Surface Methodology Research Articles

Amoxicillin adsorption onto oil palm trunk‐derived activated carbon: synthesis optimization, modelling of mass transfer and ultrasonic regeneration

Abstract BACKGROUNDAntibiotics such as amoxicillin (AMC) can persist in the environment due to their stable molecular structures. This study aimed to (i) optimize the synthesis of oil palm trunk‐based activated carbon (OPTAC) for AMC removal, (ii) model the adsorption process using the mass transfer model (MTM) and (iii) evaluate OPTAC regeneration through ultrasonic washing. OPTAC was synthesized using potassium hydroxide activation followed by carbon dioxide treatment.RESULTSResponse surface methodology (RSM) identified optimal synthesis conditions at 343 W, 12.87 min and an impregnation ratio of 2.00 g g−1. Under these conditions, the predicted AMC uptake was 146.44 mg g−1 (actual: 154.15 mg g−1; 5.00% error), and the predicted OPTAC yield was 42.78% (actual: 41.19%; 3.86% error). The AMC–OPTAC adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm, with a Langmuir capacity (Qm) of 238.67 mg g−1. Kinetic analysis revealed that the pseudo‐first‐order model best described the system. MTM analysis yielded an average mass transfer constant (km) of 0.23 mg m L−1 h−1, rate constant (kMTM) of 0.00051 h−1 and estimated surface area (aMTM) of 611.34 m2 g−1, closely matching the measured mesopore surface area (647.82 m2 g−1; 5.63% error). Thermodynamic analysis confirmed physisorption as the dominant mechanism, with spontaneous and endothermic behavior. In regeneration studies, ultrasonic washing outperformed microwave reactivation, maintaining AMC removal efficiency and OPTAC yield above 50% for five cycles, compared to three with microwave treatment.CONCLUSIONSRSM successfully optimized AMC removal and OPTAC yield, while the MTM effectively predicted the active surface area involved in the adsorption process. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Harmonizing rhamnolipid biosurfactant production by halophilic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pa84 by applying response surface methodology

Abstract Biosurfactants are gaining attention due to their biobased nature, including reduced toxicity and enhanced biocompatibility. This research work investigates the characteristics of the biosurfactant extracted from the halophilic strain Pa84 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and optimizes its production using a statistical model. The identity of biosurfactant from P. aeruginosa strain Pa84 as rhamnolipid was determined by comparing the genomic sequences of strain Pa84 with high‐yielding strains of P. aeruginosa that produce rhamnolipid, through Fourier transform infrared and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometer analyses, and by the presence of rhlA, rhlB, and rhlC genes in the genome of strain Pa84 that are responsible for the production of rhamnolipid. A methodical strategy using a time‐course assessment and statistical software optimized the production of rhamnolipids. After optimization using central composite design‐response surface methodology, the medium composition of 3.34 g/L of NH4Cl, 1.03 g/L of NaCl, and 4 g/L of glycerol were chosen, yielding 7.48 ± 0.0217 g/L of biosurfactant. These findings will help in the development of effective and sustainable bioprocess that produce rhamnolipid biosurfactants, for use in a variety of sectors.

Experimental investigation on tailoring compressive properties and energy absorption of 3D printed gradient star re-entrant hybrid auxetic structure

PurposeFused filament fabrication (FFF) is a widely used 3D printing technique for the fabrication of mechanical metamaterials with intricate geometries. Gradient strategy is applied to geometric parameters of gradient star re-entrant hybrid auxetic (GSRA) structure. Deformation behaviour is studied under compressive loading. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of gradient geometric parameters on mechanical properties, namely, specific strength (SS), specific modulus (SM) and specific energy absorption (SEA).Design/methodology/approachResponse surface methodology (RSM) is implemented for the design of experiments of gradient geometric parameters to minimize the number of experimental tests. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material is used for the fabrication of GSRA structures by FFF technique. The best set of gradient parameters has been optimized maximizing all three responses using RSM and artificial neural network optimization technique.FindingsDuring compressive testing, row-wise deformation is observed with two-stage plateau regions, which results in increase in SEA of the structure. Furthermore, based on analysis of variance and 3D response plots, it is found that height gradient is the most influencing gradient geometric parameter on SS and SM, whereas the wall thickness gradient has maximum influence on SEA. Meanwhile, the interaction effect of wall thickness gradient and height gradient has maximum influence on SS, SM and SEA.Research limitations/implicationsThis study of applying gradient strategy to geometric parameters is limited to GSRA structure under compressive loading. In addition, findings are valid within the selected range of gradient geometric parameters. These findings are useful for the selection of gradient geometric parameters to maximize SS, SM and SEA of GSRA structure simultaneously. These outcomes pave the way for designing light-weight gradient hybrid auxetic structures in the field of construction, aerospace, automobile and biomedical engineering.Originality/valueLimited experimental study is available on investigating the influence of gradient geometric parameters on mechanical properties, namely, SS, SM and SEA, and deformation behaviours of hybrid auxetic structures. This study directly addresses the above research gaps.

