Summary The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its Follow-On mission provide essential observations of Earth’s surface mass redistribution. However, inherent north-south striping noise in the GRACE spherical harmonic (SH) products limits their application at sub-basin scales. To address this, we introduce a novel spatial domain decorrelation filter, the Physical-Informed Spatial Pattern (PISP) filter, which leverages the structured physical characteristics of the noise for its precise identification and removal. Comprehensive numerical experiments validated that PISP effectively eliminates striping noise globally and yields a consistent noise background across latitudes, with noise reduced to a uniform level in more than 90% of the months examined and with stable performance under strong-noise conditions. In a case study of water storage variations in Lake Victoria, PISP preserves the primary signal amplitude and reduces the root-mean-square error relative to reference data to 5.84 cm after spatial smoothing, outperforming the 6.81 cm achieved by the MVMDS + DDK6. Furthermore, for three earthquakes with magnitudes exceeding 8.8, PISP effectively removes striping noise using regional masking, successfully recovering the co-seismic signal morphology. By further verifying the method’s stability across various noise scenarios, the results demonstrate PISP’s potential for future global research integrating multi-satellite gravity data.

Abstract. Antarctic blowing snow is a critical process regulating the mass balance of the ice sheet. From 15–17 July 2022, a mid-latitude cyclone invaded the Prydz Bay region of East Antarctica. Automatic weather stations at Zhongshan Station recorded a maximum minute-averaged wind speed exceeding 30 m s−1, while lidar ceilometer data and manual observations indicated that blowing snow persisted for approximately 36 h, marking the most intense blowing snow event of that year. This study reproduced the process using the CRYOWRF model and found that the strong winds induced by the cyclone triggered blowing snow and generated complex nonlinear motions under the influence of local topography, in turn shaping the transport of blowing snow. Topographically forced strong winds also triggered heavy snowfall, which replenished the wind-eroded snow layer. After deposition, this snow was more easily entrained by winds, mixing with falling snow to form blizzards. These results highlight the complexity of blowing snow processes in Antarctic coastal zones, which encompass topographic forcing on atmospheric circulation as well as dynamic feedback between snowfall and blowing snow. Therefore, adopting high-resolution non-hydrostatic numerical models combined with multi-source observations to accurately capture the key physical details of this complex process is of irreplaceable significance for the precise assessment of the Antarctic regional surface mass balance.

Abstract We measure the distribution of matter contained within the emptiest regions of the Universe: cosmic voids. We use the large overlap between the Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS) and voids identified in the LOWZ and CMASS catalogues of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) to constrain the excess surface mass density of voids using weak lensing. We present and validate a novel method for computing the Gaussian component of the conventional weak lensing covariance, adapted for use with void studies. We detect the stacked weak lensing void density profile at the 6.2σ level, the most significant detection of void lensing from spectroscopically-identified voids to date. We find that large and small voids have different matter density profiles, as expected from numerical studies of void profiles. This difference is significant at the 2.3σ level. Comparing the void profile to a measurement of the void-galaxy cross-correlation to test the linearity of the relationship between mass and light, we find good visual agreement between the two, and a galaxy bias factor of 2.45 ± 0.36, consistent with other works. This work represents a promising detection of the lensing effect from underdensities, with the goal of promoting its development into a competitive cosmological probe.

Abstract. The Greenland ice sheet is melting at an accelerating rate due to the warming climate. In order to understand the potentially important ice-climate feedback processes, evolving ice sheets need to be included in global climate models. Here, we present results from the first bi-directional coupling of the Earth System model NorESM2 with the ice sheet model CISM2 for the Greenland ice sheet under an extended high emission SSP5-8.5 forcing from 1850 to 2300. In our simulation, the ice-mass loss between 1850 and 2300 is equivalent to 1.4 m of sea-level rise. Comparing simulation results to an otherwise identical simulation with a fixed Greenland ice sheet, we see the same global trends in air, ocean and sea-ice changes. The main signals are a 10 °C global air temperature increase from 2000 to 2300, a reduced maximum AMOC at 26.5° N from average 23 to 9 Sv and an all-year free Arctic by 2200. Similar to other coupled CMIP models, the warming trend dominates the changes of the climate components. At the regional scale, elevation changes become an important part of the Greenland surface mass balance, accounting for 20 % of the SMB change by 2200 and for 49 % in 2300. By the year 2300, the ablation area covers 93 % of the ice area. With a low climate sensitivity and relatively weak polar amplification in NorESM2, these results are on the lower end of the spectrum of expected ice mass-loss under CMIP6 model forcing.

