Microplastics have emerged as a significant global environmental issue that has garnered considerable attention from both the public and governmental bodies. In this study, microplastics (0.02-5.0mm) in the surface water of the Minjiang River and Tuojiang River valleys in Chengdu were quantitatively characterized and analyzed using micro-infrared spectroscopy. Key metrics such as the pollution load index, polymer risk, and potential ecological risk index were calculated to evaluate and analyze the risks associated with microplastics. The results indicated that the concentrations of microplastics in the study area's surface water ranged from 5.0 to 18.2 items/L. Additionally, the microplastic content in the Tuojiang River valley was higher than that in the Minjiang River valley. Microplastics were predominantly transparent or yellow, primarily occurring as granules, fragments, and fibers, with sizes mainly below 1000μm. In 2021, the predominant types were polyethylene terephthalate (34.2%) and polyethylene (20.7%). In 2023, polyamide (32.8%) and polyethylene (19.5%) became the predominant types, indicating a significant shift in the composition. The contamination risk of microplastics was significantly influenced by the type of polymer. These findings provided a theoretical foundation for the detection and risk assessment of microplastics in surface waters within the Chengdu region.

Urea-Assisted Synthesis of Microspherical Hollow CeO2 Nanostructures for Supercapacitor Applications

The role of graphene in rechargeable lithium batteries: Synthesis, functionalisation, and perspectives

The work studied the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts from Archachatina marginatas nail-shell (AMS) by calcination at 800oC and 900oC for 2 h, to produce snail shell catalyst (SSC) of SSC800 and SSC900 respectively. The catalysts were subsequently used for palm kernel biodiesel (PKB) production using palm kernel oil (PKO) in an optimisation study using a definitive screening design. The AMS, SSC800 and SSC900 were characterised by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The AAS result revealed that the catalysts contained essential elements of Ca, Mg, Na, Si and K which are suitable for transesterification reactions in proportion of 66.67%, 1.12%, 2.06%,3.01% and 9.33% for SSC800 respectively, and 59.33%, 1.03%, 2.30%, 2.50% and 8.00% for SSC900 respectively. The images of the catalysts revealed improved surface morphologies with larger porosities compared to that of the AMS, having surface areas of 244.2 m2/g and 230.9 m2/g for SSC800 and SSC900respectively. This justified the reason for the higher catalytic activity of the SSC800 compared to the SSC900. The optimisation study gave the optimal conditions for the optimum biodiesel yield of 98.28% as 6:1 MeOH: oil molar ratio, 3 h reaction time, 55oC temperature and 2% (w/w) catalyst quantity of SSC800. The fuel properties obtained for the PKB compared well with the ASTM standard of biodiesel and as such, it is a quality biodiesel suitable for compression ignition engines. Therefore, the Archachatina marginata snail-shell is an effective, suitable, natural and renewable material for catalysts development for commercial biodiesel production.

Abstract Antipsychotic drugs are commonly prescribed for different mental disorders and can be classified into two main groups: the first which contain originally developed antipsychotics of the first generation or typical antipsychotics and the other group with newly developed antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics of the second generation. In this study, eleven antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine, flupentixol, haloperidol, zuclopenthixol, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone) were investigated to evaluate significance of their molecular physicochemical properties (lipophilicity, aqueous solubility, polar surface area, molecular weight, volume value and acidity) for their bioavailability. Relationships between literature available intestinal absorption data of antipsychotic drugs and their lipophilicity descriptor with one additional molecular descriptor, investigated using multiple linear regression analysis provided high correlations for molecular descriptors, Mw, Vol, pKa, as additional independent variables. Values of correlation coefficients (R 2 ) were ranged from 0.951 (for Vol) above 0.944 (for Mw) to 0.923 (for pKa).

