Surface Roughness Height Research Articles

Surface Morphology Analysis of Laser Shock Peened 20CrMnTi Steel: A Statistical Evaluation

Surface morphology impacts material performance and durability significantly. To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of laser shock peening (LSP) treatment on the surface morphology of materials and to explore more optimized LSP treatment strategies, this study presents an investigation into the surface morphology of 20CrMnTi steel following LSP treatment. Through the application of statistical analysis, the study examines the induced surface morphology variations resulting from both single-point repetitive LSP and multiple LSP treatments. Experimental results demonstrate significant alterations in surface roughness and peak height distribution after LSP treatments, accompanied by the presence of high amplitude compressive residual stress (CRS). Moreover, the depth of laser-induced indentations is found to be closely related to the number of impacts, and the incidence angle of the laser exhibits a discernible influence on the directional texture and periodicity of the impacted surfaces. This investigation also proposes a method for estimating surface morphology variations after LSP treatment by means of analysis of impact patterns, thereby offering the potential for enhancing the friction and wear performance of the impacted surfaces through the adjustment of the impact region position during multi-layer LSP treatment.

Statistical and Artificial Neural Network Coupled Technique for Prediction of Tribo-Performance in Amine-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy/MMT Nanocomposites

This study explores the effects of four independent variables—the nanoclay weight percentage, sliding velocity, load, and sliding distance—on the wear rate and frictional force of nanoclay-filled FormuLITETM amine-cured bio-based epoxy composites. An experimental design based on the Taguchi method revealed diverging optimal conditions for minimizing the wear and frictional force. These observations were further validated using a Back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (BPANN) model, demonstrating its proficiency in predicting complex system behavior. Material characterization, conducted through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), illustrated the homogeneous distribution of the nanoclay within the FormuliteTM matrix, which is crucial for enhancing the load transfer and stress distribution. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis indicated that the incorporation of nanoclay increases the surface roughness and peak height, which are important determinants of the material performance. However, an increase in the nanoclay percentage decreased these attributes, suggesting an interaction saturation point. Due to their augmented mechanical properties, the present study underscores the potential of amine-cured bio-based epoxy systems in diverse applications, such as automotive, aerospace, and biomedical engineering.

Effect of Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Punch on the Deep Drawing Process

Composites have many uses in industrial applications. A new trend, the deep drawing process, is to use these composite materials to obtain drawn products with high quality. This study investigated the effect of using a hybrid composite material in the deep drawing process. The main aim was to perform the deep drawing process with cups using the punches of the iron-based hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with a 3% volume fraction of constant mix (20% ZrO2 and 80% Al2O3) by means of powder metallurgy. After realizing the best hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) from a set of five samples that can be used to manufacture a punch nose, the effects of the punch nose radius on the drawing force, forming energy, cup surface roughness, cup thickness, and cup height were evaluated and compared with those of steel. The results indicate that the drawing force decreases as the punch nose radius increases at the zero blank holder angle (BHA). The drawing force of the hybrid MMC’s punch nose is less than that of the steel DIN 1006-02 by 5% as a result of the radius of the punch nose effects. Therefore, the forming energy is decreased when the punch nose radius increases, and the lowest energy is obtained when the punch nose radius is 12 mm and BHA = 4°. The effect of the radius of the punch nose on cup height is the same as the effects on cup thickness, with the same advantages of the hybrid MMCs over DIN 1006-02 steel punch nose materials.

Effect of Low-Temperature Degradation, Ph-Cycling and Simulated Tooth Brushing on Surface Roughness, Topography, and Polish Retention of Yttrium-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia.

