Surface Wind Research Articles

The Extraction and Validation of Low-Frequency Wind-Generated Noise Source Levels in the Chukchi Plateau

Low-frequency ocean noise (50–500 Hz) was recorded by a single omnidirectional hydrophone in the open waters of the Chukchi Plateau from 31 August 2021 to 6 September 2021 (local time). After other non-wind interference was filtered out, wind-generated noise source levels (NSLs) were extracted from the wind-generated noise. The correlation coefficients between the one-third octave wind-generated NSLs and sea surface wind speed exceed 0.84, an improvement of approximately 10% compared to those between the raw data and the wind speed. For 200–500 Hz, the wind-generated NSLs are highly consistent with Wilson’s (1983) estimated curve. The 50–300 Hz results closely match those of Chapman and Cornish (1993) from vertical line array (VLA) measurements. Both demonstrate the feasibility of extracting wind-generated NSLs by utilizing a single omnidirectional hydrophone in the Chukchi Plateau’s open waters. Furthermore, the research results of wind speed dependence and frequency dependence can be applied to calculate wind-generated NSLs in the Chukchi Plateau. Wind-derived ocean ambient noise data are useful for background correction in underwater target detection, recognition, tracking, and positioning.

Global changes in extreme tropical cyclone wave heights under projected future climate conditions

Tropical cyclone risks are expected to increase with climate change. One such risk is extreme ocean waves generated by surface winds from these systems. We use synthetic databases of both historical (1980-2017) and future (2015-2050) tropical cyclone tracks to generate wind fields and force a computationally efficient wave model to estimate significant wave heights across all global tropical cyclone basins. These data are then used to estimate 1 in 100-year return period significant wave height for both the historical period and the future under an SSP585 high emissions scenario. The results show that by 2050, there are projected increases in 100-year significant wave height of up to 1.5 m (10%) in the Eastern and Western Pacific, South Indian and South Pacific Ocean basins. The North Atlantic basin shows no consistent trend, whilst the North Indian basin (particularly the Bay of Bengal) shows a statistically significant decrease in extreme significant wave height. The results represent the first attempt to quantify the magnitude of expected changes in extreme wave height conditions generated by extreme tropical cyclones across all tropical cyclone basins.

Treatment of limb skin defect with self-made skin distractor

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of self-made skin distractor in the treatment of limb skin defects.MethodsFrom September 2018 to January 2020, 15 cases of limb skin defects (16 wounds) were treated with self-designed skin distractor, including 13 males and 2 females, with an average age of 42 years (range, 9–73 years). The smallest area of skin defect was 6 cm×3 cm, the largest was 32 cm ×7 cm, with an average of 72.4cm2. The wound healing was observed, complications and the time of use of the distractor were recorded.ResultsAll patients were followed up for 6–12 months with an average of 9.2 months. Of the 16 wounds in 15 patients, 2 wounds were closed in one stage during operation, 13 wounds were delayed in primary closure. A skin incision occurred in 1 case, but the wound closure was not affected; One wound were not closed completely, because the skin was cut by Kirschner wire, and could not be stretched continously. The remaining wounds were closed by skin grafting. Another case also had skin cutting was occurred in another case, but the wound closure was not affected. No skin stretch was terminated due to pain. All wounds were healed. The elasticity and color of the skin on the wound surface were not different from the surrounding skin. The movement of the adjacent joints was basically normal.ConclusionThe self-made skin stretcher is simple in structure and easy to use. It provides a reliable and effective method for the treatment of skin defects of limbs.

Distribution of Atmospheric Stability Classes in Baghdad Province and Its Relationship with Surface Wind Speed Rates