Ashwagandha root extract is widely used in nutraceutical preparations due to its broad range of pharmacological activities. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of Biofield Energy Treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) on the physicochemical, thermal and spectral properties of ashwagandha root extract by using various analytical techniques. The sample of ashwagandha root extract was divided into two parts in which one part was kept untreated and called as control sample; while the other part was provided with the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely by the Biofield Energy Healer, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi and termed as Biofield Energy Treated sample. The study reported that the particle size values at d10, d50, d90, and D (4,3) in the Biofield Energy Treated sample was significantly decreased by 9.23%, 9.04%, 11.86%, and 10.59%, respectively compared with the control sample. Thus, the surface area of the treated sample was significantly increased by 10.75% compared to the control sample. The PXRD analysis showed that the control as well as the Biofield Energy Treated samples was amorphous in nature. The DSC analysis showed that the onset evaporation temperature and latent heat of vaporization were significantly altered by 2.18% and-10.29%, respectively in the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared with the control sample. The TGA analysis indicated the four step thermal degradation of both the samples. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th steps of thermal degradation of the treated sample showed an alteration in the weight loss by -6.59%, 1.97%, -1.80%, and -8.65%, respectively along with 0.81% reduction in the total weight loss, compared with the control sample. Besides, the maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) in the control sample was observed at 234.17°C and 365.12°C for the two broad peaks, which was decreased by 1.73% and 0.82%, respectively compared to the control sample. The overall analysis suggests that the Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment might enhance the solubility, absorption, and bioavailability profile of ashwagandha root extract along with altered thermal stability. Such altered properties might help in designing better pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations; thereby provide better therapeutic response against various diseases such as amnesia, arthritis, anxiety, cancer, impotence, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases.

Background: To enhance the solubility of simvastatin by improving the surface area of the drug particle by preparing nanosponges that are enclosed in a tablet and capsule oral solid dosage forms, which in turn helps maintain the drug's stability. Objective: The present investigation aimed to develop a simvastatin nanosponge containing Eu-dragit as a polymer with different ratios of drug-to-polymer concentration to increase its solubility and further improve the oral bioavailability by using nanosponges’ formulation technique. Methods: The emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to prepare simvastatin nanosponges by using Eudragit S 100, Eudragit L 100, and a combination of both in different drug-to-polymer ratios, i.e., 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. To characterize the conductivity, molecular changes, and size of the prepared nanosponges, a variety of evaluation parameters, including the compressibil-ity index, Hausner's ratio, angle of repose, microscopy, production yield, entrapment efficiency, drug content, in vitro drug release studies, DSC, XRD, FTIR, and SEM were evaluated. Opti-mized formulation was used to prepare colon-targeted tablets and capsules by taking nanosponges equivalent to 20 mg of simvastatin. Results: The percentage yield, drug content, and entrapment efficiency of the final formulation were observed at 81 ± 0.26%, 92.4%, and 97 ± 0.56%, respectively. The in vitro drug release of the optimized formulations was 91.42% at 12 hrs. The drug release followed the Peppas model with a super case II transport mechanism. Conclusion: The use of the nanosponge delivery system increased the solubility of simvastatin seven times, which in turn increased the drug's bioavailability.

This article presents a technology for the production of magnesium hydroxide from serpentinite, which includes sulfuric acid leaching of magnesium and purification of the resulting sulfate solution from impurity metals using thermally activated serpen-tinite (TA-SP) at 750°C for one hour. The purification of the leach solution is one of the key challenges in obtaining high-purity magnesium compounds from serpentinite. It has been established that the use of thermally activated serpentinite to neutralize the acidic suspension of serpentinite to pH 8.3—prior to treatment with an alkaline agent (sodium hydroxide)—has a positive effect on the purity of the precipitated magnesium hydroxide. The influence of thermal treatment on the acid–base properties of serpen-tinite, its phase composition, and adsorbent structure parameters—specific surface ar-ea and micropore distribution—was studied, revealing improvements in the adsorp-tion properties. Flowcharts for the acid leaching and magnesium hydroxide precipita-tion processes are provided. The proposed scheme is shown to reduce the number of process steps and equipment required for sulfate solution purification, while ensuring a magnesium hydroxide product purity of at least 99.5%.

