Surface Structural Features Research Articles

Gravitational Deformation and Reactivation Mechanism of a Fault-Bounded Slope, Eastern Yanshan Mountains, China

The Nandongzi landslide occurred in the Yanshan region of North China. From 2017, the slope of the Nandongzi landslide has been significantly deformed after several excavations. Field investigations show that the Nandongzi landslide is a special toppling deposit that does not have basic toppling conditions. The toppling deformation mechanism of the slope has become a difficult issue for engineers, attracting the attention of scientists. Joint, surface, and borehole lithology surveys revealed the surface and internal structural characteristics of the slope. The structure of the soft and hard interbedded rock and the proximity of the fault are the dominant factors of slope toppling deformation. The slope toppling failure process can be divided into four stages: initial deformation, compression and bending, toppling and overlapping, and reactivation. In the first three stages, slope toppling deformation is triggered by the downcutting of the upstream gully, gravity, and differential weathering of soft and hard rocks, which promote the dumping deformation of the slope. In the final stage, engineering excavations triggered the reactivation of residual deposits. Monitoring data indicate that slope deformation is directly related to rainfall events. Flac 3D was used to simulate the slope failure process under natural and rainfall conditions after the two excavations. The results show that multiple excavations changed the surface and runoff conditions of the slope, which led to slope failure. Rainfall promoted deformation of the back edge of the landslide, which led to shear failure from the back edge to the front edge. Our results provide new and unique understanding into the spatiotemporal evolution and deformation mechanism of similar toppling-accumulation landslides around the study area.

The evolution of surface species by steam pre-treatment on CrOx/Al2O3 catalysts for propane dehydrogenation

Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) has emerged as an efficient complementary process for producing propylene. The fundamental understanding of reaction mechanism of traditional CrOx-based catalysts is important for designing novel PDH catalysts. Here, the evolution of surface Cr species was investigated by means of steam pre-treatment to introduce a certain amount of hydroxyl groups on deeply reductive Cr2O3/Al2O3 catalysts without influencing the valence states and aggregated states. The surface structural features of CrOx/Al2O3 catalysts were investigated by FT-IR, TGA, XPS, NH3-TPD, and Py-IR characterization techniques. It demonstrated that more hydroxyls were produced on the surface of catalysts under steam treatment. Subsequently, hydroxyl groups were mostly removed during the H2 thermal treatment and abundant oxygen defect sites were generated. These defect sites showed an increasing number of acidic sites, thus exhibiting a relatively high PDH activity. This strategy of introducing hydroxyl groups to construct oxygen defect sites is also applicable to other oxide materials, which offers a novel perspective for rational catalyst design.

High current implementation of Cu/P-type GaN triboelectric nanogenerator

Traditional surface engineering, as a means of manufacturing triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), is complex and expensive. The yield of traditional polymer process is low, which leads to the high cost and low stability of traditional TENGs and greatly limits their practical applications. Moreover, it is worth noting that with the miniaturization and integration of electronic devices, generators need to provide higher current in parallel circuits. In this study, we report the performance of the enhanced Cu/P-type GaN TENG contacts in centimeter scale. Considering the high surface mechanical strength and surface structure characteristics of GaN wafers, we propose using molten KOH to etch the Ga polar GaN surface to form more interface electrons and dangling bonds without destroying the surface structure. Our experimental results show that the generator performance has been drastically improved (the short circuit current increases from 9 to 80 μA, and the open circuit voltage increases from 8 to 29 V). The maximum load electric power density of ∼0.28 W/m2 was obtained. We also compared the open circuit current density with the reported different type TENGs based on Schottky contact at the centimeter-level. The Cu/P-type GaN TENGs achieved in this work exhibit excellent open circuit current density of ∼36 μA/cm2. Thus, we provide insight into surface engineering for future generation TENG devices.

