Surface Of Carbon Fabric Research Articles

Fabrication of Cu2O plated carbon fabrics via electrochemical deposition method

Functional fabrics have many advanced applications to meet the expectations of the end-user industry. There is a variety of approaches to impart functional properties to the fabrics including coatings, the addition of functional fillers, surface modifications, etc. Metallization techniques are also a good candidate to impart functionalities to textile fabrics. On the other hand, Cu2O is a diamagnetic solid that has a variety of applications from flexible electronics to gas sensing. In this study, one of the simplest plating techniques, the electroplating method, was applied to carbon fabric to provide Cu2O coating on the surface which can add the advantages of metal oxides on carbon fabric. The Cu2O particles were observed on the surface of carbon fabric using SEM and the elemental composition of the surface was investigated using the EDS method. The crystal structure of the coating was identified using the X-ray diffraction technique and Raman spectroscopy. To confirm the achieved structure, FTIR analysis was performed as well. The newly fabricated structure can be a promising candidate for supercapacitors, electromagnetic shielding materials, dielectric surfaces, etc.

Exploring the interlaminar toughening potential of carbon nanoparticles: Structural and size effects

This work explored the influence of the intrinsic structure and size of different carbon nanoparticles on the morphologies of their corresponding aggregated structures, as well as their interlaminar toughening effect in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. CNTs and Grs with different sizes were selected as building blocks of toughening layer, which were firstly well-dispersed into acetone and then spray-coated onto the surface of carbon fabrics. The results indicate that one-dimensional filamentous CNTs are prone to forming loose and porous layers, exhibiting better interlaminar toughening effects. On the contrary, the layers formed by two-dimensional sheet-like graphene are relatively dense at microscale, which weakens the interlaminar fracture toughness of the laminated plate. In addition, CNTs with short length have a larger BET surface area at nanoscale and form a porous layer at microscale, showing best interlaminar toughening efficiency.

An Ultrathin CNFs/CF Composite and the Performance of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

The catalyst layer was introduced by a novel slurry impregnation process. In this process, phenolic resin, Ni particles and SiO2 particles are acted as adhesives, catalysts and dispersants, respectively. CNFs which have a high length-diameter ratio were in situ grown on the surface of carbon fabrics via the CVD method. The microstructure, electrical conductivity, skin depth and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of CNFs/CF under different reaction times were investigated. The optimal process of CNFs/CF was obtained at 800[Formula: see text]C for reacting 15[Formula: see text]min. In this condition, CNFs have a good graphitization degree and the diameter is around 25[Formula: see text]nm. Since the CNFs/CF composite possesses numerous channels, the electrical conductivity increases and the skin depth decreases. The electromagnetic (EM) waves could be trapped and attenuated, yielding outstanding EM shielding effectiveness. The total shielding effectiveness (SE[Formula: see text] values were significantly under the ultrathin thickness. Consequently, the specific SE[Formula: see text] values of CNFs/CF reached 172.9 dB/cm, which means that the EM shielding effectiveness is excellent.

Interface construction of micro/nano hierarchical structure to enhance the tribological performance of carbon fabric/phenolic composite

Carbon fabric (CF)/polymer composites are potential lubricating materials, which could be used for plane bearing lining, sliding guide rails, and other moving parts of advanced equipment. But the low bonding strength at the interface between the carbon fibers and the polymer matrix is a great challenge to developing high-performance CF/polymer composites. In this study, the CF is coated with an active transition layer using high-adhesion polydopamine (PDA) as an ideal plate for the TiO2 micro/nano hierarchical structure to construct CF-PDA-TiO2. This hierarchical structure is made of micro-bundles, each composed of numerous nanorods, and decorated on CF surface densely and uniformly. The interfacial combination of CF-PDA-TiO2 and phenolic resin (PF) shows excellent performance, and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of CF-PDA-TiO2/PF is improved from 10.48 MPa to 37.22 MPa, attributed to the improved interfacial physicochemical interaction. Furthermore, the tribological performance of CF-PDA-TiO2/PF with size of Φ30 mm✕5 mm is characterized by sliding against 440C stainless steel ball with diameter of 8 mm using ball-on-disc sliding wear tester (MPX-3). The tribological results demonstrate that the friction coefficient and wear rate of CF-PDA-TiO2/PF are reduced by 37.91% and 77.6%, compared to CF/PF. Moreover, the CF-PDA-TiO2/PF maintains low friction coefficient and wear rate under high-load and high-speed sliding conditions. This is mainly because TiO2 nanorod bundles exhibit micro/nano multi-scale interfacial enhancement, promoting stress distribution and micro-cracks deflection etc. Moreover, TiO2 nanorod bundles could promote the formation of a uniform transfer film to decrease friction and wear. This work implies that interface construction of micro/nano hierarchical structure is a promising way to enhance the tribological performance of CF/polymer composites.