Design and optimization of a domestic solar dryer: an analytical approach

PurposeFood loss and wastage is an issue of global concern and the household sector is one of the biggest contributors to this. Solar drying has been explored by many eminent researchers as a solution to this problem but there have been concerns about the lack in designs, higher cost, lower performance, and consumer acceptability. The present research aims to design a small-scale domestic solar dryer by using computer software.Design/methodology/approachResponse surface methodology (RSM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used to design the domestic solar dryer. Initially, design variables (inlet and outlet vent height) are identified and a design of experiments has been created using RSM for set of experimental runs. The experimental runs suggested by RSM were carried out using CFD simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics software and the results were used for optimization of response variables (outlet velocity and drying chamber temperature) in RSM.FindingsOutlet vent height was found to be most significantly affecting parameter to both the responses. The optimum values of inlet and outlet vent heights were 0.5 and 2.5 cm, respectively with the overall desirability of 0.728. The model accuracy was tested by conducting a confirmation test as post processing in design expert software.Originality/valueDesigning a solar dryer is a complex, costly and time consuming process, this study presents an easy, economic and fast method to design a new solar dryer. It would help researchers to design and develop new domestic as well as large size industrial solar dryer.

Optimization of intumescent flame retardant system based on ammonium polyphosphate, double pentaerythritol, and zinc borate for thermoplastic polyurethane composite

Abstract The widespread industrial applications of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are partially limited by its flammability. The design of high‐performance intumescent flame retardants (IFR) is of great significance for enhancing flame retardant (FR) performance of TPU. In this work, an IFR system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), double pentaerythritol (DPER), and zinc borate (ZB) is proposed. The optimized experimental parameters with 15 wt.% additive amount of FR, APP‐DPER weight ratio of 2.28:1 and 15.56 wt.% ZB content are regulated based on Box–Behnken design‐response surface methodology (BBD‐RSM) to obtain TPU/FR composite with superior limiting oxygen index value of 30.2%. Noticeably, the design efficiency of TPU/FR composite is significantly improved by utilizing BBD‐RSM. Results of vertical burning test show that the optimized TPU/FR composite passes UL 94 V‐0 rating and peak heat release rate is dramatically reduced from 1355.88 (neat TPU) to 201.01 KW/m2 through cone calorimeter test. In addition, scanning electron microscopy accompanied with Raman spectroscopy are conducted to characterize the morphology and composition of residual char for further exploring the FR mechanism of IFR system in TPU. The as‐prepared TPU/FR composite has provided new potential application in engineering fields.

Simultaneous extraction of Saponin and Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus fruits with three-component Deep eutectic solvent and the extraction mechanism analysis

Simultaneous extraction of Saponin and Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus fruits with three-component Deep eutectic solvent and the extraction mechanism analysis

Predicting viscosity in polyurethane polymerization for liquid composite molding using neural networks and surface methodology

Predicting viscosity in polyurethane polymerization for liquid composite molding using neural networks and surface methodology

Modeling the Influence of Pearl Millet on High‐Fiber Bread: An Investigation into Nutrition, Microstructure, Thermal Stability, Crystallinity, Rheology, and Glycemic Response