Technical characteristics and coating formation mechanism of gilded silver products unearthed from the Consort Tomb of Emperor Shengzong of the Liao dynasty

Compared with other gold plating processes, mercury gilding was widely used in ancient China due to the less consumption of gold and excellent adhesion between the gold layer and substrate. Herein, the comprehensive analyses of the silver crown and boots unearthed from the Consort Tombs of Emperor Shengzong (圣宗萧贵妃) of the Liao (辽) Dynasty reveal the surface composition and structural characteristics and also the unique multilayered structure and cross-sectional compositional distribution of the gold layer. First, the existence of mercury on the golden surface of cultural relics, as well as the unique porous structure and granular surface morphology, indicate that the artifacts were probably processed using mercury gilding. In addition, the intermetallic compound, i.e., Au5Hg, in the gold layer indicates that the processing temperature was 388–419 ℃; thus, the formation mechanism was the transformation of solid solution in the amalgam to intermetallic compound during the heating of Au-Hg system. Moreover, the cross-sectional transition layer is mainly composed of Ag and Hg due to the interstitial diffusion of mercury atoms at room temperature and vacancy diffusion of silver atoms during the heating process, bonding the gold layer with the substrate. Obviously, the bonding mechanism of the gold layer and substrate was interstitial diffusion and vacancy diffusion within the Ag-Hg system. The current work reveals the special multilayered cross-section of silver gilding relics and shows that mercury played a crucial role in both the formation of the gold layer and bonding between the gold layer and substrate during the silver gilding process.

In situ formed and fully integrated laser-induced graphene electrochemical chips for rapid and simultaneous determination of bioflavonoids in citrus fruits

Rapid and sensitive determination of bioflavonoids in agricultural products is an important issue in food production, pharmaceutical industry and modern precision agriculture. In this study, a novel and fully integrated electrochemical chip for simultaneous determination of bioflavonoids in citrus fruits was for the first time developed by in situ formed laser-induced graphene (LIG) at polyimide sheets. Effects of laser power on the surface morphology and structural characteristics as well as electrochemical activity of LIG were investigated. Subsequently, electrocatalysis of naringin and hesperidin at LIG electrodes was realized and kinetic analysis was then conducted to investigate the detail electrode process. Finally, a fully integrated LIG electrochemical chips for rapid determination of naringin and hesperidin were fabricated. As-prepared LIG electrochemical chips demonstrated a low detection limit, large linear range, good selectivity and acceptable reproducibility for both analytes. Furthermore, electrochemical tests on solutions containing Citrus grandis “Tomentosa” (CGT) extract showed that the as-prepared LIG electrochemical chips had a high reliability and validity, as well as an acceptable recovery, and therefore could be used in practical applications.

Preparation and characterization of polyethylene-based activated carbon fibers stabilized at low temperatures

This study introduces a method for preparing low-temperature-stabilized high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-based activated carbon fibers (HDPE-ACFs) by using a hybrid crosslinking method involving electron beam irradiation and sulfuric acid crosslinking. The HDPE fibers were primary crosslinked with an electron beam at radiation doses of 1000–2000 kGy before being secondarily crosslinked in sulfuric acid at 100 °C for 30–120 min. The hybrid crosslinked fibers were carbonized at 700 °C for 1 h and then formed into activated carbon fibers upon steam activation at 900 °C for 40–70 min. The surface morphology and structural characteristics of the HDPE-ACFs were observed via field-emission scanning electron microscopy, spherical aberration-corrected field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The pore characteristics were analyzed by using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda equations. As the activation time increased, the specific surface area and total pore volume increased by up to 2090 m2/g and 1.30 cm3/g, respectively. Thus, activated carbon fibers with a high tensile strength value of up to 78 MPa and specific surface area of at least 2000 m2/g were successfully prepared.

Application of remote sensing data integration in detecting mineralized granitic zones: A case study of the Gabal Al-Ijlah Al-Hamra, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

