non-sterile dosage forms – microbiological purity . The HPLC method was used to determine the authenticity and quantitative content of L-DOPA in nasal drops. Results. As a result of studies of experimental series of nasal drops based on the active pharmaceutical ingredient L-DOPA, in accordance with the pharmacopoeial requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredient, excipients and dosage form, a target quality profile of nasal drops based on levodopa was developed. The expediency of including the "Uniformity of dosing" test for an oil suspension has been established, since when adminis-tered intranasally, the drug is oriented towards a resorptive effect, which dictates the need to comply with the dosing conditions. Based on the results of the conducted studies of experimental series of levodopa-based nasal drops, a draft specification was developed containing the substantiated con-tent of quality targets and analysis methods. Conclusions. The developed quality targets for nasal drops will be used to study the stability, standardization and subsequent quality control of the drug.

Limosilactobacillus vaginalis Exerts Bifidogenic Effects: A Novel Postbiotic Strategy for Infant Prebiotic Supplementation.

Infant microbiota shaping strictly influences newborns' well-being and long-term health, and babies born by cesarean-section and formula-fed generally show low microbial gut diversity and are more prone to develop various disorders. The supplementation with beneficial microbes of vaginal origin or derivatives (postbiotics, including heat-inactivated cells) represents a valid strategy to drive the correct gut microbiota shaping. Here, we explored for the first time the bifidogenic activity of a heat-killed vaginal strain (Limosilactobacillus vaginalis BC17), in addition to the assessment of its safety. L. vaginalis BC17 whole genome was sequenced by Nanopore technology and highlighted the absence of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors, indicating the strain safety profile for human health. MIC values confirmed that L. vaginalis BC17 is susceptible to widely employed antibiotics. Heat-killed BC17 cells significantly enhanced the planktonic growth of Bifidobacterium spp. For the first time, stimulating effects were observed also toward biofilm formation of bifidobacteria and their pre-formed biofilms. Conversely, heat-killed BC17 cells exerted antibacterial and anti-biofilms activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Lyophilized heat-killed BC17 cells were formulated in a sunflower oil suspension (1010 heat-killed cell/g) intended for infant oral intake. This possessed optimal technological (i.e., re-dispersibility and stability) and functional properties (i.e., bifidogenic activity) that were maintained even after pre-digestion in acidic conditions.