Surface Of Foam Research Articles

Preparation and performance of a three-dimensional porous copper-tin electrode for lithium-ion batteries

A 3D porous Cu/Sn/Cu6Sn5/Cu3Sn composite anode was successfully fabricated by electrodepositing tin on a copper foam foil and then conducting diffusion heat treatment at 200ºC for 3 h. The specific capacity of the electrode was 660.97 mAh/g at 0.2 C after 300 charge/discharge cycles. The high capacity and cycling stability of the electrode were due to the Cu-Sn phases and porous structure of the copper foam. The formation of the Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn phases decreased the tin content on the surface, reduced the volume expansion rate caused by lithiation/delithiation and effectively inhibited the generation of cracks and electrode pulverization. Furthermore, the number of active sites for the reaction between tin and lithium were significantly increased by the uniform distribution of tin on the surface of the copper foam and its large specific surface area.

Lithium metal deposition under the geometrical confinement effect: Dendritic copper foam current collector

Dendrite-free lithium is the ultimate goal in achieving the commercial application of lithium metal anode. In this paper, Dendritic Copper Foam Current Collector (DCFC) is prepared by an electrometallurgy method to realize the homogeneous deposition of lithium metal. The deposition behavior of Cu and Li on different interfaces was studied. Firstly, the Cu dendrites constructed on the surface of Cu foam are induced and formed by the potential oscillation generated by the hydrogen evolution reaction. Secondly, the heterogeneous nucleation model reveals that the reason for the dendrite-free lithium deposition on the dendritic copper foam is the geometrical confinement effect. Compared with commercial copper foam, DCFC with hierarchical structure significantly reduces the nucleation energy and deposition overpotential of lithium metal. The in situ optical microscope observation and finite element simulation results confirm our ideas. Electrochemically, DCFC works stably after 1200 h at a lower potential of 36 mV in a DCFC@Li symmetric battery, which is much superior to 75 mV for just 340 h in Cu foam. The ideal collector with a dendritic structure has broad prospects for the practical application of lithium metal anode.

Clusters of Fe–Co–Cd nanosheets grow on the surface of nickel foam to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction

To enhance the efficiency of water electrolysis for hydrogen energy production, it is essential to synthesize oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts that are both high-performing and low-cost. In this study, a self-supporting electrocatalyst denoted as was synthesized using the hydrothermal method by growing trimetallic nanosheets FeCoCd@C in situ on nickel foam. This electrocatalyst is composed of transition metal hydroxides and carbon materials, which exhibit a specific interaction between them. The electrocatalyst demonstrates outstanding OER performance, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in a 1.0 M KOH electrolyte with only 216 mV overpotential and a Tafel slope of 75.86 mV dec−1. Furthermore, carbon materials can prevent direct contact between the electrolyte and transition metal hydroxide, effectively impeding electrocatalyst corrosion, and providing long-term stability. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the composite catalyst was carried out to elucidate its mechanism of action. This study confirms that the combination of transition metal hydroxides and carbon materials can effectively enhance the catalytic activity of electrocatalysts, providing a clear direction for the development of composite OER catalysts.

Copper sulfide nanosheet arrays constructed on copper skeleton for efficient elemental mercury immobilization from flue gas

The major challenge to use metal sulfide for elemental mercury (Hg0) immobilization from coal-fired flue gas is exploiting a facile and feasible pathway to achieve its fixed-bed application. In this work, copper sulfide (Cu7S4) nanosheet arrays anchored on copper skeleton as an efficient Hg0 trap with outstanding Hg0 sequestration performance was rapidly fabricated via a facile room-temperature chemical bath deposition method. After being impregnated in the polysulfide solution, the surface of copper foam was quickly oxidized and then converted into Cu7S4 nanosheet, which tightly adhered to the macro-porous copper foam. Benefitted from well arrayed Cu7S4 nanosheet, high-permeability structure, and uniform dispersion of active sites, the as-obtained Cu7S4/Copper foam favors for its application in Hg0 immobilization under a fixed-bed circumstance. These superiorities contribute to its outstanding Hg0 removal capacity of 38.32 mg g-1and adsorption rate of 6.06 μg g−1 min−1, far transcending that of commercial granular S impregnated activated carbon by magnitudes. This study not only developed an efficient Hg0 sorbent used in fix-bed scenarios but also illustrated a versatile strategy to rapidly functionalize metal skeletons with metal sulfides for vapor Hg0 immobilization from coal-fired flue gas.