The Gabal Al-Ijlah Al-Hamra granites in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt are rich in rare metal-bearing minerals. The enhanced Senetinal-2-Planet fused image with 3 m spatial resolution using Gram–Schmidt fused technique was successfully used in detailed discrimination of the rock units in the study area. Various enhanced remote sensing data of Sentinel-2, Landsat-9, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and fused ASTER-Sentinel-2 datasets were used in the mapping process and verified by field investigation and petrographic analysis. The hydrothermal mineralized alteration zones related to rare metal-bearing granites were identified using ASTER and Sentinel-2 fused images. According to petrographic and ASTER mineral indices, various types of alteration zones, including sericitization, chloritization, carbonatization, kaolinitization and silicification were detected. The surface structural features were well detected using Soble directional filtering of Sentinel-1 enhanced image. The major structural directions that have been detected in Al-Ijlah Al-Hamra granitic pluton are NW-SE and NE-SW. These major trends were used to detect potential pathways for migration and concentration of rare-metals. The hyperspectral TerraSpec Halo mineral identifier (ASD) as well as petrographical investigation successfully identified the rock-forming minerals (i.e. quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotites, muscovite, chlorite, kaolinite, sericite) of syenogranites and alkali feldspar granites in the Gabal Al-Ijlah Al-Hamra area. Rare metal-bearing minerals including zircon, rutile, allanite, parisite and xenotime were identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results of remote sensing data, field observations and petrographic investigation are successfully used in exploration for rare metal-bearing minerals in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt and similar areas worldwide.

Oil-Grafted Track-Assisted Directional Transport of Water Droplets and Submerged Air Bubbles on Solid Surfaces

Wettability-tailored tracks are emerging as an efficient approach to collecting and transporting underwater air bubbles as well as water from the mist. However, tailoring the surface wettability by modifying the surface structural features via physiochemical methods to create superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic contrast tracks suffers from long-term durability issues, while the emerging liquid-infused slippery surface has inherent design engineering limitations and issues from infused oil depletion. Herein, we demonstrate that by selective silicone oil grafting onto the glass substrate, it is possible to create a wettability contrast of ∼ 43°. Further, we illustrate the application of such tracks for underwater air bubble capturing and transportation in an aqueous medium with surface tension ranging from 72 to 43.5 mN/m. In addition, the potential of these nonadhesive and adhesive tracks for water collection from the mist is shown and the critical effect of the track dimension and intertrack spacing on the water harvesting rate is investigated in detail. The study illustrates that the nonadhesive nature of the oil-grafted region enables the easy transport of underwater air bubbles as well as water from the flow medium and thus offers an easy and facile approach to creating substrates for underwater air bubble collection and water harvesting.

Lamellarity-Driven Differences in Surface Structural Features of DPPS Lipids: Spectroscopic, Calorimetric and Computational Study.

Although single-lipid bilayers are usually considered models of eukaryotic plasma membranes, their research drops drastically when it comes to exclusively anionic lipid membranes. Being a major anionic phospholipid in the inner leaflet of eukaryote membranes, phosphatidylserine-constituted lipid membranes were occasionally explored in the form of multilamellar liposomes (MLV), but their inherent instability caused a serious lack of efforts undertaken on large unilamellar liposomes (LUVs) as more realistic model membrane systems. In order to compensate the existing shortcomings, we performed a comprehensive calorimetric, spectroscopic and MD simulation study of time-varying structural features of LUV made from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DPPS), whereas the corresponding MLV were examined as a reference. A substantial uncertainty of UV/Vis data of LUV from which only Tm was unambiguously determined (53.9 ± 0.8 °C), along with rather high uncertainty on the high-temperature range of DPPS melting profile obtained from DSC (≈50-59 °C), presumably reflect distinguished surface structural features in LUV. The FTIR signatures of glycerol moiety and those originated from carboxyl group serve as a strong support that in LUV, unlike in MLV, highly curved surfaces occur continuously, whereas the details on the attenuation of surface features in MLV were unraveled by molecular dynamics.

