Survey Respondents Research Articles

Perceptions of wildfire risk and adaptation behaviour in California

Abstract California wildfires have been increasing in frequency and severity. However, there is a limited understanding to date about people’s experiences with wildfire occurrences, how that experience shapes their perceptions of risk and how it affects their response in terms of actions that can reduce their household risk. In 2021, we fielded an online survey to 1204 people living in California aimed at understanding experience, risk perceptions, and decision-making strategies related to wildfires. We find that 70% of all survey respondents participants experienced poor air quality and 39% experienced a power outage in their home. Other experiences elicited (such as experiencing a school closure, a home evacuation, or home damages) were reported by less than 1/5 of our respondents. A significant portion of our survey respondents has undertaken actions to reduce the risk from wildfire to their household by having air filters, smoke-protecting masks and using informational air quality tools, and investing in back up power. Despite low number of reported prior experiences and the low perception of likelihood for the need to evacuate, a relatively large percent of respondents has taken actions to prepare for evacuation with 41% of the respondents stating packed a ‘go bag’, 32% securing a place to stay in case of evacuation, 35% reported having created a defensible space, and 18% have pursued retrofits to their house. Our regression models suggest that while the perception of risk is associated with action, other factors, such as being a homeowner or deriving livelihood off their land are much more likely to drive people to act. The results from our study suggest that while experience may lead to action, other policy interventions, such as clear communication on risks and consequences for households in high-risk areas, may be warranted to drive further action.

The Use of Public Satisfaction Surveys by the Police in New Zealand: Were Survey Respondents Satisfied with the Services Delivered by the New Zealand Police Following the Introduction of the Prevention First Strategy in 2011

The Use of Public Satisfaction Surveys by the Police in New Zealand: Were Survey Respondents Satisfied with the Services Delivered by the New Zealand Police Following the Introduction of the Prevention First Strategy in 2011

Canadian Emergency Physician Attitudes Toward Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Background: Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) involves physical symptoms that cannot entirely be explained by an organic medical cause, accompanied by persistent thoughts, feelings and behaviours relating to one’s health. SSD is common yet underdiagnosed in emergency departments (EDs). This study aimed to assess emergency physician (EP) readiness, attitudes and perceptions toward diagnosing SSD and explore demographic trends. Methods: In total, 1339 Canadian EPs were invited to respond to a survey collecting demographic information and assessing attitudes toward SSD in four domains: perceptions of SSD, attitudes toward patients, diagnostic confidence, and physician–patient communication. Data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA to determine associations with demographic information. Results: Of the 96 survey respondents, 75 met the eligibility criteria. In total, 44% estimated that emotional stress was the primary cause of symptoms in 11–20% of their patients. Most felt that SSD was underdiagnosed and that effective therapies exist. Concerns included medico-legal implications, managing patients’ emotions, and potential negative reactions to non-organic diagnoses. Most respondents felt prepared and confident broaching the diagnosis. More experienced EPs felt that there was time to broach the topic of SSD, while rural EPs were less concerned about patient offence than urban counterparts. Conclusions: EPs recognize SSD as common and underdiagnosed, acknowledging its diagnosis as part of their role. Challenges identified include managing patients’ emotions, time constraints, and reliance on only diagnosing SSD once an organic etiology is excluded. Training pathway, experience, and practice setting impact perceptions and attitudes around SSD. The findings suggest opportunities for improving SSD care through targeted interventions, communication training, and enhanced diagnostic education.

“I feel like my job is to give patients hope” - perspectives of Community Health Workers and employers in Iowa: a mixed methods study

IntroductionCommunity Health Workers (CHWs) play a crucial role in extending health services, particularly for people who are medically underserved. Despite efforts to expand CHW programs nationally and in Iowa, challenges persist in defining their roles and responsibilities. Few studies have considered the perspectives of both CHWs and CHW employers simultaneously.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory sequential mixed-methods study, first involving key informant interviews with CHWs and employers, which then informed the development of surveys distributed to both populations. We performed thematic analysis of qualitative data and calculated descriptive statistics of quantitative data.ResultsKey informant interviews were conducted with five CHWs and five employers. An additional 123 CHWs and 81 employers responded to the survey. From the interviews, we report six themes, including roles and responsibilities, interaction with the broader health care team, and support needed. Survey respondents reported 69 unique job titles, a wide range of populations served, and diverse training needs. Despite 93.6% (n = 102) of CHWs receiving on-the-job training, 48% (n = 52) indicated they would still benefit from more training to be effective in their roles. 46% (n = 21) of employers reported unstable funding as a major barrier to program implementation.DiscussionCHWs in Iowa felt supported and valued as members of the care team, yet challenges to growing the CHW workforce remain. Our findings highlight the need for continued role definition of the CHW workforce, as well as the need to establish more sustainable sources of funding to ensure the continuity and expansion of this health equity-enhancing workforce.