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods from Zinc Borate Precursor and Characterization of Supercapacitor Properties.

The synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) was accomplished from zinc borate (Zn3B2O6) minerals to be used as electrodes in supercapacitor applications. The concentrations of obtained zinc (Zn) metal after treatment with hydrochloric acid (HCl) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Direct synthesis of ZnO on a nickel (Ni) foam surface was conducted by employing the hydrothermal technique using a solution with the highest Zn content. The results showed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanorods on the surface of Ni foam with an average wall size of approximately 358 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements revealed that the synthesized electrode exhibited battery-type charge storage characteristics, reaching a maximum specific capacitance of approximately 867 mF·cm-² at a current density of 2 mA·cm-². Additionally, the energy and power densities of the electrode at a current density of 2 mA·cm-² were calculated as 19.3 mWh·cm-² and 200 mW·cm-², respectively. These results exhibited promising performance of the single-component electrode, outperforming the existing counterparts reported in the literature.

Anchoring Polydopamine on ZnCo2 O4 Nanowire To Facilitate Urea Water Electrolysis.

To overcome the sluggishness of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the urea oxidation reaction was developed. In the case of OER application studies ZnCo2 O4 is an excellent electrocatalyst, towards the UOR has been performed with surface-grown polydopamine (PDA) with surface-grown polydopamine (PDA). ZnCo2 O4 @PDA is produced over the surface of nickel foam by a hydrothermal method followed by self-polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride. Dopamine hydrochloride was varied in solution to study the optimal growth of PDA necessary to enhance the electrochemical activity. Prepared ZnCo2 O4 @PDA was characterized by X-ray diffraction, electronic structural, and morphology/microstructure studies. With successful confirmation, the developed electrode material was applied to UOR and ZnCo2 O4 @PDA-1.5, delivering an excellent low overpotential of 80 mV at 20 mA cm-2 in the electrolyte mixture of 1 M potassium hydroxide+0.33 M urea. To support the excellent UOR activity, other electrochemical properties such as the Tafel slope, electrochemical surface active sites, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were also studied. Furthermore, a schematic illustration explaining the UOR mechanism is shown to allow a clear understanding of the obtained electrochemical activity. Finally, urea water electrolysis was carried out in a two-electrode symmetrical cell and compared with water electrolysis. This clearly showed the potential of the developed material for efficient electrochemical hydrogen production.

Efficient degradation of carbamazepine using a modified nickel-foam cathode (Ni-FM/CNTs) in penetrating electro-Fenton process

A modified nickel-foam (Ni-FM) cathode coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Ni-FM/CNTs) was synthesized for carbamazepine (CBZ) highly energy-efficient degradation in penetrating electro-Fenton. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) test proves that multi-walled CNTs were successfully coated on the surface of nickel foam. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results revealed the greater electrochemical activity of Ni-FM/CNTs compared to Ni-FM. The H2O2 accumulation performance tests showed that Ni-FM/CNTs cathode had higher H2O2 accumulation performance than Ni-FM cathode, and the H2O2 yield of Ni-FM/CNTs was 5.7 times higher than that of Ni-FM after 1 h of electrolysis. The reaction rate of CBZ degradation in penetrating electro-Fenton process was 2.5 times that of planar electro-Fenton process because the flow-through process enhanced O2 mass transfer and promoted the production of H2O2. The Box-Behnken Design response surface method was used to analyze the factors affecting the degradation efficiency of CBZ in the penetrating electro-Fenton process. The CBZ degradation efficiency could reach 100%, and electric energy consumption was 0.4356 Wh/L at current density of 9 mA/cm2, pH = 3, concentration of Fe2+ was 0.3 mM, and the through-flow velocity of 60 mL/min. The quenching experiment and EPR test results confirmed the degradation of CBZ was mainly the oxidation of·OH, and O2-·is the prerequisite for the production of·OH. Eight possible degradation products of CBZ degradation were identified and the probable degradation route was proposed. The ECOSAR program was used to predict the toxicities of CBZ and its degradation products, and the consequences revealed that the electro-Fenton process has a detoxification effect on CBZ, but may also produce more toxic organic compounds than the parent compound.

