Perceptions of arts-based psychosocial support training workshops for care providers serving survivors of gender-based violence in Calabar, Nigeria

The Takini/Survivor project examined factors promoting healing and resilience among women survivors of domestic violence in primarily South Dakota, with particular attention to American Indian/Native American (Native hereinafter) and rural experiences through the resilience portfolio model. Using a phenomenological design, this study explored the narratives of 31 Native women using semistructured qualitative interviews. When appropriate, the study also delineated between narratives of Native rural (10) and nonrural women (21). Participants described "poly-strengths" sequences in which environmental strengths (such as housing and transportation) enabled them to draw on their other strengths across resilience portfolio model domains. Rural participants emphasized how geographic isolation, limited mobility, and safety concerns in small communities constrained access to additional resources such as interpersonal supportive relationships. Survivors contextualized abuse within intergenerational trauma, drew on cultural identity and spirituality as distinct meaning-making pathways, and cited children/grandchildren and helping others as central purposes. Healing occurs through reinforcing poly-strengths rather than isolated protective factors. Our findings contribute to resilience portfolio model by building on the importance of environmental strengths and how cultural identities create distinct resilience pathways. Implications include culturally responsive and supportive services, innovative service delivery in rural areas, and reforms to transportation policies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

In 1999, the prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) was 5% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This study aims to assess FGM prevalence and types, describe its demographic and sociocultural characteristics, and evaluate its long-term impact on pelvic floor and sexual function. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2021 to 2023 among 519 adult women living in six provinces of the DRC, selected to represent the country's ethnolinguistic diversity. Pregnant women, those within 6 months of childbirth, survivors of sexual violence, and those with war mutilations were excluded. A questionnaire was designed to collect data, supplemented by a vulvar assessment. The variables were compared using appropriate statistical tests (p < 0.05). The prevalence of FGM was 15.2% (95% CI: 12.2%-18.6%). The prevalence of FGM Types I-II and inner labia elongation (ILE) was 1.7% (95% CI: 0.8%-3.3%) and 13.5% (95% CI: 10.7%-16.7%), respectively. ILE was on average performed at the age of 13.8 years, mainly by women themselves (88.6%), while the circumstances of FGM I-II practice were unknown. ILE was practiced among the Swahili (65.7%) and the Baluba (27.1%), while FGM I-II were practiced among the Bangala (100%). Women with ILE were at higher risk of urinary incontinence (OR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.17-3.45), dyspareunia (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.08-3.99), and sexual satisfaction disorders (OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.34-5.52) than women without FGM. FGM is practiced in specific ethnic groups in the DRC, with ILE secondarily leading to long-term effects on pelvic floor and sexual function.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts the health of IPV survivors and their children. Survivors frequently seek care in emergency departments (EDs) and are best served by trauma- and violence-informed care (TVIC), which emphasizes safety, trust building, and collaboration. However, the extent to which ED care aligns with TVIC is underexplored. To examine the alignment between TVIC principles and ED care provided to IPV survivors. This qualitative study was performed in 1 general academic, 1 general community, and 1 pediatric ED using a focused ethnographic approach from November 16, 2022, to June 30, 2024. Participants included a purposive sampling of English- or Spanish-speaking IPV survivors who sought care in the ED. Data included observations of social worker (SW)-survivor interactions and follow-up interviews with IPV survivors within 1 week. ED visit. Data generated from observation notes and interview transcripts were analyzed deductively (informed by principles of TVIC) and inductively. Codes were created and revised until reaching a stable list, then interpretation of the data was checked with a family violence community advisory board. Of 31 patient encounters (29 female [94%]; mean [SD] age, 29.0 [8.7] years), 29 included observations and 13 included follow-up interviews. Twenty-one patients presented to the general EDs following IPV-related injuries; most of the 10 encounters in the pediatric ED were disclosed during a child's medical visit. Six patients preferred Spanish. Findings were clustered into 4 TVIC domains: recognizing the impacts of trauma, prioritizing safety, connectiveness and choice, and fostering development. In recognizing the impacts of trauma, survivors described complex trauma histories that influenced how they navigated IPV and sought help. Safety was prioritized in encounters that were private, calm, and culturally and linguistically responsive, while noise and lack of privacy undermined care. Survivors engaged with SWs who emphasized autonomy and collaboration over directive communication to foster connectedness and choice, particularly when discussing sensitive topics such as child protective services referrals. SWs fostered capacity development by providing resources and handoffs to IPV advocates to address survivors' basic needs and help them navigate care systems. In this qualitative study of TVIC for IPV survivors in the ED, alignment with TVIC was facilitated by acknowledging past experiences, prioritizing collaboration, and addressing comprehensive needs. Lack of privacy, language barriers, and directive communication styles hindered TVIC alignment. Without TVIC, EDs may retraumatize IPV survivors, undermining their potential to serve as critical points of intervention.