Karst caves are among the most common and critical geological hazards in karst regions. Due to their marked differences in physical properties compared to the surrounding rock, they can be detected using various geophysical techniques. Karsts have developed on the surface of the Qingshuitang Wollastonite Mining Area in Huangtian Town, Hezhou City, Guangxi Province. In line with mine safety production requirements, a professional assessment of the potential development of karst caves must be conducted within 150 m of the mining area's surface. Following an on-site investigation and comparison with traditional geophysical methods, seismic frequency resonance technology (Seismic FRT) was selected for detection due to its convenience, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and rapid data acquisition capabilities. Contour maps of the apparent wave impedance and geological profiles along the survey lines were obtained through data collection and processing. In combination with surface karst and mining geology, 32 karst caves (hidden danger points) and 15 karst development zones were identified. Drilling verification was conducted at the A428 and B122 anomalous points on the A1 # and B1 # survey lines. The verification results were consistent with the inferred depths and maximum apparent wave impedance anomalies, confirming that Seismic FRT is a feasible and effective method for detecting hidden karst development areas in mines.

Rocks famously have scale-dependent strength, yet the actual dependence is notoriously hard to measure or incorporate into any theoretical framework. Natural rough surfaces present an opportunity to solve the problem. Surfaces sliding in shear evolve as protrusions collide. These asperities can deform or break, thus creating a new surface shape. In particular, natural surfaces have roughness at all scales as well as scale-dependent strength. Based on a scaling analysis, we have previously suggested that the scale-dependent aspect ratio of steady-state surfaces should be proportional to the scale-dependent shear strain at yield. If true, scale-dependent strength could easily be inferred from natural surfaces. Thus, moving beyond the scaling argument to a rigorous treatment of scale-dependent strength for multiscale rough surfaces in shear is important. However, analytic frameworks for analyzing multiscale problems are challenging, as conventional continuum mechanics typically involves a single value for a material property across scales. Here, we build on the formalism of Persson (2001) that presents a method to compute contact area for rough surfaces with a prescribed topographic spectrum using a stochastic differential equation. The Persson formalism allows for plastic yield under normal loading of otherwise elastic materials and leaves open the possibility of scale-dependent yield stress. In this study, we pursue this route to develop a theory and numerical results for the yielding of a rough, elastoplastic surface with scale-dependent yield stress. Here, we examine surfaces for which the power spectrum of the topography C and yield stress Y follow power laws as a function of scale λ, such that C∼λ^{-m} and Y∼λ^{-n}, respectively. In this formal treatment of the problem, we focus on surfaces in contact and the resulting yield and do not impose shear. Numerical solutions show that the deviation from the elastic scaling solution is bounded as expected by the prior 1D heuristic scaling argument that anticipates the Hurst exponent as 1-n. We also show that the plasticity is expected to erode the contacts if m is lower than n-3, which corresponds to a Hurst exponent lower than 1-n/2. This result is rigorously sound for 2D, i.e., realistic surfaces, and quantitatively different than the prior scaling argument. The theory now permits a correspondingly quantitative approach to interpreting natural surfaces.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) play a crucial role among metalorganic frameworks due to their highly desirable properties, including high surface area, appropriate pore size, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. In this study, ZIF-8 loaded with aspirin and coated using pectin (ZIF-8/Asp@Pectin) was utilized as a suitable and effective platform for the drug delivery system. The preparation of this coated MOF followed environmentally friendly methods, and aspirin was successfully loaded. Characterization of the obtained ZIF-8/Asp@Pectin was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and BET analysis. The release of aspirin from ZIF-8/Asp@Pectin was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy at 258 nm under in vitro conditions in HCl and PBS buffer solutions.

In today’s world, nanoparticles play a pivotal role in revolutionizing many industries. Their nano size enables novel applications that have the potential to address pressing global challenges. The paper reviews the major properties and their practical implementations of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Different methods of ZnO NP synthesis produced a surface area ranging from 57m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>-1</sup> to 83m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>-1</sup>. A precipitation and green synthesis of ZnO NPs demonstrated its catalytic behavior. ZnOx doped with MnCO3 showed the highest catalytic activity. These properties have applications in wastewater treatment and dye removal processes in textile industries. ZnO NPs exhibit UV shielding and photocatalytic properties. ZnO NPs-coated cotton fabric is used in textile industries as it has more UV protection against uncoated cotton fabric. ZnO NPs are major semiconductors having a band gap of 3.34eV. This gives a range of applications in electrical and electronic industries. Biologically synthesized ZnO NP had better anti-microbial properties, which have a wide range of applications in the food industry, compared to chemically synthesized ZnO NP. The anti-cancer properties of ZnO NPs are due to their cytotoxicity making it a potential drug against cancer cells.

A graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheet sample was synthesized from a melamine precursor by a method of simple direct heating in a semi-closed system followed by thermal oxidation etching at 550 °C for 12 h. The sample was labelled as (g-C3N412h) and was systematically characterized. Moreover, the results were then compared with a pristine g-C3N4 sample for the degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) present in water. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor. It is known that the BPA is one of the most harmful organic materials and that it does not degrade easily in the environment. It was therefore selected as a target to test the photocatalytic activity of prepared carbon nitride nanosheets under direct solar irradiation. The results showed the structure of the g-C3N4 nanosheets when the sample had been treated for a longer time compared to the regular treatment time. The optical band gap results remained the same, indicating the existence of a g-C3N4 backbone structure. However, the XPS and FTIR spectra showed some modification on g-C3N4 after longer etching treatment time such as the C-H, CO and N pyridinic structure. The photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A by the g-C3N4 nanosheets under solar irradiation was much better (around 60%) than that with the g-C3N43h bulk sample (around 30%). This enhanced photocatalytic activity can be attributed to multiple factors such as the smaller particle size, rich carbon surface and high surface area exhibited by the g-C3N4 nanosheets. This further indicates that g-C3N4 can be used with solar irradiation to treat wastewater containing endocrine disruptor chemicals.

Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from date palm leaflets using NaOH activation. AC was oxidized using concentrated HNO3 to produce oxidized activated carbon (ON). Alkylamines including methylamine (M), dimethylamine (DM), ethylamine (E), diethylamine (DE), and diisopropylamine (DIP) were covalently immobilized onto ON to produce ONM, ONDM, ONE, ONDE, and ONDIP hydrophobic activated carbons, respectively. The surface area of AC (588 m2/g) decreased on oxidation with a further decrease on functionalization. These carbons were tested for methylene blue (MB) adsorption. Initial pH 7 was found optimum for the adsorption of MB. The hydrophobic activated carbons show faster adsorption (except for ONDE), than AC with adsorption data following well a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The rate of adsorption increased with temperature rise. The activation energy, Ea, was less than 42 kJ/mol indicating physical adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption follows L-type isotherm with the adsorption data following well the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity of MB follows the order of ONDIP > ONE > ONDM > AC > ON > ONM > ONDE. Thermodynamic parameters indicate spontaneous and endothermic adsorption. Carbon reuse for MB adsorption was more efficient for ONDIP, ONE, and ONDM than AC

Surface water is used for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, drinking water, and other services. Therefore, its quality is crucial for irrigation, human welfare, and health. Thus, the main objective is to improve surface water quality assessment and geochemical analysis to evaluate anthropogenic activities' impact on surface water quality in the Brahmani Watershed, Odisha. In the present paper, emerging techniques such as CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation), Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), Weighted Aggregated Sum-Product Assessment (WASPAS), SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanation), and Geographical Information System (GIS) were used to locate the origins of pollution in the surface water. The 5-year (2018-2023) database was created by analysing samples that varied geographically over seven sampling locations. The dataset was categorized according to its intended usage. The study employed Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) tool, to forecast quantities and their geographical arrangement.The water temperature detected at several locations along the river revealed minor variations. The pH variations indicate that the surface water in the studied area is alkaline. Notably, the water's lowest temperature ever recorded was 25.72°C, at Q-(1). In addition, sufficient DO concentrations are monitored to ensure optimal water quality. The major parts of the study area were found to be majorly affected with high concentrations of PO43-, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42-. To determine the degree of contamination, a basic standard reference is necessary to interpret the values, which range from the anthropogenic to the natural contribution.The statistical results reveal the dominant decreasing order amongst the cations, such as: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and in anions, namely, SO42- > Cl- > NO3- > F- > PO43-, respectively. It displays seasonal variations in dissolved and specific phase metal fractions that are not statistically significant at any of the seven sites. Proceeding further,the water quality index showed that the four samples fall in the poor water quality class, whereas the rest, 3 samples, were of good water quality. The surface water is contaminated and negatively affected due to percolation of ions from landfill leachate as per the data of C-WQI. Based on ARAS and WASPAS, Q-(1) and Q-(2) were mainly not fit for consumption. Meanwhile, the SHAP-WQI showed an increase in the number of samples (71.43%) with unsuitable quality for drinking. This emphasizes on the importance of weathering, dissolution, terrigenous, leaching, ion exchange, lithological and evaporation as the primary processes. Human influences were the secondary factors. Overall, the findings indicate that the study area's surface water is safe to drink, with the exception of a few locations including, Q-(1), (2), (3), (4), and (7), in the river water. Integrating GIS using WQ methods gives a new knowledge on the spatial variation in surface water characteristics for designated use. When enforcing regulations and carrying out pollution control operations, this will help determine the precise sampling sites or the sections of the river that show significant degradation. Thus, the integrated model provides insightful data on surface watershed management for urban planners and decision-makers. In overall,these findings underscore the importance of coordinated efforts across administrative boundaries within the basin to reduce water governance costs, providing valuable insights for fostering the coordinated development of regional economies and environmental sustainability. As a result, future studies should be conducted in the area to precisely state the quality of water used for drinking and domestic purposes.