Multiscalar homing digital media use by Ukrainian refugees

The influx of millions of Ukrainian refugees into Poland following the Russian invasion in 2022 initiated processes of digital homing by members of this refugee stream. Brun and Fábos (2015) have developed a heuristic of home, Home and HOME for understanding the multiplicity of home-like experiences lived by people in protracted situations of displacement. We integrate this framework with geographical concepts of place-making and the active construction of scale, to consider processes of multiscalar homing employed by the Ukrainian refugees. Surveys of 555 displaced Ukrainians currently living in Poland and interviews with 17 of the survey respondents help demonstrate multiscalar homing in the context of international displacement and contemporary media technologies. Our findings demonstrate the agency of displaced persons building a variegated sense of at-homeness and rooting themselves in multiple scales of diasporic life.

Exploring the Association Between Homebrew Alcohol Consumption and Past Month Peak Alcohol Use Across Two Small Cities in China

Background Unrecorded alcohol, commonly called ‘homebrew’, represents an important and emerging public health issue having been linked with poisonings and deaths internationally. There is a paucity, however, of empirical data on homebrew consumption and its association with regulated/recorded alcohol use. The purpose of this examination is to determine whether homebrew consumption is associated with greater recorded alcohol use. Methods This investigation is a secondary analysis of data collected via household interviews in two Chinese cities (Jiangshan and Lanxi) through the Global Smart Drinking Goals initiative. Independent sample t-tests compared the greatest number of drinks consumed in the past 30 days among those who had consumed homebrew in the past month and those who had not. Multiple regression assessed the association between homebrew and recorded alcohol consumption, while simultaneously testing for other important demographic factors. Results The greatest number of alcoholic drinks consumed on one day in the past month was significantly more among persons who drank homebrew [t(348) = −3.05, p < 0.001]. Specifically, persons who consumed homebrew drank more than twice the number of drinks (N = 132, M = 11.7, SD = 26.2) than respondents who had not consumed homebrew alcohol (N = 218, M = 5.3, SD = 12.9). Based on regression results, there was a significant association between home-brewed alcohol consumption (b = 7.07, t = 3.20, p < 0.001) and the maximum number of drinks consumed in the past month among survey respondents. Conclusions Consumption of homebrew is associated with higher levels of peak alcohol consumption in the past month. Future public health initiatives need to educate the public on the associated dangers of consuming homebrew alcohol.

Remote health solutions in Far East Gippsland: a mixed-methods, co-designed evaluation of health service availability in isolated communities.

Australians living in isolated communities are more likely to experience poorer health outcomes as a result of rurality. This article provides a needs assessment of healthcare services in a geographically isolated region of Victoria, Australia. The research project employed a mixed-methods design. The study population consisted of members of the isolated communities in Victoria. The incorporation of qualitative data added depth to the quantitative data, ensuring that voices of community members were adequately represented in the needs assessment. Data analysis was undertaken using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis techniques. Survey respondents from isolated regional locations highlighted the extended travel time and increasing wait times to see a medical practitioner, leading to a delay in seeking healthcare assistance. Respondents were less likely to have access to and use telehealth services, yet highlighted the service as beneficial to isolated regions. Survey findings were supported by in-depth interviews, with participants stating access to care was difficult, providing place-based suggestions of services to remove barriers to care such as a virtual care model and mobile services visiting the isolated regions. Access, use and facilitation of appropriate place-based health care within isolated Australia has the potential to increase wellbeing and enables residents to remain in regions that hold long historical and familial connections. By incorporating innovative technologies and models of care that have been evaluated across other isolated regions of Australia and globally, there is an opportunity to adapt existing models to conform to a post-COVID world.