Surface roughness of zirconia is an important parameter that determines the success of zirconia restorations. When zirconia surfaces are left rough, higher susceptibility to hydrothermal aging, plaque accumulation and color changes would occur. Therefore, polish retention of these restorations is considered as a challenge. The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of hydrothermal degradation, pH- cycling, and simulated tooth brushing on surface roughness, topography, and polish retention of an yttrium-stabilized monolithic zirconia. In this experimental study, 64 specimens of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconium oxide (20×4×2mm) were prepared (ZirKonzahn, Steger, Ahrntal). The specimens were wet- polished (standard polishing), and divided into 8 groups (n=8). Four control groups were assessed in non-aged condition while in 4 experimental groups the artificially ageing was done. Different finishing and polishing procedures were performed in 8 groups. The surface roughness values including mean surface roughness (Ra) and mean height of surface roughness (Rz) was measured by a profilometer. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α=0.05). One representative specimen of each group was inspected under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for assessment of surface topography. The effects of surface treatments on Ra (p<.001) and Rz (p<.001) parameters were significant. Ageing had no significant effect on Ra (p=.086) and Rz (p=.067) values. Maximum Ra and Rz parameters were recorded following grinding (p<.001) and minimum values were recorded after glazing, which were significantly lower than the values in grinding group (p<.001). Polishing and glazing diminished the surface roughness (Ra) of ground zirconia similarly (p=.995). Aging had no significant effect on surface roughness of zirconia, irrespective of surface treatment type. Grinding yielded maximum surface roughness. Intra oral polishing yielded a surface roughness comparable to standard polishing and glazing.

Fabrication and characterization of microfluidic devices based on boron-modified epoxy resin using CO2 laser ablation for bio-analytical applications

CO2 laser ablation is a rapid and precise technique for machining microfluidic devices. And also, low-cost epoxy resin (ER) proved the great feasibility of fabricating these devices using the CO2 laser ablation technique in our previous studies. However, such a technique has shown negative impacts on such ER-based microfluidics as rough surface microchannels, and thermal defects. Therefore, incorporating different proportions of boric acid (BA) into epoxy resin formulation was proposed to obviate the genesis of these drawbacks in ER-based microfluidics. The structural and optical properties of plain ER- and B-doped ER-based chips were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV/Vis spectral analyses. Furthermore, their thermal properties were studied by thermo-gravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. A CO2 laser ablation machine was used in vector mode to draw the designed micro-channel pattern onto plain ER- and B-doped ER-based chips. The quality of microchannels engraved onto these chips was assessed using 3D laser microscopy. This microscopic examination showed a noticeable reduction in the surface roughness and negligible bulge heights in the laser-ablated micro-channels. On the other hand, overall and specific migration using gravimetric methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), respectively, and PCR compatibility test were performed to explore the convenience of these micro-plates for the biological reactions. These findings validated the applicability of B-doped ER-based microfluidics in bio-analytical applications as a result of the effective role of boric acid in enhancing the thermal properties of these chips leading to get micro-channels with higher quality with no effect on the biological reactions.

Dynamic development of the Athabasca Valles outflow system from volcanic facies and 15 m scale roughness

Surface roughness properties provide context for geologic terrains, and are commonly partnered with field-based mapping on Earth and satellite-based photogeologic mapping in planetary sciences. In this study, we combine morphology-based facies mapping and perform quantitative roughness analysis and characterization of facies for the Athabasca Valles lava flow-field on Mars to identify flow features, provide insight into eruption conditions, and link roughness patterns throughout the flow to emplacement conditions. The root-mean-square (RMS) height and effective slope were acquired at 15 m wavelength for 14 unique lava facies using statistically derived components from the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) surface echo strength. Quantitative RMS height surface roughness of Athabasca lava features range from 1.09 m to 1.76 m. We show that the RMS height response is generally consistent with facies transitions, confirming the linkage between surficial morphologies and lava flow roughness, including the ability to constrain the relative spatial and temporal evolution of emplacement processes. Roughness patterns and facies localities suggest that the emplacement of Athabasca lava experienced a dynamic progression of local discharge surges and substrate influence on morphology. Given a more complete view of the surface statistical properties, our analyses of nadir-looking radar tracks prove to be a useful tool to distinguish between transitional lava facies.

Nanocrystallization process in Mn-modified finemet-type alloy

In this paper, we studied the effect of heat treatment on the structural features and crystallization kinetics process of rapidly quenched Finemet-type ribbon for composition with 10% of iron substitution by manganese in initial state. After ribbon annealing at 580 °C for 30 min, and also at 600 °C for 10 and 30 min, the Fe(Si), Fe3B and Fe23B6 phases were identified. The crystallization activation energy, Ea, was found 585 kJ/mol (6.06 eV/at), and the Avrami exponent, n, was determined to be 3.13. In contrast to classical Finemet, where the crystallization process is a typical diffusion-controlled three-dimensional growth at a constant nucleation rate, in the modified alloy with 10% manganese, the growth of small particles predominates with an increase in the nucleation rate. During heat treatment the surface roughness and average peak height were increased from 3.0 to 24.2 nm and from 4.5 to 75.2 nm, respectively.