Abstract We propose a switchable topological phononic biosensor that exploits interface modes protected by band topology. The device is based on a hexagonal unit cell consisting of six tungsten pillars embedded in an acrylic resin matrix, arranged with an equilateral-triangle motif that enforces threefold symmetry. Two topologically distinct domains are formed by slightly rotating this internal triangular structure, creating robust zero-line modes localized at their interface. Finite-element simulations show that surface mass loading shifts the interface-mode dispersion and switches the propagation path at a fixed excitation frequency, providing a new biosensing mechanism based on topological mode switching.

The dynamics of polar and nonpolar molecules colliding with an aqueous surface are characterized by scattering molecular beams of deuterated methane and ammonia, CD4 and ND3 (Ei = 28.9 and 30.3 kJ mol-1, respectively), from a flat liquid jet of cold salty water (8m LiBr, 230K). Translational energy distributions of scattered species collected as a function of collision geometry probe both impulsive scattering (IS) and thermal desorption (TD) mechanisms. We find that CD4 scattering is dominated by IS and exhibits a super-specular angular distribution. The fraction of TD scattering events is notably smaller for cold salty water than for dodecane, consistent with a higher free energy of solvation for CD4 in the water jet. In contrast, no scattering signal is seen for ND3 from the water jet, a result attributed to the high solubility and efficient protonation of ND3 in liquid water. The IS channel for CD4 was analyzed using a soft-sphere model, yielding a higher internal energy (Eint) and lower effective surface mass (meff) than was seen for Ne/water; the higher value of Eint is attributed to rotational excitation of the scattered CD4. These findings demonstrate that the outcomes of a gas-liquid collision-scattering trajectory, surface adherence, and energy transfer-are directed at the molecular level by both the gaseous scatterer and liquid surface.

This paper focuses on the coupling mechanism, performance, and optimization of the immersion evaporative cooling lithium‐ion battery system (IECLBS). A novel dynamic coupling model is established based on the whole heat transfer path. We investigated the coupling mechanism of IECLBS by examining changes in the relevant parameters. The results indicate a strong coupling relationship among the electric–thermal–flow parameters. Subsequently, we design various simulation experiments to assess the coupling performance of IECLBS. The experimental results demonstrate that the rate of mass velocity change diminishes at higher inlet temperature. The impact of variation in discharge current on battery performance is far greater than that of inlet temperature and filling rate. Furthermore, a discharge current of 6 A is recommended for optimal battery performance. Subsequently, the multiobjective optimization is performed to optimize the surface temperature and mass velocity. The optimal objective and the optimal combination are achieved, resulting in a maximal mass velocity of approximately 490 kg/m 2 s and a reduction in minimum surface temperature of about 18.5°C.

Concrete pavements in cold and de-icing environments are prone to progressive deterioration caused by freeze–thaw cycles, especially when exposed to moisture and salts. Ensuring freeze–thaw resistance is therefore critical for extending pavement service life and reducing maintenance costs. This study investigates the durability performance of concrete mixtures modified with silica fume, crumb rubber, and basalt fiber—three materials with distinct mechanisms for enhancing freeze–thaw behavior. Eight mix types—including two control groups with different water–cement ratios—were exposed to 56 freeze–thaw cycles in 3% NaCl solution and evaluated using surface scaling, mass loss, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) retention as complementary durability indicators. While the silica fume and crumb rubber blends demonstrated excellent surface resistance, the silica fume-only mix experienced complete internal degradation despite low mass loss, exposing the limitations of surface-based indicators alone. Basalt fiber-reinforced concretes showed a clear dosage-dependent improvement in internal integrity, with the 10BF and 15BF mixes retaining over 77% of their initial UPV. These results emphasize the necessity of multi-indicator durability assessments and suggest that hybrid modification strategies may offer robust protection against freeze–thaw damage in pavement-grade concretes.

