Surface Wind Research Articles

Estimating windage coefficient of floating marine green tide of Ulva prolifera using UAV optical images.

Estimating windage coefficient of floating marine green tide of Ulva prolifera using UAV optical images.

Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation Changes Can Amplify Future Cooling of the North Atlantic Warming Hole

Abstract The North Atlantic warming hole is an area of relative cooling in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. Observations and models have suggested numerous causes of the warming hole, including a role for wind-driven ocean circulation changes. We investigate the role of wind-driven ocean circulation changes on the development and projected future of the North Atlantic warming hole by comparing two ensembles within the Community Earth System Model, version 2 (CESM2). One ensemble includes wind-driven ocean circulation changes, while the other does not. The difference between the ensemble means isolates the role of wind-driven ocean circulation changes on the externally forced North Atlantic warming hole. We find that wind-driven ocean circulation changes do not alter the timing of the formation of an externally forced warming hole. However, anthropogenic changes to the near-surface winds lead to enhanced upwelling near Greenland, and wind stress changes enable a positive feedback loop that relies on changes to mechanical stirring. These mechanisms amplify the cooling in the high latitude North Atlantic and lead to increased sea level pressure and reduced precipitation near the southern tip of Greenland. Thus, changes to wind-driven ocean circulation are a crucial component of future changes in North Atlantic climate. Improved understanding of ocean–atmosphere coupling in this region will improve projections of sea surface temperatures and associated atmospheric impacts. Significance Statement The purpose of this study is to quantify the role that changes to the wind-driven component of ocean circulation have on future sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre region. This region has warmed less than the global average, often referred to as a “warming hole.” We use a targeted climate model experiment to demonstrate that wind-driven ocean circulation changes do not cause the modeled North Atlantic warming hole. However, wind-driven ocean circulation changes alter the warming hole beginning in 2040. This demonstrates that monitoring and understanding changes to the surface winds and ocean currents in the North Atlantic is important for understanding future climate changes in the region.

Observational force analysis and anisotropic characteristics of tropical cyclone sea surface wind fields over Chinese offshore areas

Observational force analysis and anisotropic characteristics of tropical cyclone sea surface wind fields over Chinese offshore areas

RhaFGF promotes acute diabetic wound healing by suppressing chronicity of inflammation

To investigate the effect of recombinant human aFGF (rhaFGF) on acute wounds in a diabetic mouse model focusing on the transition from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) mouse models were induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and acute diabetic wounds were created on their hind paws. The mice were divided into four groups: Con, Con + rhaFGF, DM, and DM + rhaFGF. rhaFGF (0.08 µg/cm²) or PBS was daily administered on wound surface for 14 days. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum and tissues were measured using ELISA, and NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) in tissue were detected by Western blot analysis. CCK8 assay and cell migration were used to assess the proliferation and migration ability of HUVEC, HFF, and HaCaT cells, respectively. Wound healing rates in the DM group decreased significantly, which was effectively alleviated by rhaFGF treatment for 7 days and longer durations. Notably, at day 7 after wound creation, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α as well as the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the DM group were significantly increased, and rhaFGF treatment substantially suppressed these changes. Moreover, when HUVEC, HFF, and HaCaT cells were exposed to high glucose and LPS condition, the proliferation and migration of these cells were significantly inhibited, and rhaFGF treatment effectively reversed this inhibition. rhaFGF could promote the healing of acute DM wounds by preventing chronicity transition of acute inflammation via reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 in DM wounds.

Study on the Wind Pressure Distribution in Complicated Spatial Structure Based on k-ε Turbulence Models

Understanding wind pressure distribution on structures is crucial for evaluating design wind loads, especially for complex designs. This study investigated the wind pressure distribution on a windmill shape building with intricate geometries, i.e., the Chengdu Future Science and Technology City Exhibition Centre. Both wind tunnel test and CFD simulations are conducted to analyze the wind pressure distribution on building surface. Since the research object has intricate geometries, featuring sharp corners, curved surfaces, and ridges, the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) method adopting k-ε turbulence models is employed in the CFD simulations. Furthermore, scalable wall functions and non-structured grids with appropriate refinement on both turbulent regions and structural surfaces are also adopted in the RANS method. A comparison between the simulation results and wind tunnel tests demonstrated that the numerical simulations based on RANS method effectively capture surface wind pressure distribution on complex structures. This study reveals the occurrence of complicated flow phenomena that lead to a very complex wind pressure distribution on the surface of the structure, and drastic variance of the wind pressure coefficient is observed. Moreover, it is found that wind pressure distribution on the surface of the structure is highly sensitive to wind angle, exhibiting extreme negative pressure coefficients of −1.1, −1.0, and −1.8 at angles of 0°, 30°, and 60°, respectively. The analysis of the flow field around the structure at various wind angles reveals that its complex shape significantly alters the flow dynamics, creating distinct vortices and wake patterns at different angles. Consequently, CFD simulations help to understand wind loads on structures and improve wind resistance design.