The Effect of Cutting Speed of Nitrogen Laser Cutting on the Surface Texture of SUS 304 Plate

The focus of today’s machining industry is on how to maintain high productivity and low cost achieved by high tool life during the operation. Laser cutting is considered the right solution because it offers cutting speeds of up to 170000 mm/min through a non-contact process regardless of the workpiece material hardness. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of cutting speed on the surface texture aspects namely surface roughness, kerf shape, and dross height on the stainless steel 304 plate after laser cutting. The nitrogen laser was utilized with the cutting speed of 400, 1700, and 2000 mm /min and the average roughness (Ra) was then measured using a surface roughness tester. On the other hand, the top, middle, and bottom area of the kerf surface as well as the dross height were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest Ra value was resulted at cutting speed of 2000 mm/min with 2.965 ± 0.05 μm while the lowest was at 1400 mm/min with 2.522 ± 0.16 μm. In parallel, the Ra was found to be higher when subjected gradually from the top to bottom zone. The kerf surface also proved that the top zone is dominated by the cutting zone, while the middle and bottom zone are characterized by the transition and deformation zone respectively. The width between kerf lines increased when the higher cutting speed was performed. Additionally, the larger dross height was found at the cutting speed of 1400 mm/min with 32.75 ± 5.21 μm and then degraded gradually at the higher cutting speed. The heat input and laser capability in exposing the material thickness are responsible for determining the corresponding surface texture aspects.

Capabilities and limits of surface roughness measurements with monochromatic speckles.

For coherent light illumination, surface roughness leads to speckles in the scattered light image. By evaluating the speckle contrast or image auto-correlation, a measurement of the roughness parameter S q is possible. While these measurement principles have been well known for decades, a fundamental understanding of the minimal achievable measurement uncertainty is missing. Therefore, the measurement uncertainty limits for four unavoidable sources of uncertainty are derived by means of theoretical and numerical approaches. The study is focused on the case of monochromatic speckles, which provide the highest sensitivity, as well as on the case of planar surface and isotropic surface roughness with a Gaussian height distribution and Gaussian correlation function. The considered uncertainty sources are the natural randomness of surface roughness itself, speckle noise, quantum shot noise, and camera noise. As a result, for the studied experimental configuration, speckle noise is determined as the largest contribution to measurement uncertainty, which leads to a minimal achievable relative uncertainty of 1%-2% for S q =(0.03-0.15)λ. According to theoretical studies, the speckle noise limit of the relative uncertainty is inversely proportional to four times the square root of the independent number of evaluated speckles. In addition, an absolute uncertainty limit is reached for ever-smoother surfaces, which amounts to λ divided by 64 times the square root of the independent number of evaluated speckles. Furthermore, systematic errors due to cross-sensitivity with respect to other parameters of surface roughness (height distribution, correlation length) as well as the surface position and shape (axial offset, tilt, curvature) are quantified and discussed. For the considered small deviations of different influencing quantities, the quantified errors are one order of magnitude smaller than the speckle noise limit.

Lateral malleolar crest and its clinical importance.

During study of anatomy of a fractured posterior malleolus of the ankle on CT scans, the authors noticed a prominent crest on the lateral malleolus, which they termed the lateral malleolar crest (LMC). As, in their view, LMC is a clinically important structure which was only briefly mentioned by a few authors without an official term, they focused on the anatomy of this structure. A total of 352 dry fibulae were analyzed and the following parameters recorded: (F) length of the fibula, (LMC) total length of LMC, (A) length of the part of the examined crest from the superior border of the articular facet of the lateral malleolus (AFLM) to its most proximal intersection with the midline of the fibula, (B) height of the medial triangular rough surface, and (A/F) A/F ratio. The crest was observed in all specimens. (F) was 346.5 ± 26mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 344-349), (LMC) was 85.4 ± 11.6mm (95% CI 84.2-86.6), (A/F) was 25% ± 3% (95% CI 24.7-25.3) in the whole group. (A) was 25.9 ± 6.5mm (95% CI 24.8-26.8) in the whole group, (B) was 34.9 ± 4.7mm (95% CI 34.3-35.5) in the whole group, 36 ± 6.1mm (95% CI 35.1-36.9). LMC is an important structure on the lateral malleolus. The knowledge of its anatomy is essential for placement of syndesmotic screws or/and the fibular plate.