Experimental and numerical investigations on tilt filling design of metal foam in a heat storage tank

The use of metal foam as a filler in heat storage tanks proves advantageous in compensating for the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials. However, the filling of metal foam can impede natural convection within the tank. Partially filled metal foam enables both strong natural convection in the upper pure phase change material region and enhanced thermal conductivity of the metal foam. This paper proposes inclining the upper surface of the metal foam to further strengthen natural convection in the upper region. Following experimental verification, a series of heat storage tanks with different metal foam inclination forms for latent heat storage were numerically simulated and compared. The results indicate that complete melting time was shortest for the case 5 (ab-type model with a = 0, b = 91.8), at 5320s, which represents an 18.8% reduction compared to benchmark case 9. Furthermore, comparison of the cases with inclined upper surfaces indicated that the clockwise inclination pattern resulted in greater time savings than the counterclockwise pattern. The results of this study offer valuable insights for the design of partially filled heat storage tanks.

The coating based on phenolic resin gives rigid polyurethane foam excellent flame retardant properties

AbstractA flame retardant coating was designed and synthesized using phenolic resin (PF), 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphazephenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), and nano‐SiO2 as raw materials. The coating is applied to the surface of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) to give it a flame retardant effect. Based on the excellent adhesion of PF, the coating effectively suppresses heat transfer, and the synergistic effect of DOPO and nano‐SiO2 improves the flame retardancy of RPUF. In addition, vertical combustion experiments have shown that when the ratio of DOPO to nano‐SiO2 is 2:1, there is no dripping, the flame is self‐extinguishing, and the internal structure remains basically unchanged, resulting in the best flame retardant effect. The cone calorimetric test shows that the coating can effectively reduce the total heat release and heat release rate of the substrate, and the smoke release rate and total smoke release data show that its smoke suppression effect is significantly improved. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the coating can effectively improve the residual carbon rate of RPUF, and its mechanical properties are good. This study confirms that coatings based on PF/DOPO/Nano‐SiO2 can effectively improve the flame retardancy of RPUF, providing a potential direction for the development of green insulation materials.

Fabrication of CoSe2/CoP with rich selenium- and phosphorus-vacancies and heterogeneous interfaces for asymmetric supercapacitors

CoSe2/CoP with rich Se- and P-vacancies and heterogeneous interfaces (v-CoSe2/CoP) is grown on the surface of nickel foam via a two-step strategy: electrodeposition and NaBH4 reduction, which can be used as the cathode material in asymmetric supercapacitors. The SEM characterization reveals the honeycomb-like structure of the v-CoSe2/CoP, and the results of EPR, XPS and HRTEM reveal the existence of anionic vacancies and heterogeneous interfaces in the v-CoSe2/CoP. The as-fabricated v-CoSe2/CoP exhibits high specific capacitance (3206 mF cm−2 at 1.0 mA cm−2) and cyclic stability (91 % capacitance retention after 2000 cycles). An asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled by using the v-CoSe2/CoP and activated carbon (AC) as cathode and anode materials, respectively, which displays a high energy density of 40.6 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 211.5 W kg−1. The outstanding electrochemical performances of the v-CoSe2/CoP might be ascribed to the synergistic effects of Se- and P-vacancies and the heterogeneous interfaces in the v-CoSe2/CoP.

Effect of boric acid coating on the electrical, thermal, mechanical and oxidation-resistant properties of coke derived carbon foam

In this study, carbon foams with high oxidative resistance were fabricated by employing a powder metallurgy route using semi-coke as a carbon precursor and ammonium bicarbonate as a pore-forming agent. The boric acid was used as an oxidative inhibitor. The effect of boric acid coating on the surface of carbon foam was extensively analyzed and compared with pure carbon foam. The oxidation resistance of boric acid-coated carbon foam (CF70BA) demonstrated very good thermal stability at 650 °C in the air for a period of 3 h, along with good compressive strength as compared to pure carbon foam. The resultant boric acid-coated carbon foam exhibit a high electrical conductivity of 437 S/cm and high thermal conductivity of 9.5 W/m.K. All the results revealed that this approach established a new simple and affordable concept for the development of lightweight carbon material with high oxidation resistance performance.