Connecting Underrepresented Medical Students to Resources and Role Models in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Virtual Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility Summit

Introduction: Limited access to resources and stereotypes about orthopaedic surgeons may contribute to the low percentage of women and people of underrepresented in medicine (URiM) backgrounds in orthopaedic surgery. Several organizations have created resources to address these barriers, but medical students are unlikely to be exposed to the initiatives through traditional curricula. The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate the ability of a 1-day virtual Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility (DEIA) summit to effectively reach URiM medical students, (2) increase medical students' knowledge of DEIA resources, and (3) augment the perception of diverse backgrounds in orthopaedic surgery. Methods: A 1-day nationwide virtual summit was convened in October 2023. The summit invited residents and faculty leaders of diversity-focused orthopaedic organizations to speak with students in panel discussions and topic-focused breakout rooms. Pre- and postsummit surveys were used to determine whether the summit met the three goals. Results: One hundred ninety-six medical students attended the summit. One hundred seventy-four surveys were received presummit, 106 surveys were received postsummit, and 60 students completed both. Most of the participants were female (n = 109, 63.0%), and many represented URiM backgrounds (n = 70, 41.7%). Postsummit, a notable number of survey respondents increased their knowledge about diversity-related opportunities (3.3% to 40%, P &lt; 0.001). Participants who felt that their identity was welcome in orthopaedics nearly quadrupled from presummit (16.7%) to postsummit (63.3%) (P &lt; 0.001), and the likelihood of recommending orthopaedic surgery to another medical student from an URiM demographic increased by 58.6% (P &lt; 0.001). Among the 135 students who did not initially feel that their identity was welcome in the field of orthopaedic surgery, 124 (91.9%) rated changing stereotypes of the field as important to their decision to pursue a career in orthopaedics. Conclusions: This study supports the ability for virtual summits to reach URiM students, increase their knowledge of DEIA resources, and augment their perceptions of diversity in orthopaedics. Level of evidence: IV

Volunteer Experiences of a School-Based Volunteer Program.

Individuals engage in volunteer activities due to a range of intrinsic, extrinsic, and altruistic factors; and this can have a positive impact on their subjective wellbeing. Within a school context, mentoring programs can connect adult volunteers with students, to provide social and/or academic support; however, evaluation data related to these programs is limited and often focused on student perspectives. This paper explores EdConnect volunteers' perspective on volunteering in primary and secondary schools in Western Australia and Victoria. A mixed methods evaluation framework utilised surveys (n = 380) and telephone interviews (n = 22) with Edconnect Mentor and/or Learning Support volunteers. Most survey respondents reported that volunteering enhanced their sense of community, mental wellbeing, physical health, had helped them to develop new skills. Recurrent themes related to (a) Structural impacts of motivations; and (b) Motivations and inter-and intrapersonal impacts of volunteering were identified. Various factors impacted the volunteer experience, including volunteer roles and responsibilities, volunteer qualities, school support and training opportunities. Key motivating factors for volunteering were a desire to give back to society, helping students and staff, and contributing to student social, emotional, and academic outcomes. Volunteers identified a range of academic, social, emotional, and behavioural gains for the students they supported; as well as range of personal benefits for themselves. Despite the positive impact that a school-based mentoring program can have for key stakeholders, challenges to program implementation do exist and require careful management. SO WHAT?: School-based mentoring programs are an efficacious way to strengthen partnerships between schools and their local community, with positive benefits for the school, the students, and the adult volunteers. They also contribute to the notion of a 'school as a community hub'.

Preventing Cyber Adversaries: Examining BlackCat Ransomware's Tactics and Preventive Measures for Enhanced Cybersecurity

Preventing Cyber Adversaries: Examining BlackCat Ransomware's Tactics and Preventive Measures for Enhanced Cybersecurity

Sustaining pedagogical mentoring: Insights from English as a Foreign Language teachers’ experiences and needs

Mentoring plays a vital role in the professional development of in-service EFL teachers in both professional and well-being aspects. While international research has investigated diverse mentoring models and their impact on teacher development, mentoring practices in Vietnam, particularly in high schools, remain underexplored. As change agents, EFL teachers should be equipped with qualified mentoring programs to exude their agency in the evolving context of English Language Teaching (ELT). This study investigated (1) in-service EFL teachers’ evaluations of the quality of mentoring activities delivered by EFL trainers in the scope of an ELT innovation project in Vietnam, and (2) their expectations for sustaining the quality of mentoring activities. Conducted in the underdeveloped areas around the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, the study adopted a mixed-method approach, involving 273 survey respondents and 12 interview participants. Results indicate that teachers value mentors’ professional expertise and social skills yet express the need for more practice-oriented mentoring and emotionally driven communication, especially in reverse intergenerational mentor-mentee relationships. Findings indicated the importance of refining mentoring programs to create harmony between innovative and traditional ELT methodologies. Ultimately, these findings contribute to maintaining and reinforcing the sustainability of mentoring activities in the field of ELT.