20 dB improvement utilizing custom-designed 3D-printed terahertz horn coupler.

Terahertz band is envisaged to provide substantially higher capacity and much lower latency for wireless communications in contrast to microwave frequencies. Moving to higher frequencies comes with its own unique challenges to be addressed, such as poor coupling efficiency from free space into and out of planar air-core waveguides. Here, we propose a framework for rapid design and low-cost fabrication of terahertz horn couplers. The horn couplers are first designed by maximizing the field overlap integral on apex and aperture interfaces, then fabricated exploiting 3D printing technique, and finally sputtered with a thin layer of gold. A 28~μm standard deviation of the surface roughness height of the 3D printed horn couplers is calculated. Experimental demonstrations show that the proposed horn coupler improves the transmittance of a hybrid photonic crystal waveguide by 20 dB in comparison with the previous pinhole-based coupling configuration. This work provides a fast, convenient and economical approach for design and fabrication of customized couplers for any waveguide size, with a cost of only 5% of commercially available counterparts, and could be integrated in 3D-printed terahertz devices during fabrication.

Comparison of surface integrity of GH4169 superalloy after high-energy, low-energy, and femtosecond laser shock peening

In this study, different laser shock peening (LSP) techniques including high-energy laser shock peening (HE-LSP), low-energy laser shock peening (LE-LSP), and femtosecond laser shock peening (FS-LSP) were performed on GH4169 superalloy. The evolution of surface characteristics and microstructure was compared. Results show that the dominant deformation mechanism of GH4169 superalloy after various LSP treatments is dislocation slip, which leads to irregular atomic arrangement and high-density dislocations. The δ phase in the γ matrix restricts the movement of the dislocations and causes massive pile-ups at its boundaries. Thus, a special δ-phase/dislocation composite structure will promote the development of substructure in the deformed layer, although there is no obvious grain refinement. The deformed layer depth and damage mechanism are related to the pulse duration. The order of surface roughness, deformed depth, and arc height ranked according to LSP treatments is: HE-LSP > LE-LSP > FS-LSP. LE-LSP and FS-LSP could replace HE-LSP for thin-walled parts.

Computational study of boundary layer effects on stochastic rotor blade vortex shedding noise

This work entailed the use of lattice-Boltzmann simulations to investigate the effects of different sUAS rotor blade surface treatments, volumetric grid resolutions, and surface roughness heights on broadband noise prediction. Aerodynamic results showed trailing edge flow separation and a mispredicted laminar separation bubble for the laminar-to-turbulent transitional wall-function case and the fully-turbulent wall-function case as well as a transition front for the laminar-to-turbulent transitional wall-function case. It was seen that the current version of PowerFLOW (6-2021) cannot predict turbulent structures associated with turbulent wall-bounded flow unless a triggering mechanism (e.g., boundary layer trip) is employed, possibly explaining aerodynamic force and broadband noise underprediction. Tonal noise results showed thickness (i.e., geometry dependent) noise dominance at out-of-plane observers located above the rotor plane for the fundamental blade passage frequency and at all observer locations for the second harmonic of the blade passage frequency. Extrapolation techniques were also successfully used over broadband noise results to separate regions of underpredicted broadband noise caused by inadequate spatial resolution from other underpredicted regions caused by the misprediction of flow physics using the current computational strategy.

Estimation of evapotranspiration using all-weather land surface temperature and variational trends with warming temperatures for the River Source Region in Southwest China