Combining infrared and Raman spectra to assess MDI localization in novel flax-reinforced automotive composites

The present work describes the use of novel flax preforms reinforcement as substitution of glass fibres in complex composite stackings made of polyurethane foam impregnated with methylene diphenyl 4, 4′-diisocyanate (MDI), for automotive headliner parts manufacturing. Headliner structure, cohesion and mechanical performances are highly dependant of MDI distribution in both foam and fibre network. This study monitors the presence and localization of MDI in the final biobased composite by implementing a robust and innovative spectroscopic methodology. For that, Infrared and Raman spectroscopies are used to characterize the fibres and polymer chemical groups, such as the isocyanate and phenyl bonds in MDI and the urethane group. MDI in the flax preform is identified by the signal of the isocyanate group in the infrared spectrum. The complementary Raman study highlight two signatures of the interaction between polyurethane and MDI. One is the shift from 1620 to 1610 cm−1 between the urethane and the MDI aromatic vibration. The second is the aromatic ring substitution at 1530 cm−1, which increases with the MDI concentration in the composite. These investigations demonstrate that MDI is present on the surfaces of flax fibres and foam and at the foam/fibre interfaces in the composite. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of flax for a use as headliner reinforcement, without penalizing the structure of the part.

Combustion temperature in a three-dimensional porous stove with a high-fidelity structure

The combustion temperature in a three-dimensional (3-D) porous stove was investigated numerically by using a novel high-fidelity structure of ceramic foam. The surface temperatures of the present stove were compared with those in corresponding experiments to verify the numerical model. Based on the discussion of gas velocity in the combustion state, the internal combustion temperature in the 3-D structure was analyzed by focusing on the solid–gas temperature profiles and the heat transfer characteristics. The results showed that large Venturi effects occurred with formation of jets on the upper surface of the ceramic foam. Numerous discrete flames were clearly formed in the 3-D pores of the ceramic foam and not only showed wrinkling induced by the staggered skeletons, but also differed significantly owing to the difference in pore structures, resulting in different temperature profiles in different axial cross-sections. The temperature for the axial cross-section with the same height was basically same in the circumferential direction, with even the same temperature difference between gas and solid. The driving force of internal heat transfer in porous media combustion (PMC) originates from the gas–solid temperature difference, resulting in the formation of an enclosing steady self-heat circulation process. The surface heat transfer coefficient (SHTC) obtained in this work agreed well with those of corresponding experiments in previous work. Their maximum region emerged near the interface between the distributor and foam ceramic, and not in the region of the maximum combustion temperature. The heat transfer coefficients gradually decreased along the axial direction in spite of undergoing combustion expansion, whereas it increased from the center to the outside edge in the radial direction. The results are conducive to numerical simulation of PMC, and helpful for combustion in domestic gas stoves.

Enhancement effect of polyurea coating on the impact resistance of aluminum foam

AbstractA polyurea coating was prepared to enhance the impact protection performance of aluminum foam, and its mechanical properties were analyzed. Polyurea‐coated aluminum foam composite specimens were prepared by coating the polyurea on the surface of aluminum foam. The mechanical properties of composite specimens under quasi‐static and dynamic loading were tested, and the stress–strain relationship at different strain rates was analyzed. The deformation process and failure mode of typical specimens under different loading conditions were discussed. The influence of polyurea coating on the energy absorption characteristics of aluminum foam was explained. The results show that when the polyurea is coated on the end surface of aluminum foam specimen, the sawtooth oscillation in the yield plateau stage of the stress–strain curve is weakened. The existence of polyurea coating makes the stress transfer of cell wall of aluminum foam uniform, and can effectively prevent the damage caused by the splash of aluminum foam fragments under high‐speed impact load. Coating polyurea on the opposite to load‐receiving surface of aluminum foam specimen can effectively improve the yield stress of composite specimen under dynamic load, and make the specimen still maintain good integrity after failure. When the polyurea is coated on the end surface of aluminum foam specimen, the final energy absorption per unit volume and the ideal energy absorption efficiency peak of the specimen are improved.