Reducing the mass of supersonic aerodynamic surfaces is a critical challenge in the development of high-speed rockets to further their potential range. This study presents the redesign of a supersonic fin with the primary objective of reducing its thickness from 25 mm. Two designs are investigated, with thicknesses of 10 and 12 mm, respectively, to ensure structural integrity under extreme flight conditions. A comprehensive computational approach is employed, combining static structural analysis, modal analysis, and aeroelastic analysis. Modal analysis is validated through an experimental method using a hammer impulse test for modal frequencies. The 10 mm rocket fin cannot withstand the static load simulated under the flight condition of 15-degree angle of attack, maximum operational flight speed of Mach 3.27, and air density at sea level. The 12 mm thick fin meets the requirements and demonstrates a flutter speed of Mach 11, significantly exceeding the required flutter speed of Mach 3.99. This research highlights the feasibility of substantial weight reduction in supersonic fins without compromising stability, offering a pathway for future advancements in lightweight, high-speed control surfaces.

Grid‐stiffened sandwich structures are widely employed in engineering applications owing to their superior mechanical properties. Nevertheless, their low‐frequency sound‐insulation performance is constrained by the surface mass density of the structure. In this study, a grid‐stiffened sandwich structure incorporating local resonators is proposed by integrating traditional grid‐stiffened sandwich designs and small‐scale resonators. An analytical model is established based on the space harmonic expansion method, and the sound transmission loss (STL) of the proposed structure is evaluated through both theoretical analysis and finite element modeling. The low‐frequency sound‐insulation mechanism is explained by analyzing the average normal displacement and energy flow power. The results show that the average normal displacement reaches a minimum value at frequencies close to the STL peak, and the energy flux power through the grid wall and air field is reduced by more than tenfold. The impacts of the material parameters, structural parameters, and sound wave incidence angle on the low‐frequency sound‐insulation performance are analyzed. Finally, the accuracy of the finite element modeling is verified via impedance tube sound‐insulation experiments. Consequently, this work provides a trigger for the design of multifunctional low‐frequency sound‐insulation structures.

Gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters can create extreme magnification (μ>1000) near the cluster caustics, thereby enabling detections of individual luminous stars in high-redshift background galaxies. These stars can include nonexplosive standard candles such as Cepheid variables, carbon stars in the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), and stars at the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) out to złesssim1. A large number of such detections, combined with modeling of the magnification affecting these stars (including microlensing), opens the door to extending the distance range of these standard candles by two orders of magnitude, thereby providing a check on the distances derived from supernovae. Practical measurement of a distance modulus depends on measuring the apparent magnitude of a ``knee feature'' in the lensed luminosity function. The feature comes from the great abundance of red giant branch stars just below the luminosity of the TRGB. This feature is still present even when microlenses smooth out the sharp jump in the luminosity function at the TRGB. The apparent magnitude at which the knee is observed depends on the value of the Hubble constant, H_0, and the surface mass density of microlenses, Σ_* (with a weak dependence on the macromodel magnification). Therefore, a precise measurement of Σ_* is needed in order to use the TRGB knee as a distance indicator. As a bonus, strongly lensed stars detected in deep exposures also provide a robust method of mapping small dark matter substructures, detections of which will cluster around the critical curves of small-scale dark matter halos. The sensitivity of the TRGB knee to Σ_* also allows novel avenues to constrain the abundance of compact dark matter such as primordial black holes. Cepheids will also be detectable, but because microlenses modify their apparent luminosity by unknown magnification factors, the main value of Cepheids will be improving cluster lens models.

