• Several new combinations of metal matrix composites have been produced in recent decades. • Aluminum composites are considered among the most advanced structural materials, classified as metal matrix composites (MMCs), due to their superior properties for automotive and aerospace applications. • Al MMCs were synthesized using different fabrication methods. The formations of stable reinforcement particles in the composites resulted in superior mechanical and wear properties for Al MMCs. • Recent advances in processing, microstructure, wear, and mechanical properties of Al matrix composites increased with innumerable types of particles are covered in this review paper. • At the end of the study, future directions for these composites will also be discussed. • These articles outline the production process and highlight the mechanical and wear properties of AMCs with various reinforcements. • A brief discussion of the advantages and limitations of different methods is provided. • The choice of a fabrication process is mainly dependent on the required quality, cost, and efficiency of the process. • The technique for improving UTS, impact resistance, and hardness has been thoroughly explored. • Orowan strengthening, along with the load-bearing effect, strongly affects the strength of the composites. • The effect of various parameters on the wearing characteristics of AMCs was also explained in detail. • The mechanisms are briefly discussed, along with relevant research papers on the wear surfaces. • This review aids in identifying the research background and challenges associated with the processing of AMCs, despite their good performance in current applications. Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) have received attention over the past decades in the automotive and aerospace industries due to their high strength, low weight, and wear resistance. This review presents a detailed analysis of the microstructure, mechanical, and tribological properties of AMCs. It begins with the primary fabrication processes, including stir casting, liquid-state processing, squeeze casting, and solid-state processing. The review then explores the correlation between microstructural properties and processing conditions, including reinforcement distribution, phase development, porosity formation, grain refinement, and interfacial bonding. Particular attention was given to the effect of nanoparticles and hybrid reinforcement on the strengthening mechanism, microstructure, and mechanical properties of AMC. The strengthening mechanisms, Orwan strengthening, load transfer, grain boundary strengthening, and thermal mismatch were examined to explain variation in wear properties, tensile strength, and hardness. Recent advances in processing, microstructure, wear, and mechanical properties of Al matrix composites have increased, with innumerable types of particles covered in this review paper. At the end of the study, future directions for these composites will also be discussed.

PARP inhibitors target cellular energy metabolism: Mechanisms of action and clinical implications.

The acceleration of physics-based simulations via machine learning has contributed to applications that rely on rapid predictions, such as model predictive control and real-time optimization. Among physics-based simulations, granular flow simulations are of particular interest due to their ubiquity in industrial processes and the high computational cost of traditional models. In this review article, we comment on the various approaches for creating machine learning-based surrogate models from discrete element method (DEM) simulations. This review is specifically focused on methods that accelerate simulations or those that produce the same outputs as high-fidelity models, such as particle positions or void fraction fields. For each method, the underlying concepts behind it were explained and the research articles that used it were discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach in relation to the others were also outlined. After this, knowledge gaps and limitations in the development of surrogate models for granular flow simulations and their practical implementation in industrial applications are presented. Potential solutions to each limitation were suggested based on developments from adjacent fields of study, and these may be taken as directions for future work.

Understanding antiphospholipid syndrome clinical phenotypes with the guidance of antiphospholipid antibody-related pathogenic mechanisms.

Tumour necrosis factor-like ligand 1A (TL1A) and its receptor DR3 form a pivotal signalling dyad linking immune activation, epithelial barrier dysfunction and fibrogenesis in inflammatory bowel diseases. (IBD). This narrative review summarizes the molecular biology of the TL1A-DR3 axis, its roles in intestinal inflammation, fibrosis, and extraintestinal manifestations, and the emerging therapeutic landscape of TL1A inhibition in IBD. Narrative synthesis of preclinical, translational, and clinical literature on TL1A/DR3 in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. TL1A overexpression drives Crohn's-like ileitis, barrier disruption, and fibrosis in models; blockade attenuates both inflammation and remodelling. TL1A inhibitors show clinical/endoscopic remission in early-phase moderate-severe IBD trials (e.g., tulisokibart, duvakitug), with phase 3 programs ongoing. TL1A-DR3 integrates mucosal immunity with stromal injury, positioning inhibitors as a novel class to overcome IBD therapeutic ceilings by targeting the inflammation-fibrosis continuum.