Stability in the atmosphere is the most important factor in the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. There are a number of complicated methods for determining stability. The majority of these methods are based on the amount of convective and mechanical turbulence in atmospheric motions, such as the Richardson number, Monin-Obukhov length, Pasquill-Gifford stability classification, and Pasquill-Turner stability classification. Pasquill utilized surface-accessible meteorological information like breeze speed, sun-based radiation, and surface darkness to portray air steadiness. Baghdad territory was separated into a gathering of focuses as indicated by scope and longitude; six focuses were chosen and conveyed in a manner that addresses all districts of Baghdad territory through the diurnal hourly information (6, 9, 12, 15, 18) for the months (January, April, July, October) for the year 2018, and find the spatial and fleeting circulation of relative recurrence RF% dependability classes as per consolidating the Pasquill-Turner strategy. The pattern of conditions necessary for atmospheric stability can be derived from two distinct categories. First, the patterns for the month and the season are calculated. The results show that in April, the relative frequency (RF%) of the (A) and (B) classes is highest in the northeast of Baghdad province and has an inverse relationship with average wind speed (R = - 0.62, - 0.90). During July, the relative frequency RF percentages of the (C) and (D) classes are highest in the west and northeast of Baghdad province, respectively, and they are positively correlated with average wind speed (R = 0.91, 0.78, respectively). The spatial and worldly conveyance of relative recurrence RF% steadiness classes as per joining the Pasquill-Turner strategy prompts a feeble relationship or an absence of clarity in the relationship because of the impact of affecting elements (non-direct variety) (the Pasquill-Turner Technique (PTM) in extra factors of the Pasquill strategy). Second, monthly and seasonal patterns are calculated. The Pasquill method reveals that the stability class (C) has the highest relative frequency (RF%) in January (28.72 percent), the stability class (B) has the highest relative frequency (RF%) in April (33.98 percent), the stability class (C) has the highest relative frequency (RF%) in July (64.74 percent), and the stability class (C) has the highest relative frequency (RF%) in October (35.48 percent).

Methods of treatment of trophic skin defect in patients with chronic venous insufficiency in stage C6

Annotation. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of the lower extremities is currently the most common pathology of the human vascular system. The frequency of development of venous insufficiency per 1000 population is 1.48-3.05 people. The aim of the work – to improve the results of treatment of patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities in stage C6 by accelerating the epithelialization of active trophic venous ulcers. The study is based on the analysis of examination and treatment of 97 patients with CVI. According to the purpose of the study, all patients were divided into the main and control groups. The main study group included 47 patients who underwent classical surgery (crossectomy+phlebectomy according to Babcock and/or Narat) in combination with the developed method of treating trophic wounds. The control group included 50 patients who underwent classical surgical treatment (ligation of perforating veins according to Cockett’s method, phlebectomy according to Narat). Quantitative indicators were processed statistically. Statistical processing of materials and research results was carried out with the help of the Statistica application program package from the company “StatSoft” (USA). After the treatment in the main group, the rapid dynamics of healing of wound surfaces was observed within 1-3 months after surgical treatment. The speed of epithelization of trophic ulcers of venous etiology in patients of two groups varied from 6 to 50 days, and the daily increase of epithelization - from 1.79% to 17.21%. The lowest rate of epithelization was observed in trophic ulcers larger than 20 cm2. Thanks to the application of our own developed method of surgical treatment of patients with a decompensated form of CVI complicated by trophic skin defects, it was possible to significantly reduce the healing time of active trophic wounds after surgical treatment.

Something Old and Something New-A Pilot Study of Shrinkage and Modern Imaging Devices.

Shrinkage, a heat-induced process, reorganizes collagen fibers, thereby reducing wound surface area. This technique, commonly applied in surgeries like periareolar mastopexy and skin grafting, is well-established. Despite its widespread use, modern imaging has recently enabled detailed observation of shrinkage's effects on tissue temperature and oxygenation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of shrinkage on histological level, temperature, and tissue oxygenation. Skin flaps were collected, marked, and subjected to shrinkage in vitro, with wound dimensions recorded before and after shrinkage. Biopsy samples were analyzed histologically. In our clinical set up, Snapshot NIR® and FLIR thermography were used to assess tissue oxygenation and temperature changes before and after shrinkage. Shrinkage significantly reduced wound area by almost 47% ± 8.5%, with a 16.5% ± 6.0% reduction in length and a 36.5% ± 7.7% reduction in width. Tissue temperature rose by an average of 38.3 °C post-shrinkage, reaching approximately 65 °C. A slight decrease in oxygen saturation was observed following shrinkage. Histological analyses reveal collagen fiber denaturation and structural reorganization. Thermal shrinkage is an effective method for reducing wound size and tension, demonstrating potential for facilitating larger full-thickness skin grafts. Although minor decreases in oxygenation were observed, shrinkage may enhance wound healing by reducing tension at wound edges. Further studies are needed to quantify its impact on functional and cosmetic outcomes.