Abstract This study aims to optimize the formula for whole pearl millet flour (WPMF) high‐fiber bread using a central composite rotatable design‐response surface methodology (CCRD‐RSM). Whole pearl millet flour (WPMF), whole wheat flour (WWF), and gluten powder (GP) are chosen as independent factors, with a tested range set for each factor. Twenty blends of WPMF (9.65–85.34 g), WWF (16.47–58.52 g), and GP (1.31–4.68 g) are used. The analysis is based on textural characteristics, overall acceptability, and crumb color. Results show that increasing the WPMF level in bread increase the firmness, gumminess, chewiness, and a* and b* color values. It decreases the crumb cohesiveness, resilience, and overall acceptability. The optimized WPMF high fiber bread formula is 63.17 g WPMF, 50 g WWF, and 3.92 g GP, and can be claimed as clean label bread as no preservatives are added. The optimized WPMF high‐fiber bread shows enhanced nutritional, microstructural, rheological, and crystallinity characteristics. The claim for high‐fiber bread seems justified with fiber content (8.67%). The low estimated glycemic index 33 falls under the category of low GI foods, making it suitable to manage diabetes.

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane-Cement Mortar Containing Nanosilica: RSM and Machine Learning Approach

Polymer-modified cement mortar has been increasingly used as a runway/road pavement repair material due to its improved bending strength, bonding strength, and wear resistance. The flexural strength of polyurethane–cement mortar (PUCM) is critical in achieving a desirable maintenance effect. This study aims to evaluate and optimize the flexural strength of PUCM involving nano silica (NS) using a central composite design/response surface methodology (CCD/RSM) to design and establish statistical models. The PU binder and NS were utilized as input parameters to evaluate the responses, such as compressive and flexural strength. Moreover, machine learning (ML) algorithms including artificial neural networks (ANN) and Gaussian regression process (GPR) were used. The PUCM mixtures were prepared by adding a PU binder at 0%, 10%, 15%, and 25% by weight of cement. At the same time, NS was incorporated into the mortar mixes at 0 to 3% (interval of 1%) by cement weight. The results showed that the simultaneous effect of PU binder at the optimal content and NS improved the performance of PUCM. Adding NS to the mortar mixture mitigated some of the strength lost due to the PU binder, which remarkably reduces the strength properties at a high content. The optimized PUCM can be obtained by partly adding 3.5% PU binder and 2.93% NS particles by the weight of cement. The performance of the machine learning algorithms was tested using performance indicators such as the determination of coefficient (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean-square error (MSE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE). The GPR algorithm outperformed the ANN with higher R2 and lower MAE values in the training and testing phases. The GPR can predict flexural strength with 90% accuracy, while ANN can predict it with 75% accuracy.

Establishing Interconnections and Predictive Modelling for CMT Cladding on 316L Stainless Steel

Background Austenitic stainless-steel cladding is vital for corrosion resistance in industries such as petrochemicals, marine, and nuclear. Weld bead geometry and dilution, governed by process parameters, impact cladding quality. This study examines weld bead geometry with welding current, speed, and nozzle-to-plate distance, creating equations to predict dimensions and control geometry. Method This research explores Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) cladding, emphasizing its interaction with parameters using ANOVA and orthogonal arrays. It uncovers patterns and correlations, leading to a robust mathematical model derived from a Definitive Screen Design in Surface Methodology. Results Process parameter changes particularly affect internal shape (bead width, dilution, penetration area) compared to external shape (penetration, reinforcement) using mathematical model. And the validity of the model is defined. Penetration is primarily affected by welding current and nozzle-to-plate distance, with higher current and smaller distances leading to deeper penetration. Reinforcement is minimally impacted by welding current, speed, and error but decreases with a larger nozzle-to-plate distance. Bead width increases with higher welding current and larger nozzle-to-plate distances, while the effects of welding speed and error are relatively small. Dilution is reduced by higher welding current and larger distances, but error can significantly increase dilution. Welding speed has minimal impact on dilution. Conclusion This study enhances the understanding of CMT cladding. By analyzing parameter interactions, it predicts and controls weld dimensions. Statistical tools reveal patterns, aiding in a strong mathematical model. Significant for industrial applications, it emphasizes the impact of parameters on the quality and structure of cladding using austenitic stainless steel.

Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of carotenoids and antioxidant activity from Citrus reticulata Blanco peels (Wilking mandarin)

Abstract A large amount of waste, especially the outer part of citrus fruits (peel), is generated after consuming the pulp and it remains unused. The valorisation of this waste by recovering its bioactive compounds seems interesting. The aim of this study was to find the optimal conditions using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) that yield the highest carotenoid content and better antioxidant activity from Citrus reticulata Blanco peels.Response surface methodology (RSM) through Box–Behnken experimental design was used to optimise the conditions for carotenoid extraction using UAE. Hexane concentration, temperature, and sonication time were selected as the main factors.The results revealed that all independent variables affected the responses. The optimal UAE conditions for hexane concentration, temperature, and sonication time were 60.76%, 36.45 °C, and 37.32 min, respectively. The values of total carotenoid content (TCC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) obtained by UAE were higher than those obtained by the maceration extraction method.It can be concluded that the medium and extraction parameters, including hexane concentration, temperature, and sonication time, significantly influenced the recovery of carotenoids and antioxidant activity. The optimisation study allowed determining the appropriate conditions to maximise both responses. Compared to conventional maceration, the UAE method was superior and more efficient for extracting carotenoids from C. reticulata Blanco peels.

Multi-objective optimization of FSW aviation-grade AA8090 alloy: an RSM-based design approach

Purpose This study aims to determine the effect of different friction stir welding (FSW) parameters on mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of aviation-grade AA8090 alloy joints. Design/methodology/approach Response surface methodology with central composite design is used to design experiments. The mechanical and microstructure characteristics of the weld joints have been studied through a standardized method, and the influence of threaded pins on the joint microstructure has also been assessed. Findings From a desirability strategy, the optimum parameters setting of the friction stir welding was the tool rotational speed (TRS) of 800, 1,100 and 1,400 rpm; tool traverse speed (TTS) of 20, 30 and 40 mm/min; and tilt angle 1°, 2° and 3° with different tool pin profiles, i.e. cylindrical threaded (CT), square threaded and triangular threaded (TT), for achieving the maximum tensile strength, yield strength (YTS) and % elongation as an output parameter. The TRS speed was the highest weld joint characteristics influencing parameter. Peak tensile strength (378 MPa), percentage elongation (10.1) and YTS (308 MPa) were observed for the optimized parametric value of TRS-1,400, TTS-40 mm/min and TA (3°) along with CT pin profile. Microstructure study of the welded surface was achieved by using scanning electron microscope of output parameters. When the tool rotation speed, tool transverse speed, tilt angle and tool profile are set to moderately optimal levels, a mixed mode of ductile and brittle fracture has been seen during the microstructure analysis of the welded joint. This has been aided by the material’s plastic deformation and the small cracks surrounding the weld zone. Originality/value From the reported literature, it has been observed that limited work has been reported on aviation-grade AA8090 alloys. Further thermal behavior of welded joints has also been observed in this experimental work.

Optimal processing technology of Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum with multi-indicator-response surface methodology and anticoagulant effect evaluation

This study first optimized the processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum and investigated its in vitro anticoagulant activity. A multi-index-response surface methodology was used, with yield, powder yield, and the relative percentage of the content of six non-volatile components [11-keto-boswellic acid(KBA), 3-acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid(AKBA), β-elemonic acid, α-boswellic acid(α-BA), β-boswellic acid(β-BA), and α-acetyl-boswellic acid(α-BA)] and three volatile components(octyl acetate, incensole, and incensole acetate) as evaluation indicators. Analytical hierarchy process(AHP) combined with coefficient of variation method was used to calculate the weight of each indicator and calculate the comprehensive score(OD). Furthermore, response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of frying temperature(A), burning time(B), rice vinegar dosage(C), and steaming time(D) on the processing technology of vinegar-processed Olibanum. Vinegar-steamed Olibanum was prepared according to the optimal processing technology for in vitro anticoagulant experiments. The results showed that the weights of octyl acetate, incensole, incensole acetate, KBA, AKBA, β-elemonic acid, α-BA, β-BA, α-ABA, yield, and powder yield were 0.358 2, 0.104 5, 0.146 4, 0.032 9, 0.123 7, 0.044 4, 0.022 1, 0.042 2, 0.110 1, 0.012 2, and 0.0032, respectively. The optimal processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum was as follows. Olibanum(50 g) with a particle size of 1-5 mm was continuously stir-fried at a low heat of 150-180 ℃ until in a gel-like state, ignited for burning for 15 s, sprayed with 7.5 g of rice vinegar(15%), and steamed for 3 min without fire. Subsequently, the cover was removed, and the product was continuously stir-fried at 150-180 ℃ until in a soft lump shape, removed, cooled, and crushed. The results of the in vitro anticoagulant experiments showed that compared with the blank group, both Olibanum and vinegar-processed Olibanum significantly prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), thrombin time(TT), and prothrombin time(PT) of rat platelet-poor plasma(PPP), and the effect of vinegar-processed Olibanum was significantly better than that of Olibanum(P<0.05). The optimized processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum is stable, feasible, and beneficial for the further development and utilization of Olibanum slices. At the same time, using the content of volatile and non-volatile components, yield, and powder yield as indicators, and verifying through pharmacological experiments, the obtained results are more reasonable and credible, and have positive guiding significance for the clinical application of characteristic processed Olibanum products.