Abstract Exploring the restructuring mechanism of solid catalysts is of pivotal importance for the rational design of efficient catalysts, yet remains a significant challenge. Traditional chemical potential theory assumes a spatially uniform gas reservoir with a well‐defined chemical potential but neglected the spatial variations induced by surface reactions, mass transportation, and temperature gradients in the operando conditions. Here, we employ a thermodynamics‐guided strategy, integrated with experimental models initiated from distinct precursor structures, to demonstrate the structure of restructured catalyst determined by the local oxygen chemical potential ( μ O ). Using cobalt‐ceria catalyzed CO 2 hydrogenation as a proof‐of‐concept system, comprehensive characterizations reveal that supported cobalt species undergo in situ restructuring during reaction processes, either reducing oxidative cobalt species to lower oxidation states or oxidizing metallic cobalt to positive valence states, ultimately forming CoO x ensembles with Co(II) as the primary component. Starting from either metallic Co or CoO x , the resulting differences in catalytic activity modify the local atmosphere and the μ O near catalyst surface. This leads to the formation of distinct CoO x ensembles, which in turn dictate the divergent catalytic performance. These findings provide a comprehensive physical picture elucidating the intrinsic correlation between the environmental atmosphere and corresponding structure of restructured catalysts.

Exploring the restructuring mechanism of solid catalysts is of pivotal importance for the rational design of efficient catalysts, yet remains a significant challenge. Traditional chemical potential theory assumes a spatially uniform gas reservoir with a well-defined chemical potential but neglected the spatial variations induced by surface reactions, mass transportation, and temperature gradients in the operando conditions. Here, we employ a thermodynamics-guided strategy, integrated with experimental models initiated from distinct precursor structures, to demonstrate the structure of restructured catalyst determined by the local oxygen chemical potential (μO). Using cobalt-ceria catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation as a proof-of-concept system, comprehensive characterizations reveal that supported cobalt species undergo in situ restructuring during reaction processes, either reducing oxidative cobalt species to lower oxidation states or oxidizing metallic cobalt to positive valence states, ultimately forming CoOx ensembles with Co(II) as the primary component. Starting from either metallic Co or CoOx, the resulting differences in catalytic activity modify the local atmosphere and the μO near catalyst surface. This leads to the formation of distinct CoOx ensembles, which in turn dictate the divergent catalytic performance. These findings provide a comprehensive physical picture elucidating the intrinsic correlation between the environmental atmosphere and corresponding structure of restructured catalysts.

Boxy/peanut and X-shaped (BP/X) bulges are prominent features in edge-on disk galaxies and they are believed to represent vertically thickened bars. Despite their relevance in bar evolution, a statistically robust census of these structures in large surveys remains lacking. We aim to provide the largest catalog of BP/X structures in edge-on galaxies to date, along with an investigation of their properties and role in shaping galaxy scaling relations. We selected a sample of 6684 edge-on galaxies from SDSS DR8 using Galaxy Zoo classifications, requiring a high edge-on probability ($>0.9$) and a minimum of ten independent votes. We performed a two-dimensional (2D) image decomposition using to obtain the structural parameters. The residual images were visually inspected to classify BP/X features into four categories: strong both-sided, both-sided, one-sided, and control (no BP/X). We also estimated the stellar mass, distance, and physical size for each galaxy. GALFIT Out of 6653 classified galaxies, we identified 1673 (∼25%) with both-sided BP/X features, 504 (∼ 8%) strong, and 1169 (∼ 17%) weak, as well as 1112 (∼ 17%) one-sided structures, making up a total of 2785 BP/X-hosting galaxies (∼ 42%). We find that one-sided structures, likely signatures of ongoing buckling, are more frequent than strong both-sided bulges across all stellar masses. The fraction of BP/X bulges increases with stellar surface mass density, indicating a connection with bar formation in dense discs. We also find that galaxies with strong BP/X bulges contribute to increased scatter in the stellar-mass-size and stellar-mass-surface-density relations, particularly at higher masses.