• All-weather LST is used to overcome satellite TIR LST missing in cloudy conditions. • Estimation scheme for all-weather evapotranspiration (AWET) is proposed. • Response of AWET to the warming temperatures exhibits a spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Land surface temperature (LST) derived from satellite thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is widely used in estimating land surface evapotranspiration (ET) through energy balance theory. However, as satellite TIR remote sensing is frequently affected by clouds, the derived LST with spatial missing makes it impossible to estimate seamless ET for large areas. In this study, based on the all-weather LST (AWLST) generated through the synergistic use of TIR and passive microwave (PMW) remote sensing, we propose an estimation scheme of all-weather ET (AWET) for the River Source Region of Southwest China (RSR-SC) with complex environmental characteristics of frequent clouds and fog. Specifically, the parameters of the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS), which have high impact on the model results, are first accurately determined by a global sensitivity analysis. Second, the parametric calculation schemes of turbulent exchange, such as surface roughness heights for momentum ( z 0m ) and heat ( z 0h ) transfer, and soil heat flux ( G 0 ) of the SEBS model are refined. Third, the daily ET temporal upscaling method is developed. Then a long-term AWET product for the RSR-SC is generated. Comparison against ground measurements from 12 eddy covariance (EC) sites indicates a good accuracy of the AWET product: the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the daily ET estimates are 36 % and 0.88 mm/d, respectively. From aspects of temporal variation of daily ET, monthly spatiotemporal distribution patterns, interannual variation of different land covers and spatial distribution comparison with other ET products, the generated AWET exhibits to be realistic, reflecting relatively subtle variations. Further investigation indicates that the response of surface ET to the warming temperatures exhibits the spatial heterogeneity of the change trend. This study highlights the importance of estimating daily AWET at a MODIS-like scale using AWLST data to significantly benefit water resource monitoring and conduct runoff prediction over large areas and watershed scales.

Determining Variability in Arctic Sea Ice Pressure Ridge Topography With ICESat‐2

AbstractWe investigate the characteristics and distribution of pressure ridges in Arctic sea ice using a novel algorithm applied to ICESat‐2 surface heights. We derive the frequency and height of individual pressure ridges and map surface roughness and ridging intensity at the basin scale over three winters between 2019 and 2021. Comparisons with near‐coincident airborne lidar data show that not only can we detect individual ridges 5.6 m wide, but also measure sail height more accurately than the existing ICESat‐2 sea ice height product. We find large regional variability in ridge morphology not only related to parent ice type but also geographic location. Ridge sails are best represented by log‐normal distributions while surface roughness is well fit by an exponential normal function. Our results reveal that high‐resolution satellite altimetry is valuable for characterizing sea ice deformation at short length‐scales and delivers observations that will advance ridging parameterizations in sea ice models.

Investigation of Gas Turbine Internal Cooling Using Supercritical CO2—Effect of Surface Roughness and Channel Aspect Ratio

Abstract In this paper, an experimental and numerical investigation of internal cooling channels with rib turbulators is presented with sCO2 as the working fluid at process conditions (pressure-20.7 MPa and temperature up to 150 °C). The effect of channel aspect ratio up to 2:1 on thermal-hydraulic performance is explored in additively manufactured rectangular channels and square channels, both with and without 60 deg ribs on the top and bottom sides. The Wilson-plot method is employed to experimentally measure channel-averaged Nusselt number over a Reynolds number range up to 370,000. The friction factor is calculated from pressure drop and mass flow rate and additionally, the overall thermal performance factor (TPF) is reported. A companion computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed for the rib turbulated cooling configurations reported in the experiments using the Reynolds average Navier–Stokes-based turbulence model. The objective of the numerical study is to gain insight into the local heat transfer augmentation in the ribbed channels as a result of varying the aspect ratio, channel configuration (square versus rectangular), operating conditions (Reynolds number) and the surface roughness, an inherent outcome of the additive manufacturing process. Surface roughness is simulated using sand grain roughness height (KS) calculated from the experimental data, and a comparison is presented with the corresponding channel configuration with varying surface roughness heights starting from smooth surfaces (KS = 0). Experimental results indicate that the heat transfer augmentation is negligible in the rectangular channels with ribs on the long side compared to the square channel. However, it is enhanced by 60% in comparison to placing ribs on the shorter side. The TPF remains constant at around 1 for the entire range of Reynolds numbers consistent with prior work at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The simulation results highlight that increased surface roughness can have a favorable considerable influence on Nusselt number and overall thermal performance enhancement.