Solvent-assisted synthesis of Ag2Se and Ag2S nanoparticles on carbon fabric for enhanced thermoelectric performance

The challenge of developing low-cost, highly flexible, and high-performance thermoelectric (TE) materials persists due to the low thermoelectric efficiency of conducting polymers and the inflexibility of inorganic materials. In this study, we successfully integrated Ag2Se and Ag2S with highly conductive carbon fabric (CF) to produce a flexible thermoelectric material. A facile one-step solvothermal method was employed to synthesize the Ag2Se-CF and Ag2S-CF, which were then subjected to X-ray analysis to confine the phase formation of Ag2Se and Ag2S on the carbon fabric. The analysis revealed that Ag2Se and Ag2S nanoparticles were tightly packed on the surface of carbon fabric, and compositional analysis confirmed the interaction between the material and carbon fabric. The thermoelectric properties of Ag2Se-CF and Ag2S-CF were significantly altered due to carrier concentration and mobility variations, resulting in a low power factor of 6.7 μW/mK2 for Ag2Se-CF and a high-power factor of 24 μW/mK2 at 373 K for Ag2S-CF. The growth of Ag2Se-CF and Ag2S-CF on carbon fabric led to an enhancement in their thermoelectric properties. Further, TE legs were fabricated using the Ag2Se-CF (p-type) and Ag2S-CF (n-type), and the fabricated legs exhibited an output voltage of ∼20 mV to ∼86.65 mV at a temperature gradient (ΔT) of 3–8 K. This work represents a cutting-edge approach to the fabrication of high-performance, wearable thermoelectric devices.

Carbon Fabric Decorated with In-Situ Grown Silver Nanoparticles in Epoxy Composite for Enhanced Performance.

The current study focuses on studying the effect of reinforcement of carbon fabric (CF) decorated with in-situ grown silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on the performance properties of epoxy composite. The Ag NPs were grown on carbon fabric by reducing silver nitrate. The main objective of developing such an innovative reinforcement was to improve thermal conductivity, interlaminar strength, and tribological properties of CF-epoxy composites. The growth of NPs on the surface of CF was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction studies. The development of composites was conducted by the impregnation method, followed by compression molding. It was observed that in-situ growth of Ag NPs enhanced thermal conductivity by 40%, enhanced inter-laminar shear strength by 70%, enhanced wear resistance by 95%, and reduced the friction coefficient by 35% in comparison to untreated CF.

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/carbon fiber fabric multiscale hybrid materials for improving the mechanical and tribological properties of phenolic resin composites

AbstractMulti‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/carbon fiber fabric multiscale hybrid materials were prepared by grafting MWCNT on carbon fabric surface via heating grafted method to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of phenolic resin composites. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectrometer, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface properties of carbon fiber. The results shown that the tensile strength of composites modified by 0.15 wt% MWCNT was 38% higher than that of unmodified composites. The wear rates decreased from 3.31 × 10−14 m3 (N·m)−1 for unmodified composites to 0.68 × 10−14 m3 (N·m)−1 for 0.15 wt% MWCNT reinforced composites. The reason was that the uniformly distributed MWCNT could increase interface interaction and mechanical interlocking between carbon fiber fabric and resin matrix.

Optimization of HNT nanoparticle distribution based on EPD process in epoxy–CFRP composites

There are numerous methods for reinforcing laminate composites using nanoadditives. However, the random dispersion of nanoparticles in polymer resins leads to critical defects owing to excessive dispersion. This study investigated a method of depositing halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on a carbon fabric surface via electrophoresis deposition (EPD) for reinforcing the through-thickness strength of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. The voltage during the EPD process was set as 6–12 V, which is the working range for nanoparticles during EPD. In addition, CFRPs were fabricated from modified carbon fabrics using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. The optimum voltage was determined as 6 V. At higher voltages, the mechanical properties deteriorated owing to the distribution of HNTs and damage to the fibers. The performance of the EPD-modified CFRPs was better than that of neat CFRPs. The highest strength was observed at 0.7 wt.% HNTs and 6 V, which indicated the feasibility of the EPD process and a well-dispersed morphology. The strong interaction of HNTs with carbon fabric influences the through-thickness mechanical properties of CFRP composites.