Internationally, investment in hospital-based services for sexual violence is increasing. However, service providers, including in low-income countries such as Ethiopia, report discrepancies between the profile of survivors seeking help and those identified in population-based studies. Research on this remains limited. An explanatory mixed-method study design was employed, analysing 5 years' of retrospective records of 2283 women and girls attending hospital-based violence response services in Ethiopia; alongside interviews with 20 survivors of sexual violence and 17 key informants. Quantitative data were analysed using Stata V.18 to produce descriptive statistics. Interview data were analysed thematically. Analysis of hospital violence response services' records showed that 43.9% of women and girls seeking services were under 15 years old. Over 93.5% sought services for sexual violence, and 71.0% reported their assailants were strangers. Qualitative interviews revealed that adult women survivors of sexual violence, especially survivors of intimate partner sexual violence, were unlikely to seek help at hospital-based services due to stigma, fear of retaliation, perceptions that services are primarily for gathering criminal evidence rather than providing comprehensive care, and that marital rape is not illegal. Analysis of records from hospital-based violence response services revealed a cohort of young clients, largely reporting non-partner sexual violence-in contrast to what might be expected from national prevalence data. Addressing barriers to hospital-based services and ensuring these services provide care for all survivors is essential.

Gender-based violence (GBV) has multi-dimensional impacts on women's mental health and everyday life, often leading to experiences of trauma, PTSD and co-morbid mental health conditions. Institutional practices and strategies designed to support survivors of gender-based violence can collide with, overshadow and misapprehend women's own subjective experiences. This study aims to highlight the importance of subjective accounts in understanding women's mental health and the complexity of trauma experienced by female survivors of gender-based violence. It aims to put forward survivors' voices that are often excluded from research. This study draws on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork (2021-2022) among 38 women seeking psychological support from anti-violence centres in Milan, Italy. The participants, including 12 migrant women, represented a diverse set of demographic backgrounds. The study also incorporated accounts from mental health professionals and NGO coordinators. Using anthropological and phenomenological approaches, this qualitative analysis is based on themes which illustrate survivors' lived experiences of trauma. This ethnography identified several pathways contributing to poor mental health among GBV survivors. Key findings reveal that survivors engage with trauma and mental health symptoms through subjective, embodied and temporally informed processes, affecting their recovery and societal vulnerability. Structural marginalisation, including insufficient government funding, prolonged legal procedures and invasive medical practices, further impacted survivors' well-being. Themes from the analysis demonstrated that structural marginality and isolation exacerbated mental health issues, hindering empowerment and autonomy; thus trapping survivors in a state of long-term vulnerability. This study emphasises the importance of incorporating subjective accounts to understand women's mental health in-depth. The findings highlight that current services often fail to address the complexity of trauma, leading to inadequate support and prolonged marginalisation. To improve outcomes, it is crucial to offer tailored mental health support, address socio-economic challenges and implement trauma-informed care that fosters safety, empowerment and resilience.

Mind over Matter: Mental Scars and Outcomes after Firearm Injury.