Abstract The Fanaroff–Riley radio galaxies exhibit the most extensive radio emissions derived from the active nuclei of galaxies. They morphologically differ from the highly compact and bright radio galaxies observed as gigahertz peaked spectrum and compact steep spectrum sources. Their emissions include jets, lobes, and a central core component, which may expand to larger scales in the future. We study the cores of extended radio galaxies by comparing samples of core-dominated and core-poor populations from FRI radio galaxies. Matching them in redshift, stellar mass, and total radio luminosity, we found no statistically significant differences between the two samples. However, core-dominated FRIs exhibit slightly higher [O III ] luminosity compared to core-poor FRIs. Additionally, the hosts of core-dominated FRIs demonstrate slightly higher surface mass density and lower specific star formation rate. The p -values for the observed differences fall within the marginal range ( p ≲ 0.1), suggesting that the differences may be meaningful and warrant further consideration, although they do not meet the conventional significance threshold ( p < 0.05). We also discuss the possible influences of obscuration, recycling activity, and relativistic beaming that may cause uncertainties and compare the results with those of Mazoochi et al. for FRII radio galaxies.

Abstract The exposed bedrock of the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) provides rare opportunity to constrain present‐day Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) in East Antarctica, with impacts on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and other estimates of ice‐mass change. In this study, we use Global Positioning System (GPS) displacement time series to provide new observations of uplift in the TAM region. We demonstrate that the deformation signal due to Surface Mass Balance (SMB) loading manifests as a multi‐year apparent change in the vertical linear trends—that is, a change in velocity. After correcting for SMB‐induced elastic deformation, we find that most GPS sites in the TAM region exhibit velocities approaching zero, with a median rate of 0.67 mm/yr. This is lower than forward GIA models predict, suggesting revisions to regional ice history and/or Earth models are required and current GIA models bias estimates of present‐day ice sheet mass change.

Abstract Patagonia Icefields are large ice masses with a significant contribution to sea level rise among mountain glaciers in the Southern Hemisphere. In order to improve the estimation of the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI) surface mass balance and to better understand its relationship with climate variables and modes, we simulated the surface mass balance over the icefield during the period 1980–2014 with the MAR model. Model reliability was assessed against: weather stations, albedo from MODIS data and previous estimates of the San Rafael glacier’s surface mass balance. We obtain a surface mass balance of –2.48 ± 1.86 Gta –1 and a non-significant trend. Temperature (a physically downscaled variable) was a key variable through its direct impact on melting, but also on solid precipitation. We found that the annual, spring and autumn icefield mean surface mass balance had a significant negative correlation with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) through air temperature. Over the next century, the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions are projected to keep the SAM in a positive phase and accelerate atmospheric warming. Thus, the NPI is expected to increase its mass loss and its contribution to future sea level rise. However, more in-situ data (precipitation, temperature and accumulation/ablation on the icefield) are needed to improve the projection’s uncertainty.

Ice surface temperature (IST) is a key parameter that affects the surface mass balance and energy budget of the Antarctic ice shelves. Existing IST products, primarily derived from polar-orbiting satellites, suffer from insufficient temporal resolution, limiting the understanding of intraday IST variations and impeding in-depth investigations of ice shelf surface physical processes. This study developed an IST retrieval model based on machine learning for the Larsen C Ice Shelf using thermal infrared data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite−16 (GOES−16) as the primary input, with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) IST products serving as ground truths. High-accuracy radiation emergence angles were calculated pixelwise as critical inputs to correct for angular anisotropy effects. The results demonstrate that the developed IST retrieval model achieved an accuracy comparable to that of the MODIS IST product, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of approximately 1.5 K. More importantly, the temporal resolution of the generated IST in this study increased by approximately 30 times compared with the MODIS IST product, increasing from approximately 4 times per day to 144 times. Multisource data validation revealed RMSE values of 1.234 K compared with IceBridge, 2–3 K compared with automatic weather station broadband thermal infrared measurements under GOES−16 cloud masking, and 1–2 K compared with the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite IST product. Based on the trained model, we generated the IST product for the summer days with low cloud cover from December 2019 to March 2022, with a temporal resolution of 10 minutes and a spatial resolution of 2 km. The analysis results show that the intraday IST variation over the Larsen C Ice Shelf has two patterns: a single-peak dominant pattern and a sustained high-IST pattern. The single-peak dominant pattern is severely affected by shortwave downward radiation. The occurrence of the sustained high-IST pattern is relatively rare, mainly caused by intense melting of the ice shelf. The ice melting and freezing processes absorb and release large amounts of latent heat, maintaining the IST near the melting point throughout the day. Notably, the sensible heat caused by the foehn event led to a strong IST increase in the areas near the grounding line, especially when the IST was relatively low, causing significant IST spatial heterogeneity for the Larsen C Ice Shelf.

