Susceptible Host Genotypes Research Articles

Increased Occurrence of Target Spot of Soybean Caused by Corynespora cassiicola in the Southeastern United States.

Target spot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.), although found in most soybean-growing countries, is considered to be a disease of limited importance (1) and has never been reported to cause soybean yield loss in the southeastern United States (2,3). Soybean plants submitted to the North Carolina Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCPDIC) in August 2004 from Beaufort, Robeson, Wilson, and Johnston counties, NC had symptoms consistent with target spot. Symptoms consisted of roughly circular, necrotic leaf lesions from minute to 11 mm in diameter, though typically approximately 4 to 5 mm in diameter, and with a yellow margin. Large lesions occasionally exhibited a zonate pattern often associated with this disease. Microscopic examination of the lesions revealed the presence of spores (conidia) typical of C. cassiicola (1). Conidia were mostly three to five septate with a central hilum at the base and ranged in size from 7 to 22 wide × 39 to 520 μm long. Three commercial soybean fields near Blackville, SC (Barnwell County) were severely affected by this disease and it caused premature defoliation. Nineteen of twenty-seven maturity group VII and VIII genotypes in the 2004 Clemson University soybean variety trial near Blackville, SC had visible symptoms of target spot. Heavy rainfall associated with hurricanes during September 2004 probably enhanced the incidence of this disease, and yield suppression due to target spot was estimated at 20 to 40% in some fields. In 2005, 20 of 161 soybean samples submitted to the NCPDIC or collected in surveys from 16 counties were positive for target spot on the basis of microscopic examination. Target spot also was diagnosed in six counties (Baldwin, DeKalb, Elmore, Fayette, Macon, and Pickens) in Alabama and in four additional counties (Bamberg, Hampton, Orange-burg, and Calhoun) in South Carolina in 2005. Records from the NCPDIC indicate that target spot had not been diagnosed on soybean in North Carolina since 1981. The large increase in incidence of target spot in the southeast may be related to changes in weather patterns, changes in pathogen virulence, and/or the introduction of more susceptible host genotypes.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND HOST GENOTYPE DIRECT GENETIC DIVERSITY OF VENTURIA DITRICHA, A FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE OF BIRCH TREES

We investigated whether genetic variation of a common foliar endophyte of birch trees, Venturia ditricha, is affected by environmental conditions or host genotype. Fungal samples were collected from 10 half-sibling families of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) grown in two environmental conditions with different daily average temperatures: a forested river valley and an adjacent open tundra (altitudinal difference 180 m). Genetic analysis of V. ditricha isolates was done using random amplified microsatellite polymerase chain reaction. We found that host genotypes, along with prevailing environmental conditions, influence the probability of infection by particular endophyte genotypes. The most susceptible host genotypes were highly infected with genetically similar endophyte genotypes, whereas the most resistant trees were poorly infected and they were infected by genetically dissimilar endophytes. Our results also showed environment-host genotype interactions, suggesting that the susceptibility of the host to a particular endophyte genotype may change in natural environments when environmental conditions are changed. It appears that a particular endophyte genotype needs to find the right host genotype for a successful infection. There are many host genotypes in natural stands; this means, from the point of view of the fungus, the environment is heterogeneous. Thus, under the influence of birch tree genotypes, genetically differentiated subgroups of the endophytic fungus may be formed in different environments.

Genetic variability of Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntz based on AFLP analysis and host-parasite interaction

AFLP analysis was used to estimate genetic variability within and among 14 populations of Striga asiaticaL. Kuntze collected from different locations within the Republic of Benin. The mean within-population genetic distances ranged from 0.028 to 0.038, while the mean among-population genetic distances ranged from 0.019to 0.088, with an assumed minimum genetic distance of0.01 in each case. Intra- and inter-population variation was reflected by a highly significant R2 of 0.61for the regression of geographic distance versus genetic distance. Interactions of the different Strigapopulations with susceptible host genotypes, 8338-1 (Zea mays) and CK60B (Sorghum bicolor),indicated a high degree of host-specialization, with CK60B failing to support growth of the parasite from any of the populations. The various Striga populations also exhibited different degrees of virulence on susceptible host plants. Our results support the hypothesis that different populations of this parasite may well be considered and treated as ecotypes in plant breeding programs developing resistance to S. asiatica.

Phytotoxin production by Alternaria linicola and phytoalexin production by the linseed host

Summary. Alternaria linicola produced a wide range of secondary metabolites when grown in a defined culture medium. Reverse phase chromatography fractions produced disease‐like symptoms on linseed cultivars and a range of non‐host species indicating the presence of phytotoxic components. Characterised via thin layer chromatography, these included the non‐host specific phytotoxins tenuazonic acid, alternariol monomethyl ether, tentoxin and two destruxin‐type compounds (which closely resembled destruxin A and destruxin B). The identity of four of the compounds was confirmed by two dimensional thin layer chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In a second experiment, Linum leaf material infected with conidia of A. linicola and blastospores of Melampsora lini was extracted using a facilitated diffusion extraction technique. The resultant extracts contained a number of compounds which were fungitoxic to Cladosporium cladospiroides and, to a lesser extent, Alternaria brassicicola. One such compound corresponded to the phytoalexin coniferyl alcohol. Quantitative differences in the amount of the fungitoxic compounds produced between the inoculated and uninoculated resistant and susceptible host genotype combinations suggested that the production of fungitoxic compounds was greater in response to attempted colonisation. On this basis it is proposed that phytoalexin production is a component of the resistance reaction. The results from these investigations are discussed in relation to recent research on the ecology of the pathogen and the possible roles of phytotoxin production by the pathogen and phytoalexin production by the host on disease development.

Patterns of brown rust development in eight wheat multiline components using alternate row design

Summary — The intergenotypic interactions for the spread and development of natural brown rust infection in components of Kalyansona multiline wheat MLKS-11 were studied using an alternate row design. The results showed no evidence of an escape mechanism due to the shielding of the susceptible components by the resistant lines during the onset of the disease. However, there were indications of barrier effects of resistant genotypes in which these genotypes, apart from being noncontributory, slowed down the disease development in susceptible host components. The intergenotypic effects between the susceptible components themselves, or with the other susceptible lines significantly increased brown rust infection. The susceptible lines were more infected by the pathogen when they were bordered by the same lines or other susceptible host genotypes showing similar reactions to a virulent race of the pathogen. The need for an allelism test for different Lr gene(s) using artificial inoculations or the use of field designs such as alternate row design to elicit information on interactions for disease development before constituting a multiline has been highlighted in the results.

Structure of HC-toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide from helminthosporium carbonum

Helminthosporium carbonum , which is pathogenic to maize, produces a metabolite, HC-toxin ( 1 ), with selective toxicity to susceptible host genotypes. Resistant genotypes and non host plants are tolerant. The structure of 1 (C 21H 32N 4O 6) was determined as cyclo [(2-amino-9,10-epoxy-8-oxodecanoyl)-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl] based upon spectral evidence.