Puncture resistance of STF impregnated MWCNTs-grafted carbon fabrics

In this study, STF with the silica concentration of 20 wt% was fabricated. Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were chemically bonded onto the carbon fibers by using grafting technique. In grafting technique, DMF/PAN fiber/MWCNTs suspension sprayed onto each surface of carbon fabric and MWCNTs were grafted by a thermal treatment at 250 °C. Neat and MWCNTs-Grafted carbon fabrics were impregnated with STF with the silica loading of 20 wt%. Then, dynamic and quasi-static puncture resistance of neat, STF impregnated, MWCNTs-Grafted and MWCNTs-Grafted-STF impregnated carbon fabrics were examined. STF impregnation was detected to lead to a decrease in dynamic puncture resistance and an increase in quasi-static puncture resistance. Dynamic puncture resistance of MWCNTs-Grafted carbon fabric was found to be less than neat fabrics due to larger gaps between yarns occurred after thermal stabilization. Also, due to the greater gap between yarns, complete perforation occurred at lower penetration depth in MWCNTs-Grafted carbon fabrics than neat carbon fabrics in quasi-static puncture tests.

Manufacturing, modeling, and optimization of nickel-coated carbon fabric for highly efficient EMI shielding

In the current study, some important parameters for nickel deposition of the carbon fabric surface were analyzed and optimized. The Box-Behnken approach was applied to conduct the nickel electroplating process. The influence of current density, temperature, and time on the weight gain and electrical conductivity of nickel-coated carbon fabric has been investigated. The Box-Behnken model confirmed that the temperature of the electroplating bath has no significant effects on the weight gain, and the applied current density and time only control the weight of the samples. The special effects of the current density and time are higher than that of temperature on the electrical conductivity. As for surface morphology results, the smooth and micro-cone shapes were formed with lower and higher values of electroplating parameters, respectively. The optimization results showed that the most optimal weight gain and electrical conductivity were to be 38 wt% and 585 S/cm, respectively, and achieved at the electrical current density of 2.5 A/dm2, the electroplating temperature of 25 °C and time of 20 min. The shielding efficiency (SE) of optimized nickel-coated carbon fabric increased up to −63.71 dB. The results indicated that the Box-Behnken design is an appropriate approach for the development of the nickel-coated carbon fabric for lightweight and high performance shielding materials.

Improved mechanical/tribological properties of polyimide/carbon fabric composites by in situ-grown polyaniline nanofibers

To enhance properties of polyimide (PI)/carbon fabric (CFC) composites, polyaniline nanofibers (PANI-NF) and polyaniline film (PANI-F) were success fully grown on the CFC surfaces to tune the interface with PI. A conformal PANI-F on the CFC surface was formed using the high concentrations of aniline and oxidant, while at the lower concentration, a large amount of interconnected PANI-NF with the average length of about 150 nm and the diameters of 30–50 nm was obtained. Through the chemical reaction between polyamic acid and PANI, interface compatibility of PI and CFC was improved. Meanwhile, PANI-NF on the fiber surface provided an effective mechanical interlocking at the interface. As a result, PI/CFC-PANI-NF composite exhibited the best thermal, mechanical and tribological properties. The tensile strength and modulus of PI/CFC-PANI-NF composite increased by 48.2% and 35.1% respectively compared to PI/CFC-PANI-F composite, while the wear rate declined sharply by 60%. Therefore, the growth of PANI on CFC is an ideal way to obtain high-performance composite that can meet demanding conditions.