In-situ grown sweet alyssum flowers-like CoMoO4 for high performance hybrid supercapacitors

Effective optimization of the structure and morphology of the electrode materials of supercapacitors is thought to be a viable option for increasing their energy storage capacity. In this stydy, using a simple hydrothermal/solvothermal method, we synthesized nanostructured CoMoO4 (CMO) with a variety of morphologies, including sweet alyssum flowers, hydrangea flowers and rose petals that were grown directly on the surface of Ni foam. Water and mixed solvents of water plus ethanol, water plus ethylene glycol in 1:1 ratio were used in the CoMoO4 synthesis, and referred to as CMO-W, CMO-W:ET, and CMO-W:EG, respectively. Glucose played a vital role in regulating the morphology in different solvent media. CMO-W alyssum flowers benefit from the synergistic effect of high void space and hierarchical structure, which promotes the adequate exposure of numerous active sites, improves structural stability, and improves the energy storage performance. In view of electrochemical performance, the CMO-W electrode outperformed the other two electrodes, with a superior specific capacity of 1060 C g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and impressive cycle stability at 5 A g−1, with a retention of 79.5 % after 4000 cycles. A hybrid supercapacitor device was built with CMO-W and activated carbon (AC) as the positive and negative electrodes respectively. This device had a notable long-term stability, with a retention of 80.6 % after 4000 cycles and also shown 68.7 Wh kg−1 of energy density at 824 W kg−1 of power density. Furthermore, two devices connected serially illuminated a red light-emitting diode (LED) for up to 6 min.

Ultra-low-loading Pd nanocrystals modified Ni foam electrode for efficient electrochemical hydrodechlorination

Pd nanocrystals modified Ni foam electrode (Pd NCs/Ni) with Pd loading of 12.5 μg cm−2 was prepared via electrodeposition and exhibited higher mass activity in the electrochemical hydrodechlorination. With the assistance of polyvinylpyrrolidone and bromide ion, Pd nanocrystals with abundant catalytic sites were uniformly anchored on both the inner and surfaces of the Ni foam. Six chlorophenols were rapidly dechlorinated to phenol using Pd NCs/Ni with high conversion (> 98%) and selectivity (∼ 100%). Pd NCs/Ni showed broad applicability to various reaction conditions and maintained stable activity over 12 consecutive cycles. The electrochemical hydrodechlorination follows the indirect dechlorination mechanism. Hydrogenolysis between adsorbed H and chlorophenols is the rate-controlling step. Low coordination Pd atoms on the faces of Pd (220) and Pd (311) are the main catalytic sites. The study provides a valuable insight of high performance and low cost Pd modified electrode and its catalytic mechanism in electrochemical hydrodechlorination.

Defect-Rich, Rose-Shaped Fe2Ni1-Metal–Organic Framework Nanoarrays for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

This article reports an important improvement of the design of high-efficiency and economical catalysts to accelerate the four-electron-proton-coupled oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is a critical half-reaction in renewable electrolytic water systems. Herein, the Fe2Ni1-MOF nanoarrays with various morphologies were in situ-grown on the surface of nickel foam (NF) based on the acetic acid-assisted strategy for oxygen evolution reaction. Under the control of a regulator, the optimized 3A-TDC-MOF nanosheets in OER exhibit superior catalytic activity with an overpotential of 211 mV at 10 mA cm–2 and a Tafel slope of 40.3 mV dec–1, attributing to the rose-shaped nanoarray, abundant defect sites, and Fe-Ni bimetallic synergistic effect. Further analysis shows that the superior electrocatalytic performance depends on the formation of active intermediate metal-oxyhydroxide after the ligand chain 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic is replaced partially by OH–. The proposed strategy provides further insights into the design of desirable MOF-based electrocatalytic materials.