Integrated structural, geophysical and remote sensing data for characterizing extensional linked fault systems and related land deformation hazards at Cairo-Suez District, Egypt

A tiered framework has been developed to map and characterize extensional linked fault systems at Cairo-Suez District, Egypt to better understand seismic and land deformation hazards. As a test site, the present tiered approach is applied on the Cairo-Suez District (CSD), Egypt, which is considered as an active seismogenic zone that encompasses complex deformation settings. Tier 1, which involves outcrop observations and structural mapping, reveals four geometries belonging to soft- and hard-linkage transfer zones (TZs). Considering the mapped TZs, the near-surface heterogeneity is characterized using a 2D-electrical resistivity tomography (2D-ERT) technique at “tier 2” applying an advanced inversion scheme (AIS). Inversion results of the 2D-ERT profiles indicate a subsurface continuity of the mapped surface geological and structural features including shale smears of fault zones and shale layer distributions. At “tier 2”, we particularly identify a highly deformed shale bed of 15-m thick, that accommodate fault slips as indicated by internal gouge zones. We further represent all local hazard factors including slope, drainage density, land use/land cover and displacement maps using the “Fuzzy-Shannon Entropy Model”. Overall, our findings show that most of the delineated deformation hazards in the test site are related to hard-linked TZs. At “tier 3”, we ultimately provide our recommendation for regional and site-specific engineering mitigation and to avoid active faults by defining setback-zone buffer (i.e., no build zone) correlated with the local fault activity and near-surface geometry. For Egypt, an economically developing country, this approach represents a major advancement from conventional geologic and geotechnical investigations through introducing a tiered framework for risk-relevant characterization of the extensional linked fault systems to apply adequate procedures/precautions by engineers for urban planning.

Modelling of pool boiling on the structured surfaces using Lattice Boltzmann method

The process of boiling on spatially structured surfaces is simulated by a hybrid model based on Lattice Boltzmann Method and heat transfer equation. The model permits to study heat transfer at boiling in a wide range of surface superheats for different surface structural characteristics. The regimes of natural convection, nucleate boiling, and transition to film boiling are studied. The boiling curves for the surfaces with different structural and wetting properties are obtained. It was shown that the onset of nucleate boiling occurs at lower wall superheat on the structured surfaces than that on the smooth surface. However, at high wall superheats the heat flux and the critical heat flux at modified surfaces are lower. It was obtained that special modification of both structural and wetting properties of heat exchange surface permits to obtain higher removal heat flux as well as higher critical heat flux.

Performance study of palladium modified platinum anode in direct ethanol fuel cells: A green power source

The direct ethanol fuel cell is a green and renewable power source alternative to fossil fuels and produces less emissions compared to a combustion engine. Ethanol can be generated in great quantity from renewable resources like biomass through a fermentation process. Bio-generated ethanol is thus attractive fuel since growing crops for biofuels absorbs much of the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from the oxidation of ethanol. The platinum and palladium were co-deposited on graphite substrate by the galvanostatic technique and employed as anode catalyst for ethanol electrooxidation. The information on surface morphology, structural characteristics and bulk composition of the catalyst was obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used for the estimation of the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the synthesized catalysts in alkaline medium. The CVs for ethanol oxidation revealed superior catalytic activity of Pt–Pd/C compared to Pd/C and Pt/C. The effect of OH− on ethanol oxidation at Pt–Pd/C catalyst was studied using cyclic voltammetry, quasisteady-state polarization, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Pt–Pd/C catalyst shows good stability and enhanced electrocatalytic activity is ascribed to the synergistic effect of higher electrochemical surface area, preferred OH− adsorption on the surface and palladium ad-atom contribution on the alloyed surface.

FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE GEORADAR SURVEY ON THE SITE LOCATION OF THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY OF THE VIRGIN IN THE VILLAGE MALA PETRIKIVKA, DNIPROPETROVSK REGION

Problem statement. Ground-penetrating radar tests as a component of territory geophysical investigations are also used in the historical reconstruction − in our case, on the site of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in the village of Mala Petrikyvka (Dnipropetrovsk region). A ground-penetrating radar survey was conducted, preceded by a thorough critical analysis of historical sources. Measurements were done using MALA GPR with operating frequencies of 250 MHz and limited to 800 MHz. The purpose of the article. In order to critically reviewing the historical myth that existed for a long time around this architectural monument of the 18th-19th centuries, it was necessary to uncover underground cavities, as well as to conduct a search for hidden ancient structures both in the areas adjacent to the church building and directly inside the church itself. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, the features of surface and buried building structures attributed to the dry and moistened loess soils of this territory on GPR profiles were revealed. In areas of moistened loess soil, any objects at working depths at a frequency of 250 MHz were not displayed by the device − due to a high degree of signal attenuation. GPR profiles of this area did not reveal any significant anomalies, which indicate the presence of fairly voluminous linear underground structures, which is confirmed by the survey of the adjacent territory. The conducted investigations can be considered only primary and involve further, more detailed, studies on selected areas, including inside the building itself. Since it was not possible to find information about the previously performed ground-penetrating radar surveys on the territory of the church and the surrounding area, the surveys carried out by PSACEA can be considered the first of their kind. They are especially valuable in view of the fact that a complete restoration of the temple is planned.