Mesoscale Processes Driving Offshore MCS Initiation in the South Asian Summer Monsoon: Insights from an Ensemble-Based Satellite Data Assimilation Experiment

Abstract Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are the primary rainfall contributors over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during the South Asian summer monsoon. Previous studies have established a strong connection between MCS initiation over the BoB and diurnal gravity waves propagating from India. However, the precise role these waves play in triggering offshore MCSs remains unquantified. In this study, we analyze a typical MCS event, representative of the climatological spatiotemporal characteristics of MCS initiation in the region, to investigate the relative roles of diurnal gravity waves and other mesoscale processes in offshore MCS initiation. An ensemble-based satellite data assimilation (DA) experiment is conducted, assimilating all-sky infrared radiances from Meteosat-8 into the WRF model. The ensemble forecast, initialized from DA analyses, shows that many ensemble members accurately capture both the timing and location of MCS initiation. Analysis of the “successful” members reveals diurnal gravity waves play a significant role in enhancing lower-tropospheric moisture and destabilizing the offshore environment. Surprisingly, similar gravity waves and destabilization are also present in members that failed to capture MCS initiation. Further analysis indicates that land-breeze front from northern Sri Lanka is a key factor distinguishing “successful” from “unsuccessful” members, which, in successful members, is strong enough to lift air above the LFC and lead to MCS initiation. Accurately simulating the land-breeze front depends on the correct representation of pre-MCS clouds and surface winds. This suggests that while diurnal gravity waves contribute to environmental destabilization, surface and boundary-layer processes are crucial for the practical predictability of offshore MCS initiation.

Ocean Surface Wind Field Retrieval Simultaneously Using SAR Backscatter and Doppler Shift Measurements

Sea surface wind retrieval methods using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are generally classified into two categories: the direct inversion method and the variational analysis method (VAM). Traditional VAM retrieves wind fields by integrating background wind information with SAR normalized radar cross-section (NRCS). Recent studies have shown that incorporating SAR Doppler centroid anomaly (DCA) as an additional observation for variational analysis can improve the accuracy of wind speed and direction retrieval. However, this method has yet to be systematically evaluated, particularly with respect to its applicability to Sentinel-1 SAR data. This study presents a comprehensive assessment based on 1803 Sentinel-1 vertical–vertical (VV) polarization level-2 Ocean (OCN) product scenes collocated with in situ measurements from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), yielding a total of 2826 matched data pairs. We systematically evaluate the performance of three distinct VAM configurations: VAM1 (JNRCS), utilizing only NRCS; VAM2 (JDCA), employing solely DCA; and VAM3 (JNRCS+DCA), which combines both NRCS and DCA. The results demonstrate that VAM3 (JNRCS+DCA) achieves the best performance, with the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.42 m/s for wind speed and 26.00° for wind direction across wind speeds up to 23.2 m/s, outperforming both VAM1 (JNRCS) and VAM2 (JDCA). Furthermore, the accuracy of background wind speed is identified as a critical factor affecting VAM performance. After correcting the background wind speed, the RMSE and bias of the retrieved wind speed decreased significantly across all VAMs. The most notable bias reduction was observed at wind speeds exceeding 10 m/s. These findings provide essential theoretical support for the operational application of Sentinel-1 OCN products in sea surface wind retrieval.

Application of adjoint method to the evaluation of temporal and spatial variations of the eddy viscosity coefficient

This study investigated the temporal and spatial variations of the eddy viscosity coefficient (EVC) in an Ekman model using an adjoint method. The time- and depth-dependent EVC was represented as a Fourier series, which consisted of four summations. The effectiveness of the model was significantly influenced by the number of terms included in each summation. In the first three groups of ideal experiments, a constant drag coefficient was used at low surface wind speeds. An analysis of the inversion results indicated that more terms should be added to each summation if the EVC varied over shorter periods, whether in time or depth. Additionally, the findings indicated that the model performed better when simulating the time- and depth-dependent EVC over longer periods. Two additional groups of ideal experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of near-surface wind speeds on the inversion of the K-Profile EVC. The drag coefficient associated with wind speeds over time was utilized in these experiments. An analysis of the inversion results indicated that the model effectively captured the temporal and spatial distribution of the EVC. Finally, the EVC was simulated during a super typhoon. The evaluation of the simulated EVC and ocean currents suggested that greater values of the simulated EVC appear at depths ranging from 50 to 65 m under strong wind conditions. Variations in wind directions could further enhance the inverted EVC within the Ekman layer.