Public detection of lead plumbing and perceptions of municipal and well drinking water safety in the United States

Abstract Federal monies to remediate lead in drinking water support utilities companies to upgrade infrastructure. There is little upgrade support for private property owners on public or private sources of water, and sparse data available on the remaining locations of lead plumbing in homes. Crowd the Tap is a participatory science project focused on opportunistically identifying household plumbing and lead contamination in drinking water in the United States and mostly in North Carolina. Households (n=3,121) provided data on plumbing materials and home age. A subset of households (n=493) provided tap water samples for laboratory testing. Adult participants (n=99, 4.0% response rate) responded to a survey about their trust in tap water. We found 15% of homes had no detectable lead, 63% had trace levels (0.1-1ppb), about 20% had detectable lead (between 1.0-15ppb), and 5 households were at or above the action level of 15ppb. Lead in water was more likely to be detected in households that reported any type of metal plumbing material and use of well water. Households served by private wells instead of municipal systems were about four times more likely to have detectable levels of lead. Nevertheless, survey respondents served by private wells were more likely to trust the safety of their drinking water than those served by municipal systems. Without lower action levels and/or broadening support for infrastructure upgrades, minimizing lead in water will remain at the discretion and capacity of households. Our results highlight the limitations of current drinking water regulations which do not eliminate lead in water, hindering access to safe drinking water.

Perspectives on multisectoral accountability framework to end tuberculosis in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundSectors beyond health are essential to combatting a social disease such as tuberculosis (TB). The engagement of the community and civil society sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia was assessed as part of a broader baseline assessment of multisectoral engagement in national TB responses.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods community-based study. Surveys, interviews, and focus groups were conducted online with TB-engaged community and civil society representatives in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Ukraine from January to June 2021. Quantitative data, analyzed using descriptive statistics, were triangulated with thematic qualitative analysis. A multisectoral accountability framework and community, rights, and gender framework for TB were used to triangulate the findings and inform data interpretations.ResultsParticipants (n = 160) included leads, service providers from 74 organizations, and TB survivors. Of 53 survey respondents, most (n = 41, 77·4%) indicated strong/complete agreement to participating in TB service delivery and gender, stigma, and/or legal assessments (n = 27, 50·9%) and research processes (n = 30, 56·6%). However, few indicated inclusion in operational planning and budgeting (n = 13, 24·5%), or political and program impact of community-led monitoring (n = 16, 30·2%), and almost none (n = 2, 3.8%) confirmed dedicated budgets for their TB-related work. Inquiry into the dimensions and criteria for multisectoral actions and accountability revealed their key, yet limited, role in attending to social determinants, with wider engagement hindered by precarious funding. Several organizations balanced building partnerships with other sectors engaged in the TB response against advocacy activities. Inherent obligations toward TB-affected communities were at times overshadowed by obligations to donors and state actors. Coordinating bodies for donor funds, which were multisectoral by design, presented an opportunity to bolster accountability actions within the TB response.ConclusionsMultisectoral engagement and accountability for TB are a laudable and necessary goal to end TB. Sustainable mechanisms to support the meaningful involvement of TB-affected communities and civil society are needed, particularly in the context of donor transitions.

Perceptions About Housing and Neighborhood Characteristics Among Aging Adult Black Americans in Two Predominantly Black, Low-Income Neighborhoods in Pittsburgh: A Multi-Method Analysis.

The life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans has narrowed, but progress remains slow due to the persistent consequences of lifetime exposure to structural and interpersonal experiences of racism and discrimination in various settings, for example, disadvantaged housing, neighborhood, and economic conditions. It is important to understand challenges and facilitators to healthy aging among Black Americans, i.e., maintaining functional ability and well-being in older age. We explore the intersection of housing, neighborhoods, and healthy aging among Black adults who live in two predominantly Black, low-income neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This complementary multi-method study combined survey data (n = 642) and qualitative interviews (n = 60) to delve into the perspectives of individuals aged 35 to 89. Survey and interview respondents were mostly renters (76% and 77% respectively), and about a fifth of those surveyed and interviewed reported any major home environment problems. Half of interviewees described poor quality housing as a source of stress, such as mold, building design, accessibility, and relational difficulties with their landlords and building managers. Buildings' social environment was an important dimension of housing quality among renters-behavioral and value differences between older and younger tenants caused frustration. Survey respondents were mostly (73%) satisfied with their neighborhoods' livability. Good access to transportation and community spaces were seen as positive factors to be sustained and encouraged in future. Policy implications include tracking health outcomes in housing programs for aging Black adults to inform improvements and enhanced oversight and coordination to ensure high-quality housing that meets the needs of older adults.