Burns increase tissue damage by free radicals, thus hindering the healing process. Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) and Advanced Platelet Rich Fibrin (A-PRF) are autologous fibrin matrices that contain growth factors and have been proven to increase tissue formation and regeneration. Objectives: To determined the effect of applying PRF and A-PRF on deep second-degree burns. Methods: This study was experimental research on twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group A and B as control groups received NaCl 0,9% and silver sulfadiazine ointment, respectively. Group C was given PRF and group D was given A-PRF. Burns are photographed and the area was calculated using the ImageJ application. After 14 days of therapy, the burn areas were excised and made into histological slides. Microscopic study of angiogenesis was observed using a microscope at 400x magnification. Results: Changes in wound surface area in PRF and A-PRF groups were 3,106 cm and 2,333 cm. The number of angiogenesis in PRF and A-PRF groups were 3.88 and 5.88. The data was analyzed using One-Way Anova and the results showed that there were no significant differences between the changes in the wound area and angiogenesis of PRF and A-PRF groups. Conclusion: This study showed that there are no significant differences in changes in wound surface area and angiogenesis of burn injury after topical application of PRF and A-PRF.Keywords: Â angiogenesis, burn injury, changes in wound surface area, A-PRF, PRF

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has a lot of benefits in the process of healing. The new generation of PRF, namely advanced PRF plus (A-PRF+), has a different fibrin structure and more growth factors compared to Advanced PRF (A-PRF), the generation before A-PRF+. Objectives:To compared the effects of A-PRF and A-PRF+ on the IIB degree burn. Methods: This experimental study used 20 male Sprague Dawley rats. All rats were given IIB degree burn and divided into four groups. Group 1 was treated with saline, Group 2 was treated with silver sulfadiazine 1%, Group 3 was treated with A-PRF, and Group 4 was treated with A-PRF+. Wound size reduction will be calculated every two days and measured with ImageJ and the wound would be made into a histological slide on day 14 to calculate angiogenesis. Results: Changes in the wound surface area for the group that was given A-PRF dan A-PRF+ are 2,333cm and 4,827cm. The wound surface area’s data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and the results are statistically not significant (p>0,05). The number of angiogenesis for the group that was give A-PRF and A-PRF+ as followed are 5,88 and 4,867. The angiogenesis data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the results are statistically not significant (p>0,05). Conclusion: There is no difference between the effect of A-PRF and A-PRF+ towards changes in wound surface area and angiogenesis in IIB degrees burn wounds.Keywords:  A-PRF, A-PRF+, burn wound, angiogenesis, wound surface area