Hydrothermal synthesis of highly aligned Fe3O4 nanosplates on nickel foam

In the present work, a facile hydrothermal route is employed for the synthesis of highly aligned arrays of Fe3O4 nanoplates on a 3D nickel foam substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations reveal the crucial role of the nickel foam substrate on the morphology of the produced Fe3O4. Synthesis on a nickel foam results in a nanoplate morphology while in absence of the substrate, highly agglomerated Fe3O4 nanoparticles are achieved. SEM studies show that, in the early stages of hydrothermal treatment, small Fe3O4 nuclei form on the surface of the Ni foam which grow into nanoplates by increasing the duration from 2 to 18 h. According to X-ray diffraction studies Fe3O4 nanoplates are single phase. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements, show that Fe3O4 decorated Ni foams have a surface area 26 times higher than the as-received foam. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies also show that Fe3O4 decorated Ni foams have a superparamagnetic behavior with a high magnetization saturation value of 69.97 emu g-1. Such high surface area and magnetism makes this 3D composite an excellent material for electromagnetic shielding applications.

Hexachloroplatinic(IV)-GO colloids as ideal electrodes modification materials for electrochemical sensing, HER and OER

In this study, a versatile electrode modification material [PtCl6]2--GO colloid was prepared by adsorption of Hexachloroplatinic(IV) ([PtCl6]2-) onto protonated GO (pH = 2). Two modification strategies, namely surface drop coating and in situ electrochemical deposition, were employed to grow [PtCl6]2--GO in situ as Pt-rGO on the surfaces of screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), copper foam (CuF), and nickel foam (NiF). The Pt-rGO obtained by this gentle method features extremely small Pt particle sizes (1.4 nm). The benefits of the prepared modification material and electrode modification strategies were confirmed through Furantoin (NF) electrochemical sensing, HER, and OER. The results indicated that SPCE modified with 1 wt% Pt-rGO achieved a very low NF detection limit of 0.82 nM (S/N = 3, DPV) and a wide detection range of 0.1–1650 μM (i-t). Additionally, for HER activity, a low overpotential of 34.6 mV was achieved from Pt-rGO/NiF at pH = 14 and the overpotential of 68.72 mV was achieved from Pt-rGO/CuF at pH = 0.14. For OER activity, an acceptable overpotential of 370.9 mV was achieved from Pt-rGO/NiF at pH = 14. Finally, the electrocatalytic mechanism of Pt-rGO was studied using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and the hypothesis of a potential electrocatalytic activity center in the rGO fold/edge region was proposed.

Facile design and synthesis of nickel foam@Mxene@NiCo layered hydroxides core-sheath nanostructure for high mass-loading of supercapacitors

NiCo layered double hydroxides (NiCo-LDH) represent widespread application in supercapacitor owing to the unique two-dimensional layer structure. However, improving its electrochemical energy storage and cycle stability with high mass-loading remains a huge challenge. By introducing self-assembled Ti3C2Tx (Mxene) on the surface of nickel foam (NF) and then electrodepositing NiCo-LDH, a hierarchical nickel foam@Ti3C2Tx@NiCo layered hydroxides (NF@Mxene@NiCo-LDH) ternary core-sheath nanostructure with high mass-loading is created in this article. The synergistic effect of Mxene and NiCo-LDH greatly improves the cycling stability of the composites. When NF was immersed in Ti3C2Tx solution three times and then electrodeposited for 1000s, the obtained composite electrode NF@Mxene@NiCo-LDH (denoted as M3-NC (1000)) owns a high mass loading up to 14 mg cm−2. The M3-NC (1000) has an areal capacitance of 22.6 F cm−2 at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 and a mass-specific capacitance of 224 mAh g−1 at 0.375 A g−1. The asymmetric supercapacitor with M3-NC (1000) as the positive electrode and AC as the negative electrode achieves an energy density of 3.79 mWh cm−2 at a power density of 3.74 mW cm−2, which is significantly better than the previously reported work of NiCo-LDH. The device also exhibits excellent cycling stability with capacitance retention of 87% after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 200 mA cm−2. This work highlights the design approach of electrode material with high mass-loading for advanced energy applications.