Intensified Tropical Cyclones in Global Climate Simulations Employing a High-Wind Drag Relation over Sea Surface

Abstract Accurate parameterization of momentum fluxes at high winds across the air–sea interface is crucial for realistically simulating the surface wind fields of tropical cyclones (TCs). Climate models often struggle to reproduce observed TC intensities, particularly surface wind speeds. This study evaluates the performance of a revised surface drag scheme with a capping drag coefficient at high wind speeds in global climate models (GCMs). Our results indicate that the revised surface drag scheme significantly improves the representation of TCs in a statistical sense: (i) Not only the mature intensity but also the maximum 10-m wind speeds throughout the TC life cycle are largely enhanced; (ii) biases in the pressure–wind relationship are notably alleviated, exhibiting reasonable agreement with observations; and (iii) other TC statistical features, such as TC number, central sea level pressure, individual lifetime, and intensification rate, show relatively minor sensitivity to the surface drag schemes. The main reason for the superiority of the revised high-wind drag relation is that the lower drag coefficient in high-wind conditions significantly increases the maximum potential intensity (MPI), indicating a higher theoretical limit for TC intensities. These findings are consistent across different model versions and resolutions, highlighting the robustness of the high-wind surface drag parameterization in controlling the simulated surface wind speeds of TCs in GCMs. Significance Statement Tropical cyclones (TCs) stand out as one of the highly destructive weather phenomena, exerting a significant impact on life and property. Accurate simulations and forecasts of TC activity on a global scale are imperative to mitigate potential losses. However, realistically representing TC intensity in global climate models remains a challenge. This study addresses this issue by employing a revised high-wind surface drag scheme to assess the impact of air–sea momentum fluxes on simulated TC activity. Notably, the revised surface drag scheme yields a significant improvement by enhancing the maximum surface wind speed near the TC centers.

Typhoon In‐Fa (2021) Near Surface Wind Field Characteristics Based on Lidar Observations

AbstractThis study analyzes the surface winds of Typhoon In‐fa during landfall at a coastal area using Doppler wind lidar (DWL) observations in the Plane Position Indicator (PPI) scanning mode. High‐resolution (30 m) wind field structures in the lower boundary layer at the land‐sea interface were derived using the velocity‐azimuth display technique. This approach captures the wind field structure in unprecedented detail at the scale of tens of meters, providing a fine‐scale view of the coastal wind field during typhoon landfall. It was found that stronger winds were predominantly located at the periphery of the scanning area, where the underlying surface is water, whereas weaker winds tended to occur near the radar, where the underlying surface is land. Analysis of vorticity and divergence revealed small‐scale vortex structures, approximately 100 m in size, embedded within the large‐scale circulation of the typhoon. These structures became less distinct as the typhoon center approached. Furthermore, the turbulent energy spectrum derived from the directly observed radial winds followed Kolmogorov's −5/3 law, indicating that the turbulence was generally isotropic. Additionally, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) calculated from the DWL data showed good agreement with previous tower‐based observations, particularly in terms of the relationship between TKE and wind speed, confirming the reliability of DWL measurements in capturing turbulence characteristics. These results suggest that DWL can serve as an effective alternative for future turbulence observations during typhoon landfall.

FOSL1 promotes keratinocyte migration and wound repair by modulating the IL17 signaling pathway