Mental maps, generational insights and symbols of urban spaces in a Romanian context

This paper contributes to the field of urban mental geography by studying the perception of urban spaces in Timisoara, Romania. It does so through an analysis of mental maps drawn by 559 survey respondents, and a qualitative analysis of these urban mental maps. The aim of this study is to identify patterns and discrepancies in the representations of urban space across different age groups. The findings suggest that children and the elderly typically map smaller areas of their daily existence, while adults have a clearer and broader image of the city. Furthermore, young adults more frequently recall recreational spaces such as clubs and restaurants, while older adults recall sports facilities and cultural spaces more. Finally, the analysis led to the establishment of a hierarchy of urban symbols, indicating that Timișoara continues to serve as one of Romania's multifunctional attraction poles due to the range and diversity of its urban symbols. As respondents associated affective elements and brands with the city, the urban brands most often recalled were the local brands. These findings are valuable for understanding urban image and community-space interactions, and they contribute insights for age-inclusive urban planning.

Evaluating a Canadian tertiary care emergency department physician wellness program.

In response to increasing physician moral distress, the Department of Emergency Medicine at an academic, tertiary care hospital established a physician wellness program in 2018.We conducted a program evaluation at the 5-year mark which included the development of a program evaluation framework. We used a utilization-focused logic model for the wellness program as per Van Melle. We identified inputs-outputs-outcomes and analyzed multiple data sources. These sources included qualitative and quantitative feedback from physicians, participation data from wellness initiatives, exit surveys, and engagement in departmental committees. Over 5 years, the program periodically collected data on self-reported wellness of attending physicians along with participation data. In 2023, physicians ranked their occupational wellness at 5.93 on a 10-point Likert scale, with 58% highlighting supportive colleagues as their main protective factor and 42% identifying sequelae of emergency department crowding as a negative factor. Of survey respondents, 65% felt the program positively impacted their occupational wellness. Successful initiatives included public appreciation of physicians and creation of a "process map" to help guide physicians through a patient complaint. However, other initiatives such as wellness drop-in sessions were less successful. While social events were appreciated, initiatives focusing on addressing barriers to occupational wellness were valued the most. This program evaluation and logic model guided the planning committee to emphasize enhancing occupational wellness, recognizing physician accomplishments, and improving patient relations. It served as an operational example for the development and implementation of a wellness program within a large, tertiary care emergency department. Other centers can implement similar activities to create or further enhance their wellness programs.

Characterizing Patient Diversity via Healthcare Access Determinants: A New Approach for Measuring Improvements in Clinical Trial Diversity in the United States.

Racial and ethnic minorities are frequently under-represented in biomedical research in the United States (US), and the under-representation is amplified in clinical trials in patients with rare diseases. The REthinking MeAsures of DivErsity (REMADE) study was conducted to develop and test a set of questions that may more accurately capture the diversity of patients via socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic parameters. A web-based survey was developed to assess race, ethnicity/culture, socioeconomic status, disability/mobility, and transportation issues. The survey responses included 5 racial categories as well as 17 cultures, heritages, and/or ethnicities and were multiselect. The survey was tested in US adults from under-represented populations. Survey results were compared with data collected with a pre-survey intake form (PSIF) that utilized historical categories for race and ethnicity. Of 219 total survey respondents, 59.8% (131/219) were assigned female sex at birth and 51.1% (112/219) were aged≥18 to<30years. Respondents reported being predominantly Black [77.3% [163/211)] or white [19.0% (40/211)] in the PSIF. When respondents were allowed to assign percentages across multiple categories in the survey, only 34.2% (75/219) and 10.5% (23/219) identified as 100% Black or white, respectively. As with race, the REMADE ethnicity/cultural categories revealed greater diversity in the respondent population. The REMADE survey results suggest that race and cultural identity are more multidimensional than historical questions/categories were able to capture. These insights, along with those generated on socioeconomic, disability, and transportation issues, will guide initiatives to support fair and equitable representation in clinical trials.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Online Survey Respondents' Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Delirium.