225. Sowing Seeds of Resilience: Psychosocial Healing and Care Pathways among Black Queer Young Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT Purpose This meta-ethnographic review aimed to synthesize qualitative evidence on posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adult survivors of sexual violence, with particular attention to the coexistence of positive change, posttraumatic depreciation (PTD), and potential illusory growth. The review aimed to develop an interpretive framework that captures how survivors understood, narrated, and negotiated growth amid profound psychological, relational, and cultural challenges. Materials and Methods A systematic search of qualitative studies exploring PTG following sexual violence was conducted across major databases. Eligible studies were analyzed using Noblit and Hare’s seven-step meta-ethnographic approach. First-order (participant quotes) and second-order (author interpretations) data were translated across studies to develop higher-order conceptual themes. Results Six overarching themes were identified: (1) Meaning Making and Sense Making, reflecting survivors’ efforts to reconstruct coherence; (2) Relational Reorientation, capturing shifts in trust, boundaries, and intimacy; (3) Identity & Emotional Transformation, highlighting changes in self-perception and emotional regulation; (4) Spiritual Growth, showing spirituality as both a resource and a site of ambivalence; (5) Coping & Resilience, illustrating behavioral and cognitive strategies that facilitated adaptation; and (6) Barriers/Trauma Burden, representing the enduring effects of shame, stigma, and psychological distress. Discussion Survivors’ narratives revealed a dynamic interplay among genuine growth, lingering distress, and illusory growth shaped by coping demands. PTG in sexual violence survivors emerged as a complex, culturally embedded process involving both transformative change and persistent burdens. Understanding these nuances can inform trauma-informed, strength-based support that honors survivors’ lived realities. Conclusion Implications for practice, policy, and future directions are discussed.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) was introduced in ICD-11 in 2018, and there has been limited research on the association between CPTSD and emotion regulation (ER) strategies. It is important to understand how the constituent dimensions of CPTSD (PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organisation [DSO]) are associated with different ER strategies in order to help inform the development of interventions to aid recovery from this debilitating condition. This study examined the network structure of PTSD and DSO symptoms of CPTSD, along with components of emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), in a sample of Spanish women who had experienced intimate partner violence (N = 317).The results showed that the most central symptom was "feeling distant or cut off from others." In addition, other DSO symptoms were positively associated with the maladaptive strategies of expressive suppression and negatively associated with the cognitive reappraisal strategies. In the case of affective dysregulation symptoms, hypoactivation was found to play a more central role than hyperactivation. Future research is needed to examine whether targeting emotion regulation strategies may contribute to changes in affective dysregulation (particularly hypoactivation) and other DSO symptoms.

A new poetics of testimonial activism is evident in creative works that experiment with aesthetic form to resist and subvert representation. Bearing witness to violation, these works enable a shared mourning within public life, while signalling their refusal of normative poetics. The strategy of “preferred silence”, as Gabeba Baderoon describes the new poetics, denies the viewer the position of compassionate witness, even while demanding that attention be paid to survivors and to the ways the witness might be implicated. This strategy of refusal is evident in a collection by South African poet Koleka Putuma, Collective Amnesia, whose very title denounces South African memory culture. The refusal to narrate echoes what Tina Campt describes as the “practices of refusal” developed by Black artists in protest against the betrayals of the historical archive, and against what Saidiya Hartman calls its “grammar of violence”. Gabrielle Goliath’s multi-channel video installation, Personal Accounts (2014, 2024), experiments with personal testimony, honoring the survivors of gender-based violence without spectacularizing that violence: the recorded testimonies have been stripped of words, leaving just the spaces in between, the pauses, the breathwork, the gathering of self. Described by Goliath as a “transnational, decolonial, black feminist project of repair”, the work invites viewers to bear witness with care-infused attention and to experience the discomfort of their own lack of understanding. Creative practice that experiments with form in this way has the potential to activate a space of public feeling not typically associated with the even-tempered register of historical testimony. The implications for scholarly practice are striking: in its very disruptions, feminist creative practice of this kind takes memory studies beyond the old aphorism about the unintelligibility of trauma and reorients its line of sight towards ongoing struggles, the forging of solidarity, and the possibility of just futures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-cultural and economic factors contributing to forced motherhood among women experiencing domestic violence in Ekiti State, Nigeria, and to identify coping strategies adopted by affected women and children. The study employed a descriptive survey research design within the quantitative paradigm. The population comprised women aged 18–49 who had experienced domestic violence, alongside key informants such as social workers, healthcare providers, and child psychologists. A purposive multistage sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents from three urban and semi-urban Local Government Areas with gender-based violence response centers. Data were collected using a researcher-developed Domestic Violence and Forced Motherhood Questionnaire (DVFMQ), structured on a 4-point Likert scale. Validity was ensured through expert reviews in gender studies, psychology, and public health, while reliability was confirmed via a pilot test, which yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. The instrument was administered both orally and in writing, using English or Yoruba to accommodate respondents’ literacy levels. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were applied at a 0.05 significance level to analyze the data. Findings revealed that socio-cultural factors like stigma of divorce, community silence on domestic violence, and reproductive expectations strongly influence forced motherhood. Economic factors, especially financial dependence, poverty, and unemployment, significantly predict forced motherhood in both urban and rural areas. Coping strategies mainly involved emotional and spiritual support, with formal reporting to authorities being low. Based on these findings, the study recommends economic empowerment programs, culturally sensitive community education, strengthened formal and informal support systems, and legal reforms to improve women’s reproductive autonomy and safety.