Keratinocytes, the most important cell type constituting the epidermis, migrate to restore the epithelial barrier during wound healing and are a crucial step in wound healing. This study utilized bioinformatics analysis of comprehensive expression datasets of aberrantly expressed genes in wound healing to identify the abnormal expression of the critical transcription factor Fos-like antigen-1 (FOSL1), which is involved in various diseases. Currently, there is limited research on the role of FOSL1 in wound healing, and its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study explores the role and regulatory mechanisms of FOSL1 in the wound-healing process. A comprehensive expression dataset of abnormal genes in wound repair was constructed by bioinformatics analysis. Mouse trauma models and mouse wound splint models were constructed to verify the role of FOSL1 in vivo. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunoblot, immunofluorescence staining, and HE staining were used to confirm the analysis, and FOSL1 was used as the target in the wound healing process. At the cellular level, using 5ʹ-ethynyl-2ʹ-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, Transwell assay, Migration assay, western blotting and immunofluorescence, FOSL1 promoted the molecular mechanism of wound repair by regulating the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes through IL-17 signaling pathway. Bioinformatics analysis revealed differential expression of FOSL1 during wound healing. In the mouse back wound model, qRT-PCR, western blotting (WB), and immunofluorescence staining showed significant upregulation of FOSL1 and IL-17 expression during wound tissue healing, indicating a close association between FOSL1 and mouse wound healing. In the mouse wound splinting model, subcutaneous injection of recombinant FOSL1 protein contributed to wound surface healing. Overexpression of FOSL1 in HaCaT cells promoted their proliferation and migration abilities. When IL-17 inhibitor was added to HaCaT cells, both FOSL1 overexpression and knockdown inhibited the proliferation and migration abilities of HaCaT cells. Thus, this study confirms that FOSL1 promotes keratinocyte proliferation and migration through the IL-17 signaling pathway, facilitating wound healing in epidermal wound repair. The results of this study indicate that FOSL1 plays a key role in epidermal wound healing, and elucidate a new molecular mechanism by which FOSL1 promotes keratinocyte proliferation and migration through IL-17 signaling pathway in epidermal wound repair, thereby promoting wound healing.

Extreme strong winds over China: Spatial–temporal variations and driving factors

Abstract Extreme strong winds (ESWs) can pose a threat to human safety, influence air quality, and affect wind power generation, thus necessitating an urgent exploration of the long-term variations in ESWs under global warming. However, compared with studies focused on the mean surface wind speed, studies focused on ESW variations in China remain limited. Here, our results revealed that from 1970 to 2017, ESWs across China exhibited a significant decreasing trend during both the warm and cold seasons, with values of −0.96% and −1.05% per decade, respectively. Furthermore, via the use of the weather regime (WR) classification method, the contributions of dynamic (atmospheric circulation) and thermodynamic factors (factors other than atmospheric circulation, such as radiation changes resulting from human activity) were quantified. Atmospheric circulation contributed negligibly to the long-term declining trend in ESWs. Instead, thermodynamic factors were the dominant drivers, accounting for 93.9% and 94.6% of the declines observed during the warm and cold seasons, respectively. These findings indicate that the anthropogenic effects on ESWs should be explored further.

Simulation of damage process and experimental study of acoustic emission based on NREL 5 MW wind turbine blades

Abstract With the vigorous development of offshore wind power technology, long flexible blades have gradually become the focus of attention in the industry. However, the importance of blade safety inspection is also becoming increasingly prominent and cannot be ignored. This paper uses the NREL 5 MW wind turbine model as the research object to investigate potential damage areas and their evolution process during blade operation. Based on an accurate flow field simulation of the wind turbine model, a blade damage simulation study was conducted, which clearly presents the damage evolution process in dangerous areas. The accuracy of the simulation results was verified through bending damage experiments on characteristic units. The results of the study show that, based on the surface wind loads and the displacement of the vane sections presented in the flow field simulation results, it is believed that damage is more likely to occur between the 11th and 13th vane sections during the operation of the blade model. Through further damage simulation, it was found that three types of damage occurred in the hazardous area, namely matrix damage, delamination failure and fibre damage. The occurrence time and damage degree of the three types of damage were obtained, and the simulation results were finally verified with the help of acoustic emission experiments. It shows that the simulation analysis can assist the installation and arrangement of acoustic emission detection equipment on long flexible blades, predict the dangerous areas and the specific damage degree during the blade operation, and provide data support for the subsequent more accurate damage analysis.

Comparing Digital, Mobile and Three-Dimensional Methods in Pressure Injury Measurement: Agreement in Surface Area and Depth Assessments.