Abstract. We document the glacial system model (GSM), which is designed for large ensemble ice sheet modelling in glacial cycle contexts. A distinguishing feature is the extent to which it addresses relevant forcing and process uncertainties. The GSM has evolved from three decades of effort to constrain the last glacial cycle evolution of each ice sheet that was present (North American, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Eurasian, Patagonian, and Antarctic, and soon Tibetan). The core ice dynamics uses a hybrid shallow-shelf and shallow-ice approximation with full thermo-mechanical coupling. It also includes one of the largest range of relevant processes for the above context of any model to date, ranging from visco-elastic glacial isostatic adjustment with 0-order geoidal deflection to state-of-the-art subglacial sediment production, transport, and deposition. Furthermore, the GSM is to date the only model to have all of the above processes bidirectionally coupled with each other. Other relevant distinguishing features include: permafrost resolving bed-thermodynamics, a fast diagnostic solution of down-slope surface drainage and lake filling, subgrid hypsometric surface mass balance and ice flow, simple thermodynamic lake and sea ice representations, subglacial hydrology with dynamically evolving partitioning between distributed and channelized flow, and surface melt that physically accounts for insolation changes via a novel insolation above freezing scheme. To address the most challenging part of paleo ice sheet modelling, the GSM includes both a 2D energy balance climate model and variants of traditional input time series weighted interpolation (aka “glacial indexing”) of fields from General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations, all under ensemble parametric specification. It also includes options for one and two way scripted coupling with climate models. We demonstrate the significant errors that can ensue in the glacial cycle simulation of a single ice sheet when three aspects of glacial isostatic adjustment are ignored (as is typical). These are geoidal deformation, global ice load input, and correction of initial topography for present-day isostatic disequilibrium. We also draw attention to the relatively high sensitivity of the GSM (and presumably other ice sheet models) to the specification of the temperature dependence for basal sliding activation. The associated code archive includes configuration options for all major last glacial cycle ice sheets as well as idealized geometries and validation test setups.

Abstract. Surface mass balance (SMB) forcing for projections of the future evolution of the Greenland ice sheet with stand-alone modeling approaches has been commonly derived from regional climate models (RCMs) on a fixed ice sheet topography. However, over long time scales, changes in ice sheet geometry become substantial, and using SMB fields that do not account for these changes can introduce non-physical biases. Therefore, conducting projections for the long term evolution and stability of the Greenland ice sheet usually requires a computationally expensive coupled climate-ice sheet modeling setup. In this study we use a SMB remapping procedure to capture the first order feedbacks of the coupled climate-ice sheet system within a computationally efficient stand-alone modeling approach. Following a remapping procedure that was originally developed to apply SMB forcing to a range of modeled steady-state ice sheet geometries, we produce SMB forcing that adapts to the changing ice sheet geometry as it evolves over time. SMB fields from a regional climate model are translated from a function of absolute geographic location to a function of surface elevation, allowing for SMB updates when elevation changes. To reflect the heterogeneous elevation response across the ice sheet we separate the ice sheet into 25 regional drainage basins, which allows for a spatially resolved adjustment of SMB. We evaluate this approach using forcing from multiple emission scenarios from the CMIP6 archive and compare the results with those from standard parameterizations of the SMB–elevation feedback. Our results show that the remapping method better preserves the structure of the ablation zone and reduces non-physical biases compared to conventional SMB–elevation feedback parameterizations, while still leveraging high-quality forcing data.