Surgical Removal Of Pheochromocytoma Research Articles

Феохромоцитома: особливості гемодинамічного контролю при лапароскопічних адреналектоміях

Мета роботи: упровадження сучасного анестезіологічного менеджменту пацієнтів із феохромоцитомою в умовах спеціалізованого ендокринологічного центру із застосуванням алгоритму етапного періопераційного гемодинамічного контролю. Матеріали і методи. Проведена імплементація анестезіологічного менеджменту в 33 жінок із феохромоцитомою надниркових залоз при хірургічному її видаленні шляхом відеоасистованої лапароскопічної адреналектомії. Усім пацієнткам застосовувався алгоритм етапного періопераційного гемодинамічного менеджменту (ЕПОГМ): передопераційна таблетована гіпотензивна терапія до надходження в стаціонар, передопераційна інфузійна керована гіпотензивна терапія урапідилом та корекція гіповолемії збалансованими кристалоїдними розчинами та 10% розчином гідроксіетилкрохмалю (ГЕК) (200/0,5) на 2-му етапі, інтраопераційна інфузійна керована гіпотензивна терапія урапідилом на 3-му етапі під контролем інвазивного та неінвазівного моніторингу гемодинаміки й профілактика надниркової недостатності та корекція гіповолемії. Результати та обговорення. У всіх хворих був вірогідно (p < 0,001) відмічений підвищений рівень метанефринів добової сечі до 1831,6 ± 337,9 мкг/24 год (контроль — 169,3 ± 12,7 мкг/24 год). Згідно з розробленим алгоритмом ЕПОГМ на першому етапі застосовували доксазозин у дозі 10,0 ± 1,0 мг або урапідил у дозі 144,0 ± 11,2 мг у 2 прийоми. На другому етапі виконували гемодилюцію 10% розчином ГЕК (200/0,5) та інфузійну керовану гіпотензивну терапію урапідилом із середньою швидкістю 9,7 ± 1,9 мг/год. На третьому етапі інтраопераційно швидкість інфузії урапідилу становила 1,25 ± 0,08 мг/хв (додатково при хірургічному виділенні надниркової залози з феохромоцитомою болюсно вводився урапідил 25–50 мг в/в при виявленні навіть мінімального підвищення артеріального тиску). На четвертому етапі здійснювалась профілактика надниркової недостатності та гіповолемії. Висновки. Упровадження анестезіологічного менеджменту пацієнтів з феохромоцитомами в спеціалізованому ендокринологічному центрі забезпечило високу ефективність та безпеку при лапароскопічних адреналектоміях під час загальної анестезії. ЕПОГМ при підготовці до операції та під час хірургічного втручання є ефективним, легко керованим та безпечним методом стабілізації показників гемодинаміки. Летальних випадків не було.

49 THE ABNORMALITY OF GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST IN PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS OF POSTOPERATIVE HYPOGLYCEMIA

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The resection of pheochromocytoma inevitably includes several possible life-threatening complications. Although the blood pressure control was investigated, there have been few studies regarding postoperative hypoglycemia. The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between preoperative variables and postoperative hypoglycemia. METHODS: This study included 14 patients who underwent surgical removal of pheochromocytoma and intraand postoperative closed glucose monitorings. Preoperative variables included age, tumor size, urinary catecholamine levels, HbA1c, 75g oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, Urinary excretion of C-peptide immunoreactivity and Insulinogenic index. Glucose tolerance was categorized into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes mellitus (DM) according to the WHO criteria. We analyzed the relationship of these preoperative parameters and postoperative hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia was defined as a serum glucose level of 72 mg/dl. RESULTS: Postoperative hypoglycemia was occurred in eight of 14 patients (57.1%). All of them were glucose intolerance group consisting of one IFG, 4 IGT and 3 DM. All 6 patients with normal glucose tolerance did not develop postoperative hypoglycemia. The mean level of lowest glucose was 68.1 20.0 mg/dl in patients with glucose intolerance group. On the other hand, the mean level of lowest glucose was 101.2 16.6 mg/dl in normal glucose tolerance group. Lowest glucose level was significantly lower in the glucose intolerance group (p 0.019). Univariate analysis revealed glucose intolerance had statistically significant (p 0.0003) association with postoperative hypoglycemia. Urinary norepinephrine level (p 0.0028) and age (p 0.02) also had significant association with postoperative hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: Glucose tolerance test abnormality is one of the significant findings of postoperative hypoglycemia. Pheochromocytoma patients with this sign should be monitored closely. Source of Funding: None

Pheochromocytoma with inferior vena cava thrombosis: An unusual association

Pheochromocytomas have been described in association with vascular abnormalities like renal artery stenosis. A 48-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the complaints of headache, sweating, anxiety, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and hypertension. For last several days, he was having a dull aching abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence of a left adrenal pheochromocytoma. An inferior vena cava (IVC) venogram via the right jugular vein demonstrated occlusion of the IVC inferior to the right atrium. Surgical removal of pheochromocytoma was done, followed by anticoagulant treatment for IVC thrombosis, initially with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin, and then with oral warfarin, resulting in restoration of patency. To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of pheochromocytoma in IVC thrombosis has not been reported so far from India. Possible mechanisms of such an involvement are discussed.

Pheochromocytoma with renal artery stenosis: A case-based review of literature

Pheochromocytomas have been described to be associated with rare vascular abnormalities, most common of them being renal artery stenosis. A 45-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of headache, sweating, anxiety, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and severe hypertension. Hypertension was confirmed to result from both excess catecholamine production and hyperreninemia of left kidney. The technical images (abdominal CT and renal arteriography) revealed the presence of a left adrenal pheochromocytoma and stenosis of the renal artery. Surgical removal of pheochromocytoma and correction of renal artery stenosis restored the postoperative plasma catecholamine, renin and blood pressure to normal. To our belief, this is the first such case report from India citing this rare association. We conclude that when the two diseases occur simultaneously, both must be diagnosed accurately and treated in a different manner. We also hereby review the existing literature.

The effect of pheochromocytoma treatment on subclinical inflammation and endocrine function of adipose tissue

The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of surgical removal of pheochromocytoma on the endocrine function of adipose tissue and subclinical inflammation as measured by circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Eighteen patients with newly diagnosed pheochromocytoma were included into study. Anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, serum CRP, leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels were measured at the time of diagnosis and six months after surgical removal of pheochromocytoma. Surgical removal of pheochromocytoma significantly increased body weight, decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels. Serum CRP levels were decreased by 50 % six months after surgical removal of pheochromocytoma (0.49+/-0.12 vs. 0.23+/-0.05 mg/l, p<0.05) despite a significant increase in body weight. Serum leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels were not affected by the surgery. We conclude that increased body weight in patients after surgical removal of pheochromocytoma is accompanied by an attenuation of subclinical inflammation probably due to catecholamine normalization. We failed to demonstrate an involvement of the changes in circulating leptin, adiponectin or resistin levels in this process.

Predictive Factors and the Effect of Phenoxybenzamine on Outcome in Dogs Undergoing Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma

Some studies in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma suggest that anesthetic complications and perioperative mortality are common. In humans, surgical outcome has improved with the use of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) before adrenalectomy. Dogs treated with PBZ before adrenalectomy have increased survival compared with untreated dogs. Forty-eight dogs that underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. A retrospective medical record review for dogs that underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma at a veterinary medical teaching hospital over the period from January 1986 through December 2005. Twenty-three of 48 dogs were pretreated with PBZ (median dosage: 0.6 mg/kg PO q12h) for a median duration of 20 days before adrenalectomy. Duration of anesthesia and surgery, percentage of dogs with pheochromocytoma involving the right versus left adrenal gland, size of tumor, and presence of vascular invasion were similar for PBZ-treated and untreated dogs. Thirty-three (69%) of 48 dogs survived adrenalectomy in the perioperative period. PBZ-treated dogs had a significantly (P = .014) decreased mortality rate compared with untreated dogs (13 versus 48%, respectively). Additional significant prognostic factors for improved survival included younger age (P = .028), lack of intraoperative arrhythmias (P = .0075), and decreased surgical time (P = .0089). Results from this retrospective study support treatment with PBZ before surgical removal of pheochromocytoma in dogs.

THE EFFECT OF PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA TREATMENT ON SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATION AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of surgical removal of pheochromocytoma on the endocrine function of adipose tissue and subclinical inflammation as measured by circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Eighteen patients with newly diagnosed pheochromocytoma were included into study. Anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, serum CRP, leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels were measured at the time of diagnosis and six months after surgical removal of pheochromocytoma. Surgical removal of pheochromocytoma significantly increased body weight, decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels. Serum CRP levels were decreased by 50 % six months after surgical removal of pheochromocytoma (0.49+/-0.12 vs. 0.23+/-0.05 mg/l, p<0.05) despite a significant increase in body weight. Serum leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels were not affected by the surgery. We conclude that increased body weight in patients after surgical removal of pheochromocytoma is accompanied by an attenuation of subclinical inflammation probably due to catecholamine normalization. We failed to demonstrate an involvement of the changes in circulating leptin, adiponectin or resistin levels in this process.

Alterations in plasma neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and catecholamine levels during surgical removal of pheochromocytoma.

Neuropeptide Y, an abundant neurohormone present with catecholamines in the adrenal medulla, is a potent non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor and a vascular growth factor. To determine the mechanism of the release from, and possible role of neuropeptide Y in, pheochromocytomas, compared with those of catecholamines. Plasma and tumour levels of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity (by, radioimmunoassay) and of noradrenaline and adrenaline (by a radioenzymatic method) in 29 patients (19 women and 10 men, aged 22-68 years) were measured during surgical removal of the tumour, during alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic blockade. Arterial systemic blood samples were withdrawn before the ligation of the vessels supplying the tumour, during its surgical manipulations and after its removal, while haemodynamics was monitored. Plasma neuropeptide Y levels in 17 patients (58.6%, group I) significantly increased during manipulations of the pheochromocytoma and returned completely to normal after its removal. This response was independent of the plasma neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity manipulation and was correlated to increases in plasma noradrenaline (r = 0.638, P < 0.02) but not adrenaline levels. Manipulation-induced increases in plasma neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity were associated with greater neuropeptide Y content in tumours (r = 0.508, P < 0.05) but neither plasma nor tumour levels of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity were correlated to tumour mass. Plasma levels of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the remaining 12 patients (41.4%, group II) remained unchanged throughout the experimental period, while levels of circulating catecholamine rose. In all, in spite of our attempt at complete adrenergic blockade, tumour manipulation elevated arterial blood pressure and these changes were significantly correlated to increases in levels of catecholamines in patients in both groups but also to plasma neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in patients in group I. Pheochromocytomas exhibit different patterns of secretion. For about half of the patients either the secretion of neuropeptide Y is uncoupled from that of catecholamines or its secretion could be obscured by an increase in degradation of neuropeptide Y to inactive fragments undetectable by radioimmunoassay.

Long Term Follow-Up After Surgical Removal of Pheochromocytoma - Observations in 61 Patients

89 patients were operated on for pheochromocytoma. 61 patients (37 women and 24 men) were available for extended follow-up. The final survey, performed 79.1 +/- 66.9 months postoperatively, provided data on survival, blood pressure tumor recurrence, malignant metastatic lesions, cardiovascular complications and coexisting diseases. There were 4 deaths during the follow-up period, including 2 instances of malignant pheochromocytoma. Permanent normalization of blood pressure was achieved in 38 patients (62.3%). This hypotensive effect was noted in 79.2% of patients with preoperative paroxysmal hypertension and in 40.8% of those with sustained hypertension. Permanent or re-developing postoperative hypertension was noted in 23 (37.7%) patients. This includes 4 cases of malignant pheochromocytoma, 4 cases of recurrent benign pheochromocytoma and 15 cases of essential hypertension. Cardiovascular complications during follow-up were rare and concerned the patients with essential hypertension diagnosed postoperatively.

Adenosine

Severe hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias are well known problems during surgical removal of pheochromocytoma. This is due to extremely high circulating catecholamines during tumor manipulation. In this study, peroperative blood pressure control was obtained by the infusion of adenosine, which antagonized cardiovascular effects of catecholamines. During operation of 10 patients, none had systolic blood pressure exceeding 200 mm Hg or any cardiac arrhythmias despite extremely high plasma catecholamine levels. A mean blood pressure of 120–150 mm Hg was maintained in all patients. Peroperative use of adenosine seems to be a most effective compound for hemodynamic control during pheochromocytoma surgery.

Adenosine: a new antihypertensive agent during pheochromocytoma removal.

AbstractSevere hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias are well known problems during surgical removal of pheochromocytoma. This is due to extremely high circulating catecholamines during tumor manipulation. In this study, peroperative blood pressure control was obtained by the infusion of adenosine, which antagonized cardiovascular effects of catecholamines. During operation of 10 patients, none had systolic blood pressure exceeding 200 mm Hg or any cardiac arrhythmias despite extremely high plasma catecholamine levels. A mean blood pressure of 120–150 mm Hg was maintained in all patients. Peroperative use of adenosine seems to be a most effective compound for hemodynamic control during pheochromocytoma surgery.

Pheochromocytoma: Diagnosis and treatment

Pheochromocytoma is a rare disease, but since it is curable, every patient who has any of its characteristic signs and symptoms should be examined care-fully. The diagnosis is established in the majority of patients today by the demonstration of excessive amounts of catecholamines in the blood or urine, or of metabolites of catecholamines in the urine. The pharmacologic tests confirm the diagnosis. The tumors are usually benign, but some show microscopic evidence of malignancy and a few may show evidence of local extension to the regional lymph nodes or blood vessels. Some pheochromocytomas located in the adrenal gland are large enough to be visualized by ordinary radiographic procedures; others are small or in extra-adrenal locations and may be difficult to locate radiographically. Aortography may be used successfully to visualize the tumor provided the blood pressure is monitored. It is not necessary, however, to visualize the tumor once the diagnosis has been established chemically. Exploration of both adrenal glands and the entire retroperitoneal space down to the bladder is necessary in all cases because the tumors may be multiple. Surgical removal of pheochromocytoma should have no mortality when the internist, the anesthesiologist and the surgeon combine their skill and experience.

Techniques Involved in Surgical Removal of Pheochromocytoma

Techniques Involved in Surgical Removal of Pheochromocytoma

Refractory hypotension following removal of pheochromocytoma.

SINCE pheochromocytoma has been widely recognized clinically as a cause of hypertension, many unusual aspects of this tumor and the clinical syndrome it produces have been reported. These have included errors in diagnosis, false negative and false positive pharmacologic tests, and extra-adrenal location of the tumor.* The case to follow illustrates another unusual aspect of the clinical syndrome, the requirement of massive doses of arterenol ( Nor-epinephrine) following surgical removal of pheochromocytoma. The management of patients with pheochromocytoma before, during, and after surgery has recently been reviewed by Sprague and others,4and the usual methods of vasopressor maintenance will not be reviewed here. The following case illustrates the failure to maintain a normal postoperative blood pressure until massive doses of arterenol were used. The patient was an 11-year-old white boy first seen in September, 1954, because of weight loss, easy fatigability, lassitude, and night sweats of approximately three months' duration.