Optimization of Process Variables in the Drilling of LM6/B4C Composites through Grey Relational Analysis

The objective of this investigational analysis was to study the influence of process variables on the response during the drilling of composite materials. Stir casting was employed to produce the composites. A Vertical Machining Center (VMC) with a dynamometer was used to drill the holes and to record the thrust force. An L27 orthogonal array was used to carry out the experimental work. A grey relational analysis (GRA) was employed to perform optimization in order to attain the lowest Thrust Force (TF), Surface Roughness (SR) and Burr Height (BH). For minimal responses, the optimum levels of the process variables viz. the feed rate (F), spindle speed (S), drill material (D) and reinforcing percentage (R) were determined. The process variables in the drilling of the composites were indeed optimized, according to confirmational investigations. The predicted Grey Relational Grade was 0.846, whereas the experimental GRG was 0.865, with a 2.2% error—indicating that the optimization process was valid.

Reliability-Based Criterion for Evaluating Explicit Approximations of Colebrook Equation

Numerous explicit approximations of the Colebrook equation have been developed and evaluated based on two criteria: prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper introduces a new evaluation criterion based on the reliability of each equation. The reliability is defined by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the explicit friction factor that is a function of the variabilities of component random variables (roughness height of the internal pipe surface and kinematic viscosity of the fluid). The coefficient of variation of the friction factor depends on its first derivative for roughness height of the inner pipe surface and kinematic viscosity of the fluid and their correlation. Seven explicit approximations were evaluated using the new reliability-based criterion. The results show that all explicit approximations are very reliable, but variations exist regarding the reliability level. The reliabilities of the seven approximations is very close for the rough-flow regime and when the CV of the viscosity is minimal. However, for the smooth-flow regime, and when the CV of the roughness is minimal, various approximations showed substantially different reliabilities. The novelty of the proposed criterion is that it addresses an evaluation dimension that complements the accuracy and efficiency criteria.

Modeling and Predicting the Machined Surface Roughness and Milling Power in Scot’s Pine Helical Milling Process

Helical milling with the advantages of stable machining process, a well-machined surface quality, etc., is an interest of researchers and producers. Machined surface roughness (arithmetic mean deviation (Ra) and maximum height of the assessed profile (Rz)) and milling power consumption as two main machining characteristic parameters were studied and chosen as response factors to evaluate the machinability of Scots pine helical milling. Input variables included helical angle of milling cutter, rotation speed of main shaft, and depth of milling. Response surface methodology was applied for the design of experiments, data processing and analysis, and optimization of the processing parameters. The results showed that Ra and Rz decreased with an increase in helical angle and rotation speed of main shaft, though increased with an increase in depth of milling. Milling power increased when the helical angle and depth of milling increased and showed a slight downward trend as the rotational speed increased. The quadratic models were applied to predict the values of Ra, Rz, and milling power due to the high values of R2 of 0.9895, 0.9905, and 0.9885, respectively. The plot of predicted and actual values also indicated that the created models had good predictability. The optimized combination of helical angle, rotation speed, and depth of milling are 64°, 7500 r/min, and 0.5 mm, respectively. The effects of input variables and the quantitative relation between input variables and response variables were revealed clearly. These achievements will be useful for guiding the selection of helical milling parameters to achieve the purposes of improving processed surface quality and saving the processing power consumption.

Evaluation of coupled wind / wave model simulations of offshore winds in the Mid-Atlantic Bight using lidar-equipped buoys.

Abstract From 2014 to 2017, two Department of Energy buoys equipped with Doppler lidar were deployed off the U.S. East Coast to provide long term measurements of hub-height wind speed in the marine environment. We performed simulations of selected cases from the deployment using a 5-km configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, to see if simulated hub height speeds could produce closer agreement with the observations than existing reanalysis products. For each case we performed two additional simulations: one in which marine surface roughness height was one-way coupled to forecast wave parameters from a standalone WaveWatch III (WW3) simulation, and another in which WRF and WW3 were two-way coupled using the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment-Transport (COAWST) framework. It was found that all the 5-km WRF simulations improved 90-m wind speed statistics for the tropical cyclone case of 08 May 2015 and the cold frontal case of 25 Mar 2016, but not the nor-easter of 18 Jan 2016. The impact of wave coupling on buoy-level (4 m) wind speed was modest and case dependent, but when present, the impact was typically seen at 90 m as well, being as large as 10% in stable conditions. One-way wave coupling consistently reduced wind speeds, improving biases for 25 Mar 2016 but worsening them for 08 May 2015. Two-way wave coupling mitigated these negative biases, improved wave field representation and statistics, and mostly improved 4-m wind field correlation coefficients, at least at the VA buoy, largely due to greater self-consistency between wind and wave fields.