Improved trifunctional electrocatalytic performance of integrated Co3O4 spinel oxide morphologies with abundant oxygen vacancies for oxygen reduction and water-splitting reactions

A simple and surfactant-free hydrothermal method was used to produce different forms of integrated nanostructures of Co3O4 spinel oxides, which exhibited excellent trifunctional electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The surface morphology and structural features of Co3O4 spinel oxide catalysts were investigated, and 40–70-nm nanocube particles were found decorated over petal-, slab-, and flower-like spinel oxide structures with the dominant (111) crystalline plane. According to physicochemical studies, the Co3O4 spinel oxide catalyst with the slab morphology has a high Co3+/Co2+ ratio and an abundance of oxygen vacancies, resulting in improved trifunctional performance with an early ORR onset potential (0.91 V), low overpotential for OER (460 mV) and HER (363 mV), and extended durability. This study provides insights into the design and structural features of Co3O4 spinel oxides through a simple and template-free synthesis approach to compete as an efficient trifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting and metal–air battery applications.

Influence of silver nitrate in obtaining highly luminescent sodium-doped carbon dots for white light emitting diodes

Luminescent metal-doping carbon dots (CDs) possess excellent optical properties for light-converting phosphors of white light emitting diode (LED). However, the photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs) of CDs still suffer from the trapping defect at the surface of CDs which may generate the detrimental nonradiative recombination centers. Herein, we developed an N doping method to enhance blue light emission of Na+-doped CDs via a modified solid-state reaction, using silver nitrate as nitrogen source. The blue PL intensity form Na+-doped CDs is improved by the increasing molar ratio of silver nitrate precursor. The obtained Na+ and N co-doping CDs exhibited 5-fold enhancement of PL intensity with a PL QYs up to 24% as compared to their undoped counterpart. Based on the temporal evolution of PL and surface structure characteristics, it suggested that the improvement of PL QYs derived from the elimination of the trapping defects at the surface of Na+-doped CDs. This is realized by the introduction of nitrate groups and Ag+ ions, which can reduce the formation of hydroxyl radicals related nonradiative recombination centers. Furthermore, the Na+ and N co-doped CDs is applied with (Gd,Y)3(Ga,Al)5O12: Ce3+ yellow phosphor on a commercial UV-LED chip, achieving strong cold white emission. Our finding provides a new idea to enhance blue PL QYs of Na+-doped CDs for their further potential applications in optoelectronic devices.

Electrochemical energy storage and hydrogen peroxide sensing using hybrid framework of CeO2-MnO2 on carbon nano fiber composite.

A hydrothermal methodology followed by calcinations employed for the formation of CeO2 - MnO2 /CNF composite to meet the requirement of superior electrochemical energy storage and sensing performance. The growth of agglomerated tiny CeO2 clusters grown with needle shaped MnO2 decorated over CNF surface gives rise to efficient hybrid sensing and electrode material. The surface structure and chemical features of as prepared nanocomposite was characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), FTIR spectroscopy and UV- Visible spectroscopy. The crystalline phase of CeO2-MnO2 decorated over CNF substrate was analyzed by XRD (X-ray diffraction spectroscopy). The electrochemical studies of synthesized sample of CeO2-MnO2/CNF composite exhibited specific capacitance as 1453 Fg−1 at 10 mVs−1 scan rate in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte and provided appreciable 74% of capacitive retention after 2500 cycles. The electrode material exhibits superior energy density (ED) of 57 WhKg−1 and power density (PD) 1.8 KWKg−1. The fabricated composite CeO2- MnO2 /CNF also tested as sensing material for H2O2 and offered good sensitivity of 612 μAcm−2mM−1 with correlation coefficient (R) 0.996 up to very low detection limit of 0.1 μM.