Delirium affects approximately a quarter of hospitalized adults and is associated with higher mortality, cognitive decline, and prolonged hospitalizations. Patient and caregiver education may improve outcomes. However, limited literature exists on the general public's current understanding of this condition. To assess knowledge and attitudes toward delirium via an online convenience sample. Cross-sectional survey using Amazon's Mechanical Turk between October 2023 and January 2024. Adults 18 yearsold and older, living in the USA, and fluent in English. We assessed delirium knowledge using a 15-question knowledge assessment covering three categories (risk factors, symptoms, and management). We compared mean scores between knowledge categories using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to identify demographics associated with low delirium knowledge scores. Among 397 respondents, 52% were male, 67% were White, and the median age was 44.6 (IQR 36-52). Participants reported living in 43 states. Participants answered 59% (SD 14.8) of knowledge questions correctly; respondents performed highest within the risk factor category (74%, SD 19.6) and lowest in management (47%, SD 21.1), p = <0.01. Few knew that bedrest is not recommended for delirium and that symptoms do not develop gradually (18% and 25%, respectively). Most (83%) agreed that more patient and caregiver education on delirium is needed. In multivariate analysis, individuals with higher incomes were less likely to score in the lowest quartile compared to those earning under $50K (e.g., OR 0.60 for persons earning $50-100K, 95% CI 0.29-0.91). Finally, low self-confidence in delirium knowledge was not associated with low knowledge scores. Respondents had misconceptions about delirium that could be addressed in future educational initiatives, including the importance of early mobilization. Further work is needed to characterize what types of knowledge are valued by patients and caregivers and are critical to facilitating engagement.

Use of Natural Areas among Latinxs Living in South Carolina

The Latinx population in the United States (US) is growing. While Latinxs have historically been present in US cities and southwestern states, there is a notable surge in migration to new destination states, including South Carolina (SC). As the Latinx population grows and extends to new geographies, there is a need to examine the evolution of Latinxs’ outdoor recreation patterns. Exploring their changing preferences regarding public spaces can inform park management planning and policy. This study examines outdoor recreation use among SC-based Latinxs, exploring three central questions: 1. What are the outdoor recreation preferences among Latinxs living in SC? 2. What constraints do Latinxs face while engaging in outdoor recreation? 3. What are Latinxs’ primary motivations in visiting natural areas? This study employs a convergent parallel mixed method design. The quantitative phase consists of a cross-sectional sampling approach via online surveys, while the qualitative phase utilizes focus groups. Analyses of survey results include descriptive statistics and ANOVA and Chi-square tests for select variables. Qualitative analyses are based on a priori open coding with thematic development. Quantitative and qualitative data were first examined separately and later compared. Results suggest that walking/hiking is the primary outdoor recreation activity in which Latinxs engage. Focus-group participants also mentioned a variety of land and water-based outdoor recreation activities. The most prevalent motivations for recreation experiences included relaxation, escape, and improved health. The top five factors preventing survey respondents from visiting natural areas were tiredness after work, insufficient time off work, insufficient time and money to visit natural areas, and proximity to natural areas. Focus group participants also reported various constraints hindering their visits to natural areas, including time, cost, safety, inadequate on-site amenities, weather, and Latinx-specific constraints. The findings indicate that natural resource agencies wanting to improve Latinx outdoor recreation experiences should have bilingual front-line staff and provide communicative media, such as website information or on-site signage, in Spanish. Our findings also underscore the importance of Latinx-focused social media groups as useful tools for disseminating information.

Reliability of Native American Indian Cultural Identity Measures

This Research Note discusses the reliability of nine core Native American cultural identity measures solicited from survey respondents during the Southern Ute Indian Community Safety Survey (SUICSS), a USDOJ-sponsored study of crime and violence, to the same data collected during the personal interview section of the SUICSS. To further support findings from this study, these data were tested against a different dataset developed from an earlier study of Native American identities among women housed in a prison (ORW). Using t-tests and principle component factor analysis, it is demonstrated that (1) the SUICSS interview data are statistically-related to data collected from survey respondents and (2) the SUICSS data are statistically congruent with the prisoner (ORW) data. Therefore, the survey and interview data form the SUICSS should be used simultaneously within the same dataset.