To examine the consistency among three wound measurement methods in assessing pressure injury surface area and to compare manual depth measurement with three-dimensional wound measurement. Methodological and comparative study. This study was conducted between 2022 and 2024 at a university hospital, involving 125 pressure injuries. The wound surface area was measured using three different methods, and depth was measured using a sterile cotton swab and three dimensional wound measurement method. STARD reporting guidelines were followed. This study found a statistically significant, strong positive correlation among the three wound measurement methods. However, a significant difference was detected, with digital planimetry yielding higher values than other methods. No significant difference was observed between depth measurement methods. Digital wound measurement methods are fast, non-contact, accurate and reliable for assessing pressure injury surface area. Additionally, three dimensional wound measurement serves as a potential aseptic, non-contact alternative to traditional depth measurement, making it a valuable tool in clinical settings. Future advancements in wound measurement should focus on artificial intelligence-driven wound boundary detection and improved automation for more consistent and reliable measurements. The study addressed the absence of a universally accepted 'gold standard' for wound measurement. Findings showed that digital planimetry provided the highest measurements, while three-dimensional wound measurement and imitoMeasure demonstrated accuracy, reliability and efficiency. This research will impact wound care specialists and healthcare institutions by improving pressure injury measurement and promoting standardised digital methods in clinical practice. No Patient or Public Contribution. NCT06559657.

Response of the thermohaline front and associated submesoscale features in the Korea Strait to wind variation during autumn

In the present study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation with a 1 km grid spacing is conducted to investigate the response of the thermohaline front in the northern Korea Strait (KS) and its associated submesoscale features to wind variation. The thermohaline front forms in autumn between the cold Korean Coastal Water near the coast and the Tsushima Warm Current Water offshore in the KS. With northwesterly (down-front) wind, both front and the geostrophic current jet intensify, leading to the development of submesoscale features such as filaments and eddies along the front. To date, there has been no dynamical explanation for the development of these submesoscale features. The numerical simulations in the present study reveal that, during down-front wind events, ageostrophic secondary circulation arises in the upper surface layer due to vertical shear in geostrophic stress, and southwestward ageostrophic currents cross the thermohaline front due to surface wind stress. The divergence of ageostrophic currents actively induces vertical velocities on a horizontal scale below 10 km, enhancing the eddy available potential energy (EAPE) and generating submesoscale features. This study highlights the role of the vertical shear of geostrophic currents in driving the horizontal ageostrophic current in the frontal zone due to frictional processes within the upper layer. Conversely, with northeasterly (up-front) wind, the vertical density structure stabilizes and the front weakens. Simultaneously, ageostrophic secondary circulation diminishes, resulting in a reduction in the EAPE and the submesoscale features. Accompanying submesoscale upwelling and downwelling affects the vertical mixing of nutrients and phytoplankton, which is important for the distribution and survival of coastal organisms.

Development of an innovative cost-effective hemostatic material based on electrospun polyacrylonitrile/exfoliated bentonite/calcium chloride nanocomposite

Anti-hemorrhage nanomaterials are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional materials such as cotton and medical gauze, which often exhibit limited hemostatic properties and excessive adhesion to wound surfaces. This study presents the development of hemostatic nanofiber mats fabricated from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) via electrospinning. The incorporation into these mats of cost-effective and eco-friendly hemostatic agents, specifically exfoliated bentonite and calcium chloride, is investigated. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals significant alterations in the bentonite structure, supported by the disappearance of the (001) crystal plane peak following exfoliation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the successful integration of bentonite and calcium chloride into the fiber matrix. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) illustrates a uniform morphology of continuous, randomly distributed fibers free of beads, with bentonite evenly dispersed throughout the mat. The addition of calcium chloride reduces fiber diameter without causing noticeable agglomeration. Water contact angle measurements indicate enhanced adhesion properties of the mats, with reduced hydrophobicity attributed to the water affinity of the incorporated additives. In vitro tests demonstrate that all electrospun mats exhibit superior hemostatic activity, with the most effective formulation -PAN loaded with exfoliated bentonite and calcium chloride-achieving a low blood coagulation index of 44.9% and significantly shortening blood-clotting time from 285 s in control samples to just 105 s. These findings highlight that the developed nanofiber mats outperform traditional hemostatic products in terms of eco-friendliness, blood coagulation efficiency, and clotting time, highlighting their potential for enhanced clinical applications in hemorrhage control at a reduced cost.

Ecosystem relocation on Snowball Earth: Polar−alpine ancestry of the extant surface biosphere?