A novel hybrid approach GREG-fuzzy-GA for minimizing work piece temperature during 2.5D milling of Inconel625 super alloy

PurposeMilling is a flexible creation process for the manufacturing of dies and aeronautical parts. While machining thin-walled parts, heat generation during machining essentially affects the accuracy. The workpiece temperature (WT), as well as the responses like material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) for input parameters like cutting speed (CS), feed rate (F), depth-of-cut (DOC), step over (SO) and tool diameter (TD), becomes critical for sustaining the accuracy of the thin walls.Design/methodology/approachResponse surface methodology was used to make 46 tests. To convert the multi-character problem into a single-character problem, the weightage was assessed using the entropy approach and the grey relational coefficient (GRC) was determined. To investigate the connection among input parameters and single-objective (GRC), a fuzzy mathematical modelling technique was used. The optimal performance of process parameters was estimated by grey relational entropy grade (GREG)-fuzzy and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization.FindingsSR was found to be a significant process parameter, with CS, feed and DOC, respectively. Similarly, F, DOC and TD were found to be significant process parameters with MRR, respectively, and F, DOC, SO and TD were found to be significant process parameters with WT, respectively. GREG-fuzzy-GA found more suitable for minimizing the WT with the constraint s of SR and MRR and provide maximum desirability of 0.665. The projected and experimental values have a good agreement, with a standard error of 5.85%, and so the responses predicted by the suggested method are better optimized.Originality/valueThe GREG-fuzzy-GA is a new hybrid technique for analysing Inconel625 behaviour during machining in a 2.5D milling process.

VALORIZATION OF TOMATO PLANT WASTES AND OPTIMIZATION OF GROWTH CONDITIONS FOR INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID PRODUCTION BY Streptomyces plicatus STRAIN PT2

This study focused on the production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) using tomato plant tissues as feedstock and on highlighting its growth promotion effect on tomato seedlings. Twelve actinobacterial strains were screened for IAA production under standard growth conditions and the strain Streptomyces plicatus PT2 was selected as a promising producer. The establishment of growth conditions to increase IAA production by S. plicatus PT2 was conducted using Plackett-Burman mathematical design with seven variables. The variables L-tryptophan quantity and tomato roots-extract rate were the two significant variables influencing IAA production. The most impacting variables were optimized using the surface methodology (RSM) formulated according to the Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimized broth supplemented with 4 mg L-1 of L-tryptophan and 25% of tomato roots-extract significantly improved the IAA production from 96.3 µg mL-1 within 120h to a maximum of 110.29 µg mL-1 within 96h. The in-planta application of the produced IAA and a chemical IAA showed a significant increase in the dry weight, the shoot and root lengths of tomato seedlings. This is the first study showing the production of IAA using Streptomyces plicatus strain PT2 by exploring tomato plant tissues and its plant-growth promotion efficacy compared to a chemical marketed one. These results support a reasonable approach for the valorization of abundant worldwide tomato plant wastes in the phytohormones production bioprocesses.