The Observed and Simulated Evolution of a Microburst Using X‐Band Phased‐Array Radar Data Assimilation With EnKF

AbstractA microburst is a severe small‐scale meteorological event that develops rapidly, producing intense downdrafts that result in catastrophic divergent winds near the ground. The fine‐scale structure and evolution of real‐case microbursts are rarely analyzed due to the limitation of regular observational platforms and the computational capacity for numerical simulations. On 12 September 2020, a microburst was effectively captured by China's S‐band operational weather radar network and an X‐band polarimetric phased‐array radar (XPAR). XPAR observations can identify precursor signatures of the rapidly evolving microburst before the occurrence of surface wind disasters, demonstrating superior spatiotemporal resolution in monitoring compared to the S‐band radars. To disclose the evolution of small‐scale structure and the underlying physical processes, this study utilizes the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) system to assimilate XPAR data. The simulation successfully reproduces the fine‐scale structure and evolution of the microburst with a misocyclone. The analysis indicates that the microburst's downdraft is primarily triggered by the middle‐level hydrometeor loading. The misocyclone generates a downward‐directed perturbation pressure gradient then accelerates the microburst's downdraft toward the surface. This study is the first observation and simulation of a real‐case microburst using the WRF‐EnKF system assimilating XPAR data. The investigation of the impact of misocyclone on the microburst enhances our understanding of microbursts' forcing mechanism.

A multiscale study of a heavy rainfall event of April 2019 in Rio de Janeiro city

On April 8th and 9th, 2019, the city of Rio de Janeiro experienced intense rainfall characterized by accumulations exceeding 300 mm/24 hours, reaching a maximum of 343.4 mm. Accumulations were higher in stations located south of the Tijuca Massif, while lower values were recorded in the Northern Zone (NZ) stations. The rainfall persisted for 28 h, and three distinct precipitation peaks denoted as P1, P2, and P3, were identified. The P1 stood out for its higher intensities and long-lived rainfall duration and was the only peak associated with electrical discharges. It exhibited clouds with the highest tops, lowest temperatures, and a prevalence of clouds with ice-phase tops. P1 was associated with the presence of Cumulonimbus clouds, hitting significantly all stations in the Southern Zone. P2 and P3 were similar in intensity and duration, although with distinct cloud characteristics. P3 was dominated by Nimbostratus clouds, having the lowest top heights and warmer temperatures, and a prevalence of supercooled water at the cloud tops, indicating a high liquid water content. P2 was intermediate, featuring cloud tops lower than P1 but higher than P3. However, during peak rainfall intensity, Nimbostratus clouds were present, which was more critical in NZ stations, when surface winds were predominantly from the North. The event was influenced by the transport of high moisture content from the Central-Western region of Brazil towards the Southeast, coupled with the formation of a cyclone near the coast of Rio de Janeiro, besides the presence of pronounced moisture convergence zones over the municipality.

A Climate Simulation Dataset From 11 Overriding Experiments for Analysing Cloud and Air–Sea Feedbacks

ABSTRACTUnder global warming, cloud change and its radiative feedback have often been considered to evolve from thermodynamic processes; however, cloud feedback may also force sea surface temperature to trigger such air–sea interactions. Due to complex cloud physics in air–sea coupling, this contributes to the surface warming pattern formation with significant uncertainty. Here we develop a novel overriding technique for climate projections that substitutes specific variables in control runs to isolate such feedback mechanisms, decoupling thermodynamic, dynamical and radiative responses of the surface ocean to the atmosphere. We apply this to the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) and perform a series of 150‐year simulations with 1% CO2 increase per year (1pctCO2). In real time, the key variables under 1pctCO2 are replaced with those from the current climate, such as downwelling shortwave radiation, wind speed in latent and sensible heat and wind stress. These experiments provide monthly output of global distributions including surface temperatures, winds and precipitation, with a spatial resolution of 1.9° × 2.5° in latitude and longitude and 32 levels for the atmosphere and of ~1° and 60 layers designated as gx1v7 for the ocean. This open access dataset for partial air–sea coupling under climate change can help understand the tropical and polar warming patterns and quantify the relative contributions of forcing and triggering mechanisms.

Hyaluronic Acid-Based Self-Healing Hydrogels for Diabetic Wound Healing.

Diabetic wounds, particularly diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), are significant threats to human well-being due to their impaired healing from poor circulation and high blood sugar, increased risk of infection and potential for severe complications like amputation, all compounded by peripheral neuropathy and chronic inflammation. Most therapies and dressings for DFUs focus on one symptom at a time, however, multifunctional smart self-healing hydrogels can withstand multifactorial motional diabetic wounds. Motional wounds are easy-to-split wounds that experience tension, compression, and movement caused by stress now and then. Hyaluronic acid (HA) based self-healing hydrogels stand out among other biomaterials due to their ability to cover irregular wound surfaces, maintain a moist environment, repair themselves when ruptured, and exhibit excellent biocompatibility. These self-healing hydrogels can repair damages caused by movement and recover the functional properties during healing. These hydrogels can also act as therapeutic delivery vehicles and tissue regeneration systems. This review demonstrates the potential of HA-based self-healing hydrogels for diabetic wound healing. Due to its self-healing capabilities, these hydrogels offer a customized therapeutic approach for motional diabetic wounds. The review also critically examines the challenges and future directions for HA-based self-healing hydrogels in diabetic wound healing.