Process streams in the manufacture of goat and sheep dairy products and ingredients

Aortic aneurysm is influenced by traditional risk factors such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Latest evidence states that the gut microbiome may play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. This review aims to explore the relationship between the gut microbiome and aortic aneurysm. We conducted a comprehensive literature review using PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to understand the association between aortic aneurysm and the gut microbiome. Relevant studies were evaluated and critically analyzed to narratively summarize existing knowledge and highlight research gaps. The analysis revealed that gut dysbiosis affects systemic inflammation and immune response. This in turn contributes to the degeneration of the vessel wall and aneurysm development. Bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), were found to influence inflammatory pathways, while microbial translocation exacerbates oxidative stress. Understanding the gut microbiome-aortic aneurysm axis can lead to the development of innovative prevention and therapeutic strategies focused on aortic aneurysm formation.

Coumarin derivatives in fibrosis therapy: Mechanistic insights from natural to synthetic scaffolds.

Version 2.0 - LitOrganizer: Automating the process of data extraction and organization for scientific literature reviews

The natural history of early onset scoliosis: Prognostic factors and progression risks-a review article.

Unveiling the therapeutic potential of copper nanoparticles for cancer treatment: a systematic review.

The changing landscape of concrete bridge infrastructure health monitoring and informed maintenance strategies: A decade of developments and trends

This review article discusses the most common umbilical cord vessel anomalies and umbilical cord emergencies, as well as their implications on anesthetic management. Umbilical cord anomalies and emergencies pose significant risks to both the fetus and the mother. Fetal complications can include fetal heart tone issues, hypoxia, preterm delivery, unexpected neonatal ICU admissions, exsanguination, and fetal demise. Maternal complications can include emergency cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage. Recognition of these anomalies and their potential complications is essential to the proper management of these patients. Anesthesia providers must be familiar with and available for patients with various umbilical cord pathologies to provide safe and effective care for the best maternal and neonatal outcomes if umbilical cord emergencies arise. Coordinated efforts should be in place for multidisciplinary emergency response systems.

Chlorogenic acid as a novel bioactive and functional ingredient in the fabrication of biodegradable food packaging films

Market-based instruments such as agricultural carbon credit programs are being encouraged as a way of mitigating climate change, and at the same time, encouraging farm-level sustainability. The review paper consolidates the literature presented throughout the world in agricultural carbon credit initiatives by analysing the expansion of research, theoretical and methodological frameworks, and determining factors that define the participation, result and limitations of the farmers. The systematic literature review was conducted in line with PRISMA, using the Scopus and WoS databases. A multi-stage screening method was used to select seventy-nine peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2025. The Theory-Context-Characteristics-Methodology (TCCM) framework and the Antecedents-Decision-Outcomes (ADO) framework were used together with bibliometric analysis to assess the trends in research, drivers of participation and system-level outcomes. The existing literature is dominated by behavioural and economic theories as compared to institutional and systems-based views that are relatively undeveloped. The involvement of the farmers depends on a mixture of the economic incentives, the institutional trust, policy stability, transaction costs, and social and informational factors and not necessarily on the carbon prices themselves. Even though carbon credit initiatives can create supportive economic, social and environmental impacts, these impacts are extremely contextual and unevenly distributed, hence, skewed against smallholder farmers. Carbon credits can promote climate mitigation in agricultural contexts when entrenched in consistent policy systems and reliable institutional structures. • Since 2020, the research on agricultural carbon credits has increased rapidly. • The further involvement is conditional upon the trust and the policy stability and the cost of the transactions. • Existing studies on carbon credit are dominated by behavioural and economic theories. • Carbon credits have unequal advantages that occur on a local scale. • Inclusive and credible carbon markets require designs at the system level.