Domestic violence (DV) is a pervasive public health issue with profound physical, psychological, and social consequences. Help-seeking, particularly access to advocacy interventions, plays a pivotal role in promoting resilience and mental health well-being among DV survivors. Digital platforms and AI chatbots are emerging as promising tools for information and support. However, limited research has explored the views and needs of DV survivors regarding these technologies, impeding the development of culturally sensitive interventions for help-seeking. This study aimed to investigate the perspectives and preferences of digital platform and AI chatbot among people with DV experience in Hong Kong, which could offer valuable insights to inform the design of tailored technological solutions for help-seeking. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 36 individuals who had DV experience over the past decade. Interviewees were recruited from DV-specific non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the community using convenience and snowball sampling. Interviews took place either in-person or via videoconference between April 2023 and August 2024. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, combining deductive and inductive approaches. Three trained coders identified themes and sub-themes through an iterative and collaborative process. We identified three key themes regarding the recommended features of digital platforms: functions, content, and format. Regarding content, participants valued evidence-based information, step-by-step guidance, and survivor narratives. For format, participants valued procedural visualization, engaging multimedia, calming visual design, and clear text layout. Participants emphasized the potential of AI chatbots, highlighting benefits such as enhanced accessibility, efficient information filtering, and providing nonjudgmental feedback. However, concerns were raised about chatbots' limitations, particularly in empathy, personalization, and information accuracy. DV survivors preferred digital platforms that prioritize safety, accessibility, and emotional support. Our study highlights the role of AI as a complementary tool to human support and calls for participatory approaches to facilitate designing effective interventions to reach their full potential.

This article explores the oral testimonies of Mayan women survivors of sexual violence in northern Guatemala as acts of political, cultural, and spiritual resistance to ongoing colonial violence. Drawing on decolonial feminist scholarship from Latin America and Indigenous epistemologies rooted in Mayan cosmology, the study approaches testimony as a living ritual rather than a static narrative. In this context, storytelling is not simply a recounting of the past, but a ceremonial act of re-membering—reuniting body, land, and spirit that have been disrupted by war and dispossession.Methodologically, the research employs trauma-informed ethnography and testimonial inquiry grounded in relational ethics (ética del cuidado) and acompañamiento—walking beside survivors rather than speaking for them (Lykes &amp; Crosby, 2019; Smith, 2021). The narratives were gathered through deep listening and reciprocity, respecting Indigenous temporalities in which time is cyclical and memory communal.By interpreting these testimonies through frameworks developed by Latin American thinkers such as Menchú Tum &amp; Burgos-Debray (1983), Anzaldúa (1987), Rivera Cusicanqui (2010), and Paredes (2010), this article redefines testimony as an act of epistemic and political sovereignty. The voices of Mayan women emerge not as accounts of victimhood but as manifestations of cultural endurance—reclaiming language, spirituality, and belonging as forms of justice when institutional justice remains absent (Velásquez Nimatuj, 2019; Rebecka, 2025)

Mental health issues in survivors of domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicentric cross-sectional study from India.