Determination of optimal transfusion therapy for early surgical treatment of burns

Objective. To determine the optimal programme for the use of infusion solutions for the early surgical treatment of dermal superficial and deep burns. Materials and methods. The strategy of transfusion therapy is based on the concept of ROSE (Resuscitation, Optimisation, Stabilisation, Evacuation). To study the effect of a protease inhibitor in complex treatment, 12 patients of the main group and 22 patients of the control group were examined. The content of calpains, α1 – protease inhibitor, α2 – macroglobulin, tumour necrosis factor–α and interleukin–6 in peripheral blood was determined on the 2nd – 3rd and 7th – 8th day after the burn. Results. The determined content of calpains, α1 –inhibitor, α2 –macroglobulin and proinflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood on the 2nd – 3rd day after the burn was high. The use of ulinastatin in the main group reduced the level of calpains by 1.16 times compared to the control group on day 7–8, the levels of α1 –protease inhibitor and α2 –macroglobulin remained at baseline, the level of tumour necrosis factor–α was 1.15 times lower and interleukin–6 was 1.6 times lower than the corresponding values in the control group. In the main group, the average period of early closure of burn wounds with autodermografts decreased by 3.36 days, the period of complete final wound closure – to (22.1 ± 6.92) days, which was 1.57 times less than in the control group. Conclusions. The optimal programme for the use of infusion solutions for the early surgical treatment of burns in accordance with the ROSE concept and the use of a protease inhibitor was determined. This made it possible to regulate excessive systemic inflammation by preventing an increase in the levels of interleukin–6 and tumour necrosis factor–α and to improve the balance of the proteolytic–antiproteolytic system, which in combination contributed to optimising the development of the wound process, allowing earlier performance of the first autodermoplasty and reducing the time for complete final closure of wound surfaces by 1.57 times.

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Phytochemical Properties of Alcea rosea Leaves Extract and Evaluate its Contribution to Healing Wound that Infected by Staphylococcus aureus

Medicinal plants have been used to treat various infectious illnesses in humans, a significant component of traditional medicine. Medicinal plants are currently considered a promising alternative in treating diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, one of the most essential therapeutic problems. Alcea rosea is a medicinal plant used for multiple therapeutic properties. This study investigated the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of A. rosea aqueous extract leaves. It evaluated its contribution to healing wounds Infected by Staphylococcus aureus to verify its ability to heal wounds scientifically. Aqueous extracts of the A. rosea leaves were tested using a rat dermal excision wound model. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the broth dilution test; the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the total antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid content, ferric reducing power, and DPPH free radical scavenging. Topical use of extract creams demonstrated significant wound healing. On the 10th day, the groups treated with conventional medication and blank cream, 10% stem bark and leaf creams, and 95.8%, 96.3%, and 73.9% total wound surface closure were noted, respectively. Significant collagen formation, sparse infiltrations of inflammatory cells and re-epithelialization were observed histopathologically in the sections of healed tissue. In contrast, isolated regions of dispersed inflammatory cells and an abscess were seen in the tissues from the blank cream treatment group. S. aureus was susceptible to the antibacterial properties of the methanol stem bark extract.

PATHOGENETIC APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AFTER AMPUTATION OF THE FOOT AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC LIMB-THREATENING ISCHEMIA (CLTI)