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) for valorizing fish waste into collagen: Current state and future prospects

Biobased vitrimers represent a new class of innovative materials that combine the recyclability of thermoplastics with the durability and mechanical strength of traditional thermosets, offering a promising solution for sustainable applications. This review paper systematically explores the mechanisms that enable key properties such as self-healing, reprocessing and recycling. A thorough examination of various biobased components, including lignin, vanillin, tannic acid, chitosan, cellulose and starch is provided, highlighting their potential as feedstocks for vitrimers. We show synthesis methods employed for each type of vitrimer, providing insights into their processing and performance characteristics. By presenting a comprehensive overview of current research, we aim to contribute to the understanding and future advancements in the field of biobased vitrimers, paving the way for their broader industrial application. • Bio-based vitrimers merge thermoplastic recyclability with thermoset durability to reduce plastic waste. • Lignin, vanillin, cellulose, chitosan etc. enable bio-vitrimers for sustainable use in transport and medical sectors. • Bio-based vitrimers enable self-healing, reprocessing and recycling via dynamic bond exchange for greener manufacturing.

In January 2026, the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans were released, generating substantial international debate. Unlike previous editions, these guidelines were not primarily based on the report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee but on an independent scientific review, a process that raised concerns regarding transparency and potential conflicts of interest. This article critically examines the main recommendations of the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans, with particular emphasis on their implications for metabolic, cardiovascular, and kidney health. While the guidelines appropriately emphasize the reduction of ultra-processed food consumption and the promotion of minimally processed foods, several inconsistencies with contemporary scientific evidence are identified. Key concerns include the use of an outdated inverted food pyramid, a strong emphasis on high-protein intake (1.2–1.6 g/kg/day) predominantly from animal sources, and an internal contradiction between recommended protein intake and limits on saturated fat consumption. The proposed dietary pattern may also inadequately support gut microbiota health due to relatively low recommendations for fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These issues may also be relevant to nephrology, given the growing popularity of high-protein diets and their potential renal implications. Overall, while the guidelines contain positive elements, their scientific coherence and alignment with established evidence-based dietary patterns remain questionable, potentially limiting their effectiveness as a public health tool.

In January 2026, the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans were released, generating substantial international debate. Unlike previous editions, these guidelines were not primarily based on the report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee but on an independent scientific review, a process that raised concerns regarding transparency and potential conflicts of interest. This article critically examines the main recommendations of the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans, with particular emphasis on their implications for metabolic, cardiovascular, and kidney health. While the guidelines appropriately emphasize the reduction of ultra-processed food consumption and the promotion of minimally processed foods, several inconsistencies with contemporary scientific evidence are identified. Key concerns include the use of an outdated inverted food pyramid, a strong emphasis on high-protein intake (1.2-1.6 g/kg/day) predominantly from animal sources, and an internal contradiction between recommended protein intake and limits on saturated fat consumption. The proposed dietary pattern may also inadequately support gut microbiota health due to relatively low recommendations for fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These issues may also be relevant to nephrology, given the growing popularity of high-protein diets and their potential renal implications. Overall, while the guidelines contain positive elements, their scientific coherence and alignment with established evidence-based dietary patterns remain questionable, potentially limiting their effectiveness as a public health tool.

Neurological disorders such as diverse neurodegenerative diseases and neural tumors have posed significant challenges to the well-being of the individuals and the healthcare systems of the economic society worldwide. Despite the robust progress in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders in clinical practice, the continuous recurrence and deterioration attribute to the multifactorial conditions and the underlying regulatory network are still intractable for clinicians to pinpoint their exact pathogenesis and propose effective countermeasures. Stem cells are populations with unique self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation properties, which are extensively involved in early embryonic development, disease modeling, pharmacological screening, and disease interventions including neurological disorders. Consequently, they represent a novel tactics with promising prospects for the purposes of refractory and recurrent neurological disease administration alone or integrated with the multifaceted innovations in bioengineering and biomedicine. In this review article, we mainly outline the methodology of neural differentiation of human stem cells including human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs), the construction and application of stem cell-based neural organoids for diverse neural disorder modeling, together with the stem cell-based regimens including mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and hPSCs-derived immune cells (e.g., natural killer cells, chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells) for neural tumor administration. Furthermore, the promising prospects and the concomitant challenges of stem cell-based tactics for neurological disorders have also be expounded. Collectively, we are aiming to put forward the state-of-the-art renewal of stem cell-based preclinical and clinical investigations, which would benefit the further development of novel therapeutic options for neural disorders including neurodegenerative diseases.