Intimate partner homicide (IPH) accounts for a large proportion of Latina homicides, however, research in this area is limited. Due to histories of collective trauma and distrust of formal institutions, such as courts or police systems, Latine communities often turn to informal support networks instead. These informal support networks bridge the gap to get survivors life-saving support and access to resources. The current qualitative study involved the analysis of 15 listening sessions and 13 key informant interviews, focusing on IPH prevention and the role of informal support networks. Participants ( n = 90) included Latina survivors of intimate partner violence, advocates, and organizational leaders. Results from the listening sessions and key informant transcripts discuss the use of informal support networks, including their positive and negative aspects among Latina women. Findings suggest that, as part of the help-seeking process, survivors seek support from friends, family, and community leaders first and point to specific recommendations for engaging these informal networks in practice and improving the ways we engage community members for survivor support and response.

Purpose This study aims to explore the views of professionals about specialist services supporting older people in England and Wales who have experienced current sexual violence and answer the following questions: Research questions: What are the barriers to accessing support for older victim survivors? Is there any best practice that can be identified? Specialist Services refers to Sexual Assault Referral Centres and support services such as Rape Crisis. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in this research involved semi-structured interviews with four professionals working in roles where they have provided direct support to older survivors of sexual violence and abuse and one academic conducting research around survivors of abuse. Data collection was qualitative and identified barriers to disclosure, seeking and accessing support for older victim survivors, along with some examples of best practice. Findings The findings are grouped into nine themes spanning barriers to initial disclosure through to barriers encountered in the criminal justice system for older survivors. Examples of best practice are also presented, detailing opportunities to improve support for older survivors. The research found that, whilst there are some unique barriers that older victim survivors of sexual violence and abuse experience, some of these barriers could be overcome by replicating the good practice identified and by professionals working closely with specialist sexual violence support agencies. Research limitations/implications This research was conducted with five professionals so is limited in scale. It also only covers practitioners working in England and Wales. Despite these limitations, some common themes emerged that identify barriers to seeking and accessing support for older survivors of sexual violence as well as some good practice examples. These findings could be used to improve policy and practice to support older survivors. Practical implications The findings of this research could directly improve practice across a range of services including adult social care, adult safeguarding and specialist sexual violence support services with potential implications for improvements to national practice in agencies such as the police and the Crown Prosecution Service. Social implications Removing barriers to reporting and seeking support, along with replicating examples of good practice in service provision, could lead to more older victims of sexual violence feeling able to disclose and begin a journey to recovery. Originality/value This research offers current perspectives from front line professionals working with older survivors of sexual violence alongside real life examples of good practice that can be used to form new perspectives for professionals working with older people. The identification of themes relating to barriers to seeking and accessing support reflect the current situation within a range of agencies and the impact this directly has on victims’ recovery.

ABSTRACT Gender-based violence (GBV) among trafficked persons in South Africa remains a critical human rights concern, further marginalizing an already vulnerable population. Despite existing laws and international commitments, justice and support mechanisms often fail in practice, leaving survivors without adequate protection or recourse. Challenges in victim identification, reporting, and prosecution hinder justice delivery, while inadequate support services, such as shelter, healthcare, and psycho-social assistance, limit survivors’ recovery. This paper examines systemic gaps in addressing GBV among trafficked persons, analyzing legal frameworks, case studies, and policy inefficiencies. It highlights barriers to access, socio-economic drivers of trafficking, and the shortcomings of current interventions. A holistic, survivor-centered approach is essential, integrating interagency coordination, community-based strategies, and specialized training for law enforcement, judicial personnel, and service providers. By proposing targeted reforms, this paper advocates for a more effective justice and support system that prioritizes sensitivity, competence, and survivor empowerment. Strengthening institutional responses and fostering collaboration can disrupt cycles of exploitation, ensuring trafficked persons receive the justice and care required to rebuild their lives with dignity.