SUMMARY. The strategy of treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) should be its timely revascularization and prioritization of performing "small" amputations on the foot. The aim – to improve the healing of wounds after amputation of a part of the foot with the help of a biological membrane enriched with growth factors for their subsequent autodermoplasty Material and Methods. 81 patients with IV grade CLTI were under observation according to the Fontaine classification (category 6 according to the Rutherford classification), with open wounds after amputation of a part of the foot due to dry gangrene. The average age of the patients was 56.7±9.3 years, all men. Patients underwent vasoballoon angioplasty of the arteries of the lower extremities. After that, amputation of the foot was performed using various methods. In connection with the shortage of skin flaps of the wound, 41 patients were treated by the open method, according to the traditional method, followed by autodermoplasty. In other patients (40 patients), to stimulate the reparative process, the entire area of the wound surface on the foot was covered with a plasma membrane (PRGF®-Endoret® supernatant), enriched with growth factors. To control the regeneration process, the tyrosine kinase index was calculated at different times of treatment (6-10 and 15 days after amputation). Also, the content of interleukins IL-1β, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon (IFN-γ) was determined. After that, the intercytokine coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Result. In patients who underwent endovascular angioplasty and PRP therapy before limb amputation and closed the wound with a plasma membrane, ICC decreased below baseline. This can be explained by a significant increase in the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines against the background of a stable amount of pro-inflammatory factors. The reaction of IL-4 and IFN-γ can be regarded as preparation for the transition of the wound process to the proliferation stage, and the decrease in the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α reflects a decrease in the manifestations of the inflammatory reaction in the wound. Conclusions: 1. Wound healing after foot amputation in patients with CLTI depends not only on restoration of blood supply to the limb. The healing process in an acute wound is largely controlled by the spatio-temporal action of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. The use of plasma membrane as a biological membrane enriched with growth factors (PRGF)-Endoret can be a new therapeutic strategy to accelerate the healing process of wounds after amputation of the foot on the background of CLTI with the purpose of subsequent autodermoplasty.

How Much Convective Environment Subgrid Spatial Variability Is Missing Within Atmospheric Reanalysis Data Sets?

AbstractConvective cloud processes are sensitive to environmental conditions that vary on scales smaller than reanalysis data sets (sub‐reanalysis scales). Convective environment variability within areas representative of reanalysis data sets is quantified using large‐domain, high‐resolution (∆x = 100 m) simulations of convective cloud systems throughout the tropics and subtropics. Even after removing locations of resolved clouds and precipitation, convective environment parameters vary significantly on these scales. For example, for half of the simulated data, 500 hPa relative humidity varies by ∼30% within a typical reanalysis area. Surface winds, convective available potential energy, and middle‐tropospheric moisture are the most variable convective environment parameters for both continental and maritime regimes, while above‐surface temperature and winds are the least variable. While high‐resolution, sub‐reanalysis‐scale extrema are well‐correlated with the reanalysis‐area mean values, some of the most extreme convective environments can occur within regions with moderate reanalysis‐area mean values, particularly for continental regions.

Use of Spectral Clustering for Identifying Circulation Patterns of the East Korea Warm Current and Its Extension

A graphical clustering approach was used to objectively identify prevalent surface circulation patterns in the East/Japan Sea (EJS). By applying a spectral clustering algorithm, three distinct patterns in the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) and its extension were identified from daily maps of reanalyzed sea surface heights spanning the past 30 years. The results are consistent with previous studies that used manual classification of the EKWC’s Lagrangian trajectories, highlighting the effectiveness of spectral clustering in accurately characterizing the surface circulation states in the EJS. Notably, the recent dominance of northern paths, as opposed to routes along Japan’s coastline or those departing from Korea’s east coast further south, has prompted focused re-clustering of the northern paths according to their waviness. This re-clustering, with additional emphasis on path length, distinctly categorized two patterns: straight paths (SPs) and large meanders (LMs). Notably, SPs have become more prevalent in the most recent years, while LMs have diminished. An autoregression analysis reveals that seasonal anomalies in the cluster frequency in spring tend to persist through to the following autumn. The frequency anomalies in the SPs correlate strongly with the development of pronounced anomalies in the gradient of meridional sea surface height and negative anomalies in the surface wind stress curl in the preceding cold seasons. This relationship explains the observed correlation between a negative Arctic Oscillation during the preceding winter and the increased frequency of SPs in the subsequent spring. The rapid increase in the occurrence of SPs indicates that a reduction in LMs limits the mixing of cold, fresh, northern waters with warm, saline, southern waters, thereby reinforcing the presence of SPs due to a strengthened gradient of meridional surface height and contributing to a slowdown in the regional overturning circulation.