Geological observations informed by climate dynamics imply that the oceans were 99.9% covered by light-blocking ice shelves during two discrete, self-reversing Snowball Earth epochs spanning a combined 60 to 70 Myr of the Cryogenian Period (720 to 635 Ma). The timescale for initial ice advances across the tropical oceans is ~300 y in an ice−atmosphere−ocean general circulation model in Cryogenian paleogeography. Areas of optically thin oceanic ice are usually invoked to account for fossil marine phototrophs, including macroscopic multicellular eukaryotes, before and after each Snowball, but different taxa. Ecosystem relocation is a scenario that does not require thin marine ice. Assume that long before Cryogenian Snowballs, diverse supra- and periglacial biomes were established in polar−alpine regions. When the Snowball onsets occurred, those biomes migrated in step with their ice margins to the equatorial zone of net sublimation. There, they prospered and evolved, their habitat areas expanded, and the cruelty of winter reduced. Nutrients were supplied by dust (loess) derived from cozonal ablative lands where surface winds were strong. When each Snowball finally ended, those biomes were mostly inundated by the meltwater-dominated and rapidly warming lid of a nutrient-rich but depauperate ocean. Some taxa returned to the mountaintops while others restocked the oceans. This ecosystem relocation scenario makes testable predictions. The lineages required for post-Cryogenian biotic radiations should be present in modern polar−alpine biomes. Legacies of polar−alpine ancestry should be found in the genomes of living organisms. Examples of such tests are highlighted herein.

Critical Wind Direction Angles and Edge Module Vulnerability in Fixed Double-Row Photovoltaic (PV) Arrays: Analysis of Extreme Wind Conditions Based on CFD Simulation

Fixed double-row photovoltaic (PV) arrays are susceptible to wind-induced damage, while their wind load characteristics remain inadequately investigated. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to systematically analyze wind load behavior under varying operational conditions, aiming to identify critical scenarios and structural vulnerabilities. First, the validity of the CFD methodology was verified through direct comparison between wind tunnel pressure measurements of an isolated PV module and corresponding numerical simulations. Subsequently, scaled PV array models were constructed to replicate practical engineering configurations, enabling a systematic evaluation of wind direction effects on mean net wind pressure coefficients and three-component force coefficients. Finally, surface wind pressure distribution patterns were examined for four representative wind angles (0°, 45°, 135°, 180°). Results demonstrate that edge-positioned modules exhibit maximum mean net wind pressure coefficients and three-component force coefficients under oblique wind angles (45° and 135°), which are identified as the most critical operational conditions. In contrast, minimal wind loads were observed at a 90° wind angle, indicating an optimal orientation for array installation. Additionally, significantly higher surface wind pressure coefficients were recorded for edge modules under oblique winds (45°/135°) compared to both interior modules and other wind angles. It was found through the study that under upwind conditions (0–90°), the lower-row components are capable of withstanding greater wind loads, whereas under downwind conditions (90–180°), an increase in the loads exerted on the upper-row components was observed.

Distinctive Pattern of Global Warming in Ocean Heat Content

Abstract Huge heat anomalies in the atmosphere and ocean in recent years are not yet explained. Strong characteristic patterns in temperatures for upper layers of the ocean occurred from 2000 to 2023 in the presence of global warming from increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases. Here, we show that the deep tropics are warming, although sharply modulated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation events, with strong heating in the extratropics near 40°N and 40°–45°S but little heating near 20°N and 25°–30°S. The heating is most clearly manifested in zonal-mean ocean heat content and is evident in sea surface temperatures. The strongest heating is in the Southern Hemisphere, where aerosol effects are small. Estimates are made of the contributions to heating of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation, atmospheric energy transports, surface fluxes of energy, and redistribution of energy by surface winds and ocean currents. The patterns of change are not directly related to TOA radiation but are evident in net surface energy fluxes and inferred ocean heat transports, underscoring their coupled origin. Changes in the atmospheric circulation through a poleward shift in ocean jet streams and storm tracks are reflected in surface wind-driven ocean Ekman transports. As well as human-induced climate change, internal natural variability is likely in play. Hence, the atmosphere and ocean currents are systematically redistributing heat from global warming, profoundly affecting local climates. Significance Statement As the climate changes, it has been difficult to discern meaningful patterns. Distinctive patterns of change have occurred in the ocean when examined as zonal averages around latitude bands. Most excess heat from global warming resides in the ocean and, since 2005, has become focused into bands near 40°N and 40°S, with little net warming in the subtropics. The strongest warming is in the Southern Hemisphere, although sea surface temperatures have increased more in the Northern Hemisphere. Changes in the atmospheric circulation through a poleward shift in the jet stream and storm tracks are primarily responsible along with corresponding changes in ocean currents. These changes are linked through surface exchanges of energy via heat, moisture, and wind stress.

Nano CaCO3 mediated in vitro and in vivo wound healing characteristics of chitosan films without added drugs.

Nano CaCO3 mediated in vitro and in vivo wound healing characteristics of chitosan films without added drugs.