Effects of Thermal Annealing on The Morphology and Structural Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Nanopowders for Triboelectric Nanogenerator Applications

The influence of thermal annealing on the surface morphologies and structural characteristics of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders synthesized via the solution immersion method for triboelectric nanogenerator applications is reported in this paper. The ZnO nanopowders were thermally treated at different temperatures of annealing in the ranges between 300°C to 700°C for 1 hour, and their surface morphologies and structural properties were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The ZnO nanopowders have a polycrystalline, hexagonal wurtzite structure and are composed of ZnO nanoparticles and hexagonal nanorods. ZnO based tribolectric nanogenerators were fabricated with these nanopowders and their performance was assessed in terms of the output voltage. It is found that the ZnO based triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated with ZnO nanopowders annealed at 500°C has superior performance compared with the other nanogenerators, with an average output voltage of 1.95 V. This corresponds to a fourfold increase in output voltage relative to that of the ZnO based triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated with as-deposited ZnO nanopowders. In conclusion, thermal annealing significantly influences particle size and crystallinity of ZnO nanopowders, which in turn, influences the output voltage of ZnO based triboelectric nanogenerators.

From room acoustics to paleoacoustics: A preliminary acoustical study in Chauvet Cave

Due to geological closures between 21 000 and 29 000 years ago, the acoustics of the UNESCO World Heritage site, Chauvet Cave (Ardèche, France) have been in slow flux via mineral deposition processes that continue to alter its interior. Since Upper Paleolithic humans created extensive and elaborate artworks throughout this grand limestone cavern more than 30 000 years ago, the cave’s interior has changed with calcite and other minerals forming a diversity of features including the best-known stalactites, stalagmites, and flowstone floor coverings. Here, we report on archaeoacoustics fieldwork in 2022 that initiated acoustical mapping and reconstructive modeling to enable archaeological acoustics research and the creation of auralizations and multimodal experiences for virtual public access to this conservation-restricted place. We present here a comparative room acoustics study of two substantively enclosed cave areas (Salle du Fond and Galerie du Cactus) whose volumes differ significantly, but whose extant reverberation times are similar across most center bands, providing important information about the dynamical contributions of surface materials and structural features distinct to each impulse-response-measured location. Our study exemplifies an archaeological application of room acoustics methods with site-responsive techniques that offer a human-centered approach for understanding and translating cultural heritage acoustics across time.

Surface Structural Features of Two-Dimensional Layered Materials Ti3C2Tx (T = OH, O, F) Investigated by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Surface Structural Features of Two-Dimensional Layered Materials Ti3C2Tx (T = OH, O, F) Investigated by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Research on the detection probability curve characteristics of long-range target based on SPAD array lidar

Using single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array lidar to detect long-range target, the difference of target surface characteristics will cause the distortion of the detection probability curve. This distortion severely limits the ability of target feature extraction and recognition. In this paper, a detection probability model for detecting long-range target using SPAD array lidar is established, which considers the influence of the difference of target surface structural characteristics (distance and pose) and reflection characteristics (reflectivity and cross-sectional area). Based on the finite element analysis method, the proposed model can calculate the detection probability when the target surface has the above characteristics difference. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) and skewness are used to evaluate the distortion of the detection probability curve. It reveals that with the increase of the structural characteristic difference of the target, the increasing trend of FWHM satisfies the cubic polynomial, while the decreasing trend of skewness satisfies the cubic polynomial. As the ratio of the reflection characteristic of the target increases, the decreasing trend of FWHM satisfies the first-order polynomial, while the increasing trend of skewness satisfies the first-order polynomial. The experimental results show that the feature vector composed of the detection probability curve features (FWHM, skewness, and total detection probability) can be used to identify the pixels containing target surfaces with different distances. And the identifiable distance difference is less than the system pulse width distance. This paper lays a theoretical foundation for target characteristic analysis and target recognition based on SPAD array lidar.