Objectives: This study investigates post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among female victims of sexual violence in a conflict-affected region of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. PTSD is a mental health condition that can occur after traumatic experiences such as violence or sexual assault. It involves intense stress reactions, emotional instability, intrusive memories, and avoidance of trauma-related cues. Globally, about 5.6% of trauma-exposed individuals develop PTSD. Women are twice as likely as men to be affected. PTSD is linked to a 47% higher risk of mortality (odds ratio: 1.47; 95% confidence interval: 1.06–2.04). Its impact is especially severe in conflict-affected regions. The objective of this prospective analytical study was to determine both predictive and protective factors linked to PTSD and to examine associated psychiatric comorbidities, notably anxiety and depression. Material and Methods: Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic features, details of the sexual violence (type, frequency, and duration), and evaluation of PTSD with the PTSD checklist for DSM-5, employing a provisional diagnosis based on a threshold score of 38 and DSM-5 symptom criteria. Results: Among the 312 participants, factors that increased the risk of developing PTSD included being aged between 18 and 64, lacking formal education, working as a vendor, consuming tobacco, being pregnant at the time of the assault, and exposure to multiple perpetrators. In contrast, protective factors comprised being under 18 or 65 and older, having completed secondary education, engaging in agricultural work as a cultivator, refraining from tobacco use, not being pregnant, and having encountered a single aggressor. In addition, strong correlations emerged between PTSD, anxiety, and depression, while satisfaction with social support correlated negatively with anxiety and depression and positively with self-esteem. Conclusion: Overall, integrating affirmation techniques is essential for reinforcing resilience and establishing an appropriate, individualized care framework. These crucial findings provide invaluable guidance for future interventions.

ABSTRACT Domestic violence survivors' access to justice and institutional support remains severely constrained despite legislative frameworks including the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) and comprehensive service provisions through police, legal aid, healthcare, and social welfare systems. While substantial scholarship documents domestic violence prevalence, systematic empirical examination of help-seeking patterns, institutional responsiveness, and barriers preventing survivors from accessing available remedies in Indian contexts remains limited, particularly regarding rural-urban disparities in service accessibility and quality. This study examines help-seeking behavior, institutional support utilization, and access barriers among domestic violence survivors in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, employing quantitative cross-sectional methodology with primary data collected from 100 identified domestic violence victims through structured questionnaires. Respondents were recruited through Protection Officers (n=40), NGO referrals (n=35), and police records (n=25), ensuring representation across formal support pathways. Data collection occurred across urban Guntur Municipal Corporation and rural Mangalagiri and Tenali mandals, facilitating rural-urban comparative analysis. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics characterizing help-seeking patterns, chi-square tests examining associations between residence location and institutional access, and independent samples t-tests comparing service satisfaction between rural and urban survivors. Findings reveal that only 38% of survivors sought formal institutional help despite 100% experiencing violence warranting intervention, with informal family/friends constituting primary help source (64%). Among those accessing institutions, police represented most common contact point (52%), followed by family counseling centers (28%), legal aid (18%), and healthcare providers (12%). Rural survivors demonstrated significantly lower institutional access rates (24%) compared to urban counterparts (58%), χ²=11.83, p&lt;0.001, attributed to geographic distance, service unavailability, and transportation barriers. Service satisfaction scores averaged 2.8±1.2 (on 1-5 scale) among rural users versus 3.6±0.9 among urban users, t(36)=2.47, p=0.018, indicating quality disparities. Primary barriers included lack of awareness about available services (72%), fear of family/community stigma (68%), economic dependency preventing service access (64%), distrust in institutional responsiveness (58%), and procedural complexity (54%). Only 16% of survivors reported satisfactory case resolution through institutional intervention. ANOVA results demonstrate significant differences in institutional access across education levels (F(4,95)=8.42, p&lt;0.001), with graduates accessing services at 75% rate versus 18% among illiterates. Results establish urgent need for comprehensive interventions including community-based service delivery reducing geographic barriers, awareness campaigns normalizing help-seeking, institutional capacity building enhancing responsiveness, procedural simplification, and survivor-centered approaches prioritizing safety, dignity, and empowerment over procedural formalism. Keywords: Help-seeking behavior, institutional support, domestic violence, barriers to justice, rural-urban disparities, service accessibility, Andhra Pradesh