RESEARCH OF POSSIBILITY OF USING CHEMICAL METHOD OF FINE METAL PARTICLES REDUCTION FOR BACTERICIDAL SORBENTS PRODUCTION

The present paper is concerned with a research of sorption and bactericidal properties of the fine metal particles applied on the surface of active carbon fabric by chemical sedimentation method. The ascorbic acid and natrium borane were used in the study process as metals, copper and silver reducing agents. Influence of reducer and fine metal nature onto the porous structure, as well as bactericidal and sorption characteristics of obtained fibrous sorbent samples are shown. It is determined that use of ascorbic acid for synthesis of copper and silver fine particles on the active carbon fabrics surface leads to the considerable decrease in a specific surface and volumes of meso - and micropores of the obtained sorbent in comparison with initial active carbon fabric. When using the natrium borane as reducer of fine copper particles the decrease in a specific surface and volumes of sorption pores is also observed. However, when using the natrium borane, the active carbon fabric samples modified with silver particles or with their composition with fine copper particles, had the higher values of porous structure main characteristics in comparison with the initial active carbon fabric. The nature of distribution of fine metal particles at the active carbon fabric surface was investigated by the electronic microscopy method. It was found that during the chemical reduction process the particles of fine copper attached to active carbon fabric fibers, being almost evenly distributed at all surface of fabric. Particles of silver were located as crystal congestions along fibers. Sorption and bactericidal properties of the received samples of modified active carbon fabrics are investigated. Their high sensitivity to microorganism cells which remains during a long storage period is demonstrated. Herewith, the active carbon fabric, modified with particles of fine copper and silver, keeps high sorption properties.

In Situ Growth of Graphene on Carbon Fabrics with Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Tribological Applications of Carbon Fabric–Phenolic Composites

Graphene was grown on a carbon fabric (CF) surface using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to improve the tribological properties of CF–resin composites. The results show that CF–resin composites exhibited excellent thermal properties due to the formation of a graphene heat conduction path. Moreover, graphene possesses an edge-rich morphology and large specific surface area, which is helpful to enhance the mechanical interlocking between the CF surface and resin matrix and thus improve the mechanical properties. The wear rate of the modified composites decreased from 3.75 × 10−5 to 2.68 × 10−5 mm3/N m compared to that of the composites without graphene. The enhanced wear resistance is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the increased interfacial adhesion of CF matrix and the excellent thermal stability of composites.

Effect of graphene oxide concentration on the flexural properties of CFRP at low temperature

A novel method to employ graphene oxide (GO) onto the surface of carbon fabrics to fabricate multi-scaled reinforced polymer composites by electrophoretic deposition has been popularly used in industry. In this study, various voltage supplies for depositing GO onto the surface of carbon fabrics with a controlled deposition time were applied. The flexural properties of GO/CFRP composites with different GO contents (0, 0.25, 0.5,0.75 and 1 wt%) conditioned at both room temperature and low temperature environments were investigated. Experimental results showed that 0.5 wt% and 0.25 wt% were the optimal GO contents to achieve better flexural strength and modulus of the composites by 20–54% at the room temperature and low temperature respectively as compared to pristine composites at room temperature. The addition of GO into CFRP composites helps improve the mechanical interlocking between carbon fibre and the matrix. The improvement of properties of GO/CFRP composites at low temperature is also attributed to the additional clamping force from contracted epoxy matrix to the expanded GO. Only 0.25 wt% of GO is sufficient to achieve the optimal flexural properties at low temperature due to the higher effectiveness of crack deflection provided by GO on the surface of carbon fabrics, leading to a high efficiency of energy dissipation by carbon fibre. Further increasing the GO content will form clusters, which may act as crack initiation sites.

Electrophoresis deposited halloysite nanotubes as modifying additive for carbon fiber and CFRP

Carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely applied to high-grade, precision and advanced industry fields due to its high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. However, its poor through-thickness properties is becoming an issue. The objective of this study is to examine electrophoresis deposition (EPD) process of depositing halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) onto the carbon fabric surface for enhancing the through-thickness strength. The neutral HNTs were negatively charged and dispersed by adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solution and the CFRPs were fabricated using Vacuum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VaRTM). The bending strength and modulus, interlaminar shear strength, Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness were obtained according to ASTM standards. Electronic scanning microscope (SEM) were adopted to do the micromorphology observation.

Effect of Electrophoretically Deposited Graphene Nanoplatelets on Flexural Properties of Carbon Fabric/Epoxy Laminated Composites

In this study, the graphene nanoplatelets (GNP)/carbon fabric (CF)/epoxy (EP) hybrid laminated composites were fabricated via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) followed by hand lay-up assisted vacuum bagging technique. GNP were dispersed in two different colloidal suspensions, i.e., distilled water (DW) and N-dimethyformamide (DMF), and the effect of EPD GNP onto CF surface were investigated. The finding indicated that the electrophoretic mobility (EM) of GNP is slightly slower in DMF due to the higher viscosity of DMF (0.92 mPa.s) compared to DW (0.89 mPa.s). Zeta (ξ) potential of GNP were slightly higher in DMF, revealing the non-polar behaviour of GNP being easily dispersed in DMF due to its low polar and hydrogen-bonding strength. However, the higher current intensity was observed for the GNP-DW suspension, implying higher dielectric constant of DW adequate for effective deposition of GNP onto CF surface as confirmed via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The GNP-DMF/ CF/EP composites exhibit the highest flexural properties compared to GNP-DW/CF/EP composites. These findings proved the colloidal dispersibility of GNP in DW and DMF suspensions, respectively used in EPD govern the flexural properties of GNP/CF/EP hybrid laminated composites.