Abstract A computational approach employing the boundary element method (BEM) and a deep artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to accurately predict the real contact area (RCA) for rough surfaces. A BEM-generated dataset is utilized to develop an optimized ANN model for the prediction of RCA based on surface topography parameters and applied load. The Bayesian optimized ANN model, employing a logsig transfer function in hidden layers and having a 5-44-44-1 architecture, predicts the RCA with a mean error of ≈6%. Shapley values are utilized for global sensitivity analysis, revealing that applied load and surface roughness are the most influential factors affecting RCA. The generalization capability of the ANN model is validated through comparisons with predictions on test data, demonstrating superior accuracy and computational efficiency over traditional numerical methods. The influence of surface topography parameters reveals that the higher surface roughness reduces RCA due to increased asperity interaction, while higher skewness promotes a larger RCA by increasing the number of contact points. Kurtosis influences RCA nonlinearly, with higher kurtosis yielding lower RCA at low loads but higher RCA at high loads due to asperity distribution characteristics. The optimized deep neural network model not only predicts the real contact area with high accuracy but also is significantly faster than boundary element simulations, conclusively demonstrating its potential to accelerate the design and optimization process in rough surface contact mechanics.

In the present work, activated carbon was produced from Acacia Tortilis tree bark, utilizing phosphoric acid chemical activation, and microwave irradiation (AC-MWI). Activated carbon was also produce by conventional phosphoric acid chemical activation and low temperature carbonization (AC-CA). Characterization of produced activated carbons performed by proximate analysis adopting ASTM standard procedures. BET-specific surface area, total ash content, bulk density, moisture content, pH, pore volume and iodine number were determined. Comparison of characteristics for both carbon, with the characteristics of AC available in the literature and commercially available in the market was performed. Comparison showed that activated carbon produced from Acacia Tortilis tree bark is well comparable with the reported characteristics of AC in literature and commercially available in market. It was found that AC-MWI has higher BET-specific surface area than AC-CA (836 m2/g and 687 m2/g respectively). Results depict that there is an increase of 22.3% in microspores component and 21.7% BET- specific surface area obtained in AC-MWI as compared to AC-CA. Similarly, the corresponding pore volume obtained (4.97 cm3/g and 4.07 cm3/g respectively) demonstrating better values as compared to the commercial ACs (<1 cm3/g). Additionally, it was found that AC can be produced by microwave irradiation in about 48.5% less time when compared to conventional low temperature heating. The adsorption study of produced ACs was performed using methylene blue as a contaminant. Study showed that MB removal rate initially increased with increase in contact time, which decreased with time until steady state was reached. Adsorption data of MB was fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. All models show reasonable correlation, however, Freundlich isotherm is best to describe the MB adsorption on AC-MWI based on correlation coefficient R2 value (0.9985). The results revealed the feasibility of microwave heating for preparation of high surface area activated carbons from Acacia Tortilis tree bark.

Age-specific reference intervals for the extensor digiti minimi muscle (EDMM) in the human fetus may be relevant in the detailed evaluation of the musculoskeletal systems, with potentially relevant implications for surgical treatment. The aim of the study was to examine the age-specific reference intervals and growth dynamics of the EDMM in relation to its length, width, projection surface area, and volume. The examined material included 70 human formalin-fixed fetuses of both sexes (37♀, 33♂) aged from 17 to 29 weeks. Using anatomical dissection, each EDMM was visualized, recorded in JPG formats, and analysed by the digital image analysis system and statistical methods. No variability of the EDMM was found. All the morphometric parameters of the EDMM revealed neither sex nor laterality differences. With fetal age most linear parameters of the EDMM concerning its examined lengths and widths increased in accordance with natural logarithmic functions. The only two exceptions to this referred to the belly width of the EDMM measured at its mid-length and the tendon width of the EDMM measured proximal to the extensor retinaculum of the wrist, which both followed square root functions. The projection surface areas of the EDMM followed natural logarithmic functions, while the volumetric growth of the EDMM was proportionate to fetal age. The variability of the EDMM in the human fetus is minimal. The morphometric data of the EDMM represents age-specific reference intervals of clinical significance. Morphometric parameters of the EDMM reveal neither sex nor laterality differences. The EDMM displays three different growth dynamics: gradual growth deceleration according to both natural logarithmic functions (total length of the muscle and its tendons, belly length, tendon lengths, belly width at its origin, tendon width at its insertion, and projection surface areas) and square root functions (belly width at its mid-length and tendon width in the pre-retinacular segment), and proportionate growth (total volume).