The reversal of surface wind speed trend in Northeast China: impact from aerosol emissions

The reversal of surface wind speed trend in Northeast China: impact from aerosol emissions

Thunderstorms with Extreme Lightning Activity in China: Climatology, Synoptic Patterns, and Convective Parameters

Intense convection is often accompanied by high-frequency lightning and is highly prone to producing heavy rainfall, strong winds, hail, and tornadoes, frequently resulting in significant damage and loss of life. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms and meteorological conditions of intense convection. This study utilizes the Thunderstorm Feature Dataset from 2010–2018 to analyze the characteristics of thunderstorms with extreme lightning activity (TELAs), defined as thunderstorms whose lightning frequency ranks in the top 1%. Four regions with relatively high thunderstorm activity were selected for analysis: Northeast China (NEC), North China (NC), South China (SC), and the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In NEC, TELAs primarily occur just west of upper-level westerly troughs (UWT), including cold vortices. In NC, TELAs are mainly associated with UWT and subtropical highs (STH). In SC, TELAs are related to frontal systems, easterly waves, tropical cyclones, and STH. In TP, TELAs are generated by TP vortices. Before the TELA process, vertically integrated moisture divergence (VIMD) and convective available potential energy (CAPE) show the most notable anomalies. Except for the TP, TELAs are typically located between centers of anomalies with positive and negative geopotential height (500 hPa) and near centers of anomalies with positive CAPE and negative VIMD, accompanied by notable increases in surface temperature and wind speed. These findings offer a valuable reference for the early warning and forecasting of intense convection.

Acceleration of Warming, Deoxygenation, and Acidification in the Arabian Gulf Driven by Weakening of Summer Winds

AbstractThe Arabian Gulf (AG) exports hypersaline, dense waters into the Sea of Oman (SOO), replaced by fresher inflowing surface waters from the Indian Ocean. We investigate the impact of recent AG warming on its exchange with the SOO and the implications this has on the AG biogeochemistry. Using an eddy‐resolving hindcast model simulation, we analyze the hydrography and biogeochemistry of the AG and the SOO from 1980 to 2018. Our study reveals that changes in summer surface winds have accelerated AG warming and weakened it in the SOO, reducing the density gradient and water exchange between the two seas during late summer. This has led to nutrient buildup, increased productivity, and heightened deoxygenation and acidification in the AG. These findings underscore how subtle wind changes can exacerbate the vulnerability of marginal seas to climate change and stress the need to properly represent regional winds in global climate models.

Carbonized Plant Powder Gel for Rapid Hemostasis and Sterilization in Regard to Irregular Wounds.

Irregularly shaped wounds cause severe chronic infections, which have attracted worldwide attention due to their high prevalence and poor treatment outcomes. In this study, we designed a new composite functional dressing consisting of traditional Chinese herb carbonized plant powder (CPP) and a polyacrylic acid (PAA)/polyethylenimine (PEI) gel. The rapid gelation of the dressing within 6-8 s allowed the gel to be firmly attached to an irregularly shaped wound surface and avoided powder detachment. In addition, through an infrared thermography analysis, a coagulation assay, and a morphological examination of regenerative tissue in animal wound models, it was found that the dressing substrates had synergistic effects on photothermal sterilization, rapid hemostasis, and anti-inflammatory activity, thereby achieving an 88% wound closure rate on the 9th day after the formation of the wound. This multifunctional hemostatic material is expected to be adaptable to irregular wounds and promote rapid wound healing.

Seasonal differences of Wyrtki Jet intraseasonal variabilities

This paper examines the intraseasonal variabilities (ISVs) of the Wyrtki Jet in boreal spring and fall and their impacts on the oceanic ISVs along the southern coast of Sumatra-Java Island. The results reveal that the Wyrtki Jet ISVs in spring are significantly stronger than those in fall, with the standard deviation of the 0-30m-averaged zonal current reaching up to 0.25 m/s in spring, while the highest value in fall is only 0.2 m/s. The Wyrtki Jet ISVs are significantly correlated with surface zonal wind anomalies and sea level anomalies (SLAs) in the equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) at intraseasonal timescale, and are modulated by the propagation of equatorial Kelvin waves. The intraseasonal SLAs along the southern coast of the Sumatra-Java Island are significantly correlated with the Wyrtki Jet ISVs, exhibiting similar seasonal fluctuation characteristics. In spring, the Wyrtki Jet intraseasonal signals initially appear near 75°E at the equator, approximately 10 days before the positive peaks of the intraseasonal SLAs, while in fall, the Wyrtki Jet intraseasonal signals first appear about 15 days before the peaks near 60°E at the equator, which is relatively further west compared to signals in spring. In addition, the composite Wyrtki Jet ISVs in spring are approximately 0.2 m/s stronger than those in fall. The enhanced ISVs of sea surface zonal wind forcing and Wyrtki Jet in spring, relative to those in fall, indicate that the seasonality in the intraseasonal SLAs along the southern coast of Sumatra-Java is attributable to the combined effects of surface wind forcing and current fields.