Modeling Hypochlorous Acid Generation on Carbon Fabric Surface

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can be electrochemically generated on carbon fabric surfaces made from carbon fibers for wound healing purposes and removing biofilms. HOCl is an oxidizer and deproteinizer with antimicrobial activity that gives carbon fabric surfaces biocidal properties. HOCl is of particular interest in wound disinfection as it offers lower toxicity, and lower irritability to mammalian cells than other biocidal agents such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). In principle, carbon fiber surfaces can be typically applied on the infected wound or biofilms grown in test surfaces. In this work, a COMSOL Multiphysics ® finite element model of HOCl generation on carbon fabric surface is developed. In addition, we developed a new all-in-one microelectrode to measure local HOCl concentrations. The new microelectrode offers accurate measurements on polarized carbon surfaces due to its robustness against potential perturbations caused by the electric field generated on polarized carbon fiber surface. The novel microelectrode is used to 1) measure depth profiles and 2) probe local variations near the electrode surface using cyclic voltammetry. The model kinetic parameters are fit to experimental local HOCl concentrations on the surface of the working electrode of the carbon fabric in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The predicted parameters are integrated to the model to predict HOCl and Cl- concentrations as function of time. In addition, the time needed to reduce the buffer capacity is determined. This information is of interest as it provides the experimenter with tools to determine the application time necessary to reach an effective HOCl concentration required to eradicate biofilm or the point in time when replenishing of Cl- is needed.

Effect of nano-SiO2 particles on the carbon fabric/resin friction materials by microwave-hydrothermal treatment

Nano-SiO2 was grafted onto the carbon fabric surface under microwave-hydrothermal condition to improve the tribological properties of carbon fabric/resin friction materials with different treatment temperature. The carbon fibers and prepared samples were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, contact angle instrument, energy dispersive spectroscopy, universal material testing machine and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The tribological behaviors of the carbon fabric/resin friction materials were evaluated by a friction tester. The results indicated that nano-SiO2 particles were successfully grafted onto carbon fabric surface under microwave-hydrothermal condition, especially at 200℃ (contact angle was almost close to 0°), which obviously improved the hydrophilicity of carbon fabric surface. The wear rate of carbon fabric/resin friction materials with microwave-hydrothermal temperature of 200℃ reduced by 81.4%, ranging from 4.3 × 10−5 mm3J−1 to 0.8 × 10−5 mm3J−1. It could effectively enhance the bonding strength of carbon fabric and resin, which improved the friction-reduction and anti-wear abilities of the friction materials.

Fabrication and multifunctional properties of polyimide based hierarchical composites with in situ grown carbon nanotubes

Polyimide (PI) based hierarchical composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) directly grown on the surface of carbon fabric were prepared.

Synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles onto fluorinated carbon fabrics for contaminant removal and oil-water separation

Abstract The study investigates contaminant removal and oil-water separation efficiencies of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle (MNP)-coated fluorinated carbon fabric (CF) membrane. A co-precipitation method was adopted to synthesize spherical MNPs with an average size of 20 nm. The as-prepared MNPs were uniformly dispersed and coated over the CF membrane, forming a two-tier roughened surface. Herein methylene blue (MB) and Cu2+ ion serve as adsorbate for evaluating the removal performance of the CF membrane. The MNP-coated CF membrane exhibits superior adsorption ability toward cationic MB molecules and Cu2+ ions in liquid phase, attributed to a synergistic effect that combines with porous CFs and Fe3O4 magnetite. The capacities for adsorption of MB and Cu2+ onto the MNPs are ca. 30.1 and 62.5 mg/g, respectively. The hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the CF membrane were effectively improved by the MNP-coated fluorination approach. The improved repellencies mainly originate from the fact that the decoration of Fe3O4 magnetite and the surface fluorination, covering the CF surface, create a two-tier framework against the wetting of liquid droplets. The CF membrane shows fast removal rate of oil drops and excellent efficiency of oil-water separation (>95%). On the basis of the experimental results, the functional CF membrane offers a commercial feasibility for a variety of applications such as environmental protection and wastewater treatment.