Response SurfaceMethodology for the Synthesis andCharacterization of Bio-Oil Extracted from Biomass Waste and UpgradationUsing the Rice Husk Ash Catalyst

Rice husk ash (RHA), a low-cost biomaterial, was utilizedto formbio-oil from pyrolysis in a batch-stirred reactor, followed by itsupgradation using the RHA catalyst. In the present study, the effectof temperature (ranging from 400 to 480 °C) on bio-oil productionproduced from RHA was studied to obtain the maximum bio-oil yield.Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate theeffect of operational parameters (temperature, heating rate, and particlesize) on the bio-oil yield. The results showed that a maximum bio-oiloutput of 20.33% was obtained at 480 °C temperature, 80 °C/minheating rate, and 200 μm particle size. Temperature and heatingrate positively impact the bio-oil yield, while particle size haslittle effect. The overall R2 value of0.9614 for the proposed model proved in good agreement with the experimentaldata. The physical properties of raw bio-oil were determined, and1030 kg/m3 density, 12 MJ/kg calorific value, 1.40 cStviscosity, 3 pH, and 72 mg KOH/g acid value were obtained, respectively.To enhance the characteristics of the bio-oil, upgradation was performedusing the RHA catalyst through the esterification process. The upgradedbio-oil stemmed from a density of 0.98 g/cm3, an acid valueof 58 mg of KOH/g, a calorific value of 16 MJ/kg, and a viscosity10.5 cSt, respectively. The physical properties, GC–MS andFTIR, showed an improvement in the bio-oil characterization. The findingsof this study indicate that RHA can be used as an alternative sourcefor bio-oil production to create a more sustainable and cleaner environment.

Removal of lamivudine from synthetic solution using jamun seed (Syzygium cumini) biochar adsorbent

Removal of lamivudine from synthetic solution using jamun seed (Syzygium cumini) biochar adsorbent

Evaluating Al-based coagulants for drinking water facilities using Jar test and CCD/RSM analysis

This study evaluated Al-based coagulants for turbidity removal optimization in drinking water facility using Jar test and CCD/RSM analysis. The wide use of aluminum salts requires researching improved Al-based coagulants to reduce the treatment dosage. Eight polyaluminum chloride coagulants (PACl), i.e., Hyperlon 4064-PACl 2, Hyperlon 4393, 1757 X1, 1757 XL8- PACl 1, Ultrafloc 1406, Ultrafloc 3759, AlcoPAC 6, and AlcoPAC 1010 were first compared using a series of jar tests to determine the best candidate in removing the settled and filtered turbidity in water. The results showed that all PACls performed better than alum in removing water turbidity, but Hyperlon 4064 was the best. Then, the central composite design/response surface methodology (CCD/RSM) analysis was applied to Hyperlon 4064 to optimize dosage and pH to achieve the lowest final settled and filtered turbidity in the treated water, which were 21.7 mg/L, 7.53 and 27.95 mg/L, 7.91, respectively. Two quadratic models were generated by the CCD/RSM analysis with high correlations between the actual and predicted responses (R 2 = 0.9881 and 0.9809 for final settled turbidity and final filtered turbidity). The results from this study can provide useful information to the operating water treatment plants that use Al-based coagulants to remove turbidity in water.

Energy recovery from sugarcane bagasse under varying microwave-assisted pyrolysis conditions

Energy recovery from sugarcane bagasse under varying microwave-assisted pyrolysis conditions

Optimisation of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nanoemulsion as a potential wound healing agent

BackgroundEfficient delivery systems of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) in the form of nanoemulsion were optimised to enhance its stability and ensure its therapeutic efficiency as a potential agent for various biomedical applications.MethodResponse Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of independent variables (oil, surfactant, water percentage and homogenisation time) on physicochemical characteristics, including droplet size, polydispersity index and turbidity.ResultsThe optimised CSO nanoemulsion (CSONE) has a 46.68 nm particle size, 0.15 Polydispersity index value and 1.16 turbidity. After 4 weeks of storage at 5 ± 1 °C and 25 ± 1 °C, the CSONE was physically stable. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion showed enhancement in cell viability and wound healing in baby hamster kidney a clone BHK-21 (BSR) cells as compared to the CSO. The wound healing property of CSONE was higher than CSO.ConclusionThus, our in vitro wound healing results demonstrated that CSO in the nanoemulsion form can promote wound healing by enhancing the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells.Graphical The coarse emulsion of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nano emulsion was prepared using high shear homogeniser techniques. The optimised CSONE with the droplet size of 46.68 nm was prepared from a mixture of CSO, Tween 80, and high pure water (HPW), then used for the biological investigation. The in vitro cell monolayer scratch assay revealed that CSONE in the lowest concentration of CSO resulted in 100% wound closure after 48 hrs. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion was found to be a promising and effective approach in the treatment of wounds by boosting the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells.