Supply-side Policies Research Articles

The political economy of supply-side climate policy in the UK

ABSTRACT The UK represents a fascinating case of supply-side climate policies that seek to restrict the production of fossil fuels. Drawing on original interview-based research, we contextualise current moves towards supply-side climate policy by analysing the historical legacy of the coal transition, the successful ban on export finance for overseas fossil fuel projects and the current policy of ending new oil and gas licenses in the North Sea. To explain this policy landscape, we develop a political economy analysis that centres the role of the state in mediating the competing claims of capital, labour and civil society: bridging a macro account of the financialised model of capitalism that predominates in the UK and an energy regime where fossil fuel incumbents dominate, with a micro account of the strategies of alliance-building and counter-pressure that resulted in the implementation of supply-side policies in the UK.

Demand- Versus Supply-Side Policies in Market Penetration of Biosimilars: Which is More Effective?

To evaluate the impact of demand- and supply-side policies on the biosimilar market penetration and identify effective strategies for promoting biosimilar uptake in eight high-income countries. We analyzed biosimilar market penetration for infliximab, rituximab, and trastuzumab in six European countries-France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the UK-and two Asian countries-Japan and South Korea. Biosimilar market penetration was measured using two indicators: biosimilar market share and the time required for biosimilars to reach the majority point (>50% market share). Policies were categorized into demand- and supply-side measures, and weights were applied to reflect the extent and timing of policy implementation. Spearman correlation examined the relationship between policy implementation and biosimilar market penetration. Sweden, Italy, and the UK showed the highest biosimilar market shares, adopting various demand-side policies, while Japan and South Korea exhibited slower biosimilar adoption with fewer or no demand-side policies. Biosimilars in most European countries reached the majority point within 5-6 quarters, while projections for Japan and South Korea exceeded 30 quarters. Correlation analysis revealed that adoption of demand-side policies was significantly associated with higher market share (rs=0.69, p<0.001) and shorter time to reach the majority point (rs=-0.62, p<0.01). In contrast, supply-side policies showed a weaker and less consistent association. Demand-side policies, such as financial incentives and prescribing guidelines, are significantly associated with rapid and widespread biosimilar adoption, while supply-side policies had limited impact. Policymakers should prioritize demand-side measures to improve biosimilar uptake and reduce healthcare expenditures effectively.

Rice Production in Madagascar

The Malagasy government aims for self-sufficiency in rice production by 2027, targeting 6 million tons in 2024 and 11 million tons by 2030. Despite recent production increases, challenges such as competition from cheaper imports, low productivity, and climate change persist. This paper analyzes the impact of import competition on local markets, utilizing historical data on tariffs and VAT. It assesses potential rice output under various scenarios and discusses strategies for enhancing productivity sustainably. Findings indicate significant room for improvement in rice yields, highlighting the need for targeted supply-side policies to bolster local production without adversely affecting prices.

Validity of the Phillips Curve in Türkiye: Wavelet Transform Coherence (WTC) Analysis

Inflation and unemployment, which play a crucial role in ensuring economic stability, have a complex relationship with each other. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the validity of the Phillips curve in Türkiye by using the variables of general unemployment rate, male unemployment rate, female unemployment rate, Consumer Price Index (CPI), CPI measured by prices of goods and CPI measured by prices of services sector covering the period 2005:1-2024:8. In the analysis part of the study, the stationarity of the variables is tested with the Fractional Frequency Fourier ADF (FFFADF) unit root test. The validity of the Phillips curve between CPI variables and unemployment variables is analyzed separately by Wavelet Transform Coherence (WTC) analysis. When the results of the analysis are analyzed in general, it is concluded that the Phillips curve is not valid in the Turkish economy. Based on the findings, policymakers in the Turkish economy should focus on supply-side policies such as tax cuts and incentives for technological innovations and structural reforms such as increasing the flexibility of the labor market and organizing vocational training programs.

The Impact of Policy Quantification on Rural Spatial Development in Suburbs: A Case Study of Dalian’s Main Urban Area

Under China’s rural revitalization strategy, peri-urban villages function as pivotal nodes in urban–rural integration. Existing policy research predominantly emphasizes macro-level land and industrial policies, neglecting their spatial development effects on peri-urban villages. This study addresses the gap by constructing a policy quantification framework and employing a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model to analyze policy impacts on rural spatial development, focusing on peri-urban villages in Dalian’s main districts from 2004 to 2023. The results indicate a fluctuating yet upward trend in policy effectiveness. Initial supply-side policies prioritized infrastructure development, whereas subsequent demand-side policies significantly enhanced living conditions, underscoring the necessity of adaptive policy strategies. The rural revitalization construction index exhibited notable spatial heterogeneity, evolving from clusters near industrial zones to expansion into areas like the Jinzhou District, aligned with urban growth patterns. Granger causality analysis confirmed the strong influence of policy interventions, with the first-order lag VAR model offering reliable predictions of short- and long-term policy effects. Initially, the construction index was entirely self-driven (100%), but its reliance on self-influence waned to 69.8% over time, highlighting a transition toward greater policy-driven development.

The China Programme: Policy Supply Characteristics for the Sustainable Promotion of Adolescent Physical Health

Adolescent Physical Health is crucial for personal growth, family well-being, and the future of the nation, serving as an engine for healthier, sustainable social transformation. In recent years, the continuing decline in Adolescent Physical Health has become a global problem, with adolescents in various countries and regions facing different physical issues and challenges. The aim of this study is to explore the content structure, supply characteristics, and potential problems of current policies using a sample of Chinese Adolescent Physical Health policy documents in order to provide policy optimization recommendations for the promotion of Adolescent Physical Health, both in China and worldwide. Taking 33 Adolescent Physical Health policies enacted at the national level in China from 1979 to 2023 as a research sample, an analytical framework based on the three dimensions of policy tools, facilitating elements, and policy strength was constructed. Using the content analysis method, the policy texts were individually coded in order to analyze the content structure and supply characteristics of China’s Adolescent Physical Health policy, allowing research conclusions to be drawn and policy recommendations to be put forward. Through quantitative statistical analyses, we found that Chinese Adolescent Physical Health policies tend to use supply- and environment-side policy tools, while demand-side policy tools are less frequently used, leading to problems such as an over-reliance on supply-side policy tools and under-use of demand-side policy tools. Physical education teaching is dominant in the facilitating elements dimension, with an overall discrete distribution of characteristics. The types of policies are mainly notices, with a lack of strong normative documents such as laws, regulations, and statutes; therefore, the overall policy strength is weak. Accordingly, it is recommended that the top-level design of policy for Adolescent Physical Health promotion be continuously optimized in three key areas: enhancing the internal structure of policy instruments, improving the distribution of facilitating elements and policy tools, and strengthening the implementation of policies.

Closing the digital divide in education: an innovative review of demand and supply side policies in four ASEAN member states

Closing the digital divide in education: an innovative review of demand and supply side policies in four ASEAN member states

Predicting the influence of extreme temperatures on grain production in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plains using a spatially-aware deep learning model.

Grain crops are vulnerable to anthropogenic climate change and extreme temperature events. Despite this, previous studies have often neglected the impact of the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme temperature events on regional grain outputs. This research focuses on the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plains and aims to address this gap as well as to provide a renewed projection of climate-induced grain production variability for the rest of the century. The proposed model performs significantly superior to the benchmark multilinear grain production model. By 2100, grain production in the MLYP is projected to decrease by over 100 tons for the low-radiative-forcing/sustainable development scenario (SSP126) and the medium-radiative-forcing scenario (SSP245), and about 270 tons for the high-radiative-forcing/fossil-fueled development scenario (SSP585). Grain production may experience less decline than previously projected by studies using Representative Concentration Pathways. This difference is likely due to a decrease in coldwave frequency, which can offset the effects of more frequent heatwaves on grain production, combined with alterations in supply-side policies. Notably, the frequency of encoded heatwaves and coldwaves has a stronger impact on grain production compared to precipitation and labor indicators; higher levels of projected heatwaves frequency correspond with increased output variability over time. This study emphasizes the need for developing crop-specific mitigation/adaptation strategies against heat and cold stress amidst global warming.

Cannabis and Alcohol: Will Cannabis Users Use More Alcohol and How Legalization of Cannabis Affect This Trend?

Health and Social risks related to marijuana and alcohol are a serious problem in the United States. This research tried to introduce OLS regression in order to figure out the correlation between use of alcohol and cannabis, and the trend before and after legalization of cannabis, which is a factor that has not been researched in previous literature of alcohol, while a lot of controls were added to the model. It finds out that there is higher likelihood for marijuana users to co-use alcohol, but people tend to consume less alcohol if marijuana is legal. This may be because of the booster effect of cannabis on alcohol. These results might be a sign for future policymakers to implement more demand-side policies to reduce potential cannabis and alcohol addiction risks, as supply-side policies such as legalization might work in the opposite direction. For example, higher taxation on cannabis and alcohol might help.

Global strategies for disruptive technology protection and regulation: evidence from policy textual analysis

ABSTRACT Disruptive technology (DT) has the power to reshape markets and societal structures, necessitating both protection and regulation. This paper aims to examine DT protection and regulation strategies at both micro and macro levels through policy texts. We construct an analysis framework integrating Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles, innovation theory, and DT growth process. Key measures are extracted by content analysis, and dynamic topic model is used to discover evolving policy focuses. The framework is applied to analyze DT policy files of major powers. The results indicate that supply-side policy tools are employed to promote sustainable development in DT innovation, while environmental tools are utilised for early governance to preempt potential risks and innovation damage. The focuses of DT policies exhibit three evolution trends: attenuation, reinforcement, and fluctuation. Protective policies show concentration and coherence, while regulatory policies demonstrate integration and correlation. This study broadens existing perspectives and analytical frameworks, providing valuable insights for DT development and governance.

Multiplier effect on reducing carbon emissions of joint demand and supply side measures in the hydrogen market

Hydrogen energy is critical in replacing fossil fuels and achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050. Three measures can be implemented to promote hydrogen energy: reduce the cost of low-carbon hydrogen through technological improvements, increase the production capacity of low-carbon hydrogen by stimulating investment, and enhance hydrogen use as an energy carrier and in industrial processes by demand-side policies. This article examines how effective these measures are, if successfully implemented, in boosting the hydrogen market and reducing global economy-wide carbon emissions using a global computable general equilibrium model. The results show that all the measures increase the production and use of low-carbon hydrogen, whether implemented alone or jointly. Notably, the emissions reduced by joint implementation of all the measures in 2050 become 2.5 times the sum of emissions reduced by individual implementation, indicating a considerable multiplier effect. This suggests supply and demand side policies be implemented jointly to maximize their impact on reducing emissions.

Do income tax incentives for job creation targeting young workers in SMEs stimulate employment? Evidence from South Korea

Do income tax incentives for job creation targeting young workers in SMEs stimulate employment? Evidence from South Korea

Escaping poverty: changing characteristics of China’s rural poverty reduction policy and future trends

Eliminating poverty is a shared aspiration of people worldwide. This article analyzes 762 rural poverty-related texts promulgated and implemented by the Chinese Government since 1984 using content analysis based on a three-dimensional framework encompassing the time of policy issuance, policy goals, and types of policy instruments. The study outlines the overall landscape and evolutionary context of the policy system. The results show that, during absolute poverty governance, China’s rural poverty governance can be broadly divided into three stages: regional development-oriented poverty alleviation, comprehensive poverty alleviation, and targeted poverty alleviation. Based on the production-oriented welfare model, economic development became the primary goal of poverty alleviation policies, while insufficient attention was given to service support and capacity-building goals. The alleviation of poverty mainly relied on the propulsive force generated by supply-side policy instruments led by the Government and the external driving force generated by environmental policy instruments, with a significant deficiency in the propulsive force produced by demand-side policy instruments. Entering the phase of relative poverty governance, optimizing poverty governance policy instruments requires breaking free from path dependence, following the evolutionary pattern of poverty governance. It involves ensuring that policy instruments support economic development while emphasizing addressing service support and capacity-building goals. It is crucial to increase the frequency of using demand-side policy instruments, stimulate their pulling force on poverty alleviation, and achieve a trend of evolutionary innovation and the collaborative governance of policy instruments.

Does a GP service package matter in addressing the absence of health management by the occupational population? A modelling study.

To assess the influence of supply and demand factors on the contract behavior of occupational populations with general practitioner (GP) teams. We employed a system dynamics approach to assess and predict the effect of the general practitioner service package (GPSP) and complementary incentive policies on the contract rate for 2015-2030. First, the GPSP is designed to address the unique needs of occupational populations, enhancing the attractiveness of GP contracting services, including three personalized service contents tailored to demand-side considerations: work-related disease prevention (WDP), health education & counseling (HEC), and health-care service (HCS). Second, the complementary incentive policies on the supply-side included income incentives (II), job title promotion (JTP), and education & training (ET). Considering the team collaboration, the income distribution ratio (IDR) was also incorporated into supply-side factors. The contract rate is predicted to increase to 57.8% by 2030 after the GPSP intervention, representing a 15.4% increase on the non-intervention scenario. WDP and HEC have a slightly higher (by 2%) impact on the contract rate than that from HCS. Regarding the supply-side policies, II have a more significant impact on the contract rate than JTP and ET by 3-5%. The maximum predicted contract rate of 75.2% is expected by 2030 when the IDR is 0.5, i.e., the GP receives 50% of the contract income and other members share 50%. The GP service package favorably increased the contract rate among occupational population, particularly after integrating the incentive policies. Specifically, for a given demand level, the targeted content of the package enhanced the attractiveness of contract services. On the supply side, the incentive policies boost GPs' motivation, and the income distribution motivated other team members.

Monetary policy implications of the new fiscal regime in Nigeria: A simulation study

Monetary policy implications of the new fiscal regime in Nigeria: A simulation study

Unleashing potential: Model-based reform benchmarking for EU Member States

Unleashing potential: Model-based reform benchmarking for EU Member States

Mitigating environmental impacts of food consumption in the European Union: Is the power truly on our plates?

Mitigating environmental impacts of food consumption in the European Union: Is the power truly on our plates?

Impacts of demand and supply-side interventions on South Korea’s housing markets: a dynamic housing-CGE analysis

This paper examines the impacts of housing market policies in Korea by developing a dynamic computable general equilibrium model integrating regional housing markets and multiregional mobility. We compare simulation outcomes of demand- and/or supply-side approaches in housing market interventions and address how these various policy instruments affect housing prices, demand, and household welfare. Policy simulation results suggest that supply-based interventions would be more effective than housing tax policies for cooling down overheated housing markets without decreasing consumer welfare. Tax-based demand-side approaches result in a 1.8–2.2% housing price drop and a 1.1–1.2% welfare decline annually between 2021 and 2024. In the supply-side policy, investing in housing construction leads to 3.4–4.1% lower housing prices and 1.5–1.8% enhanced welfare.

Introduction: What next for supply-side policy?

Introduction: What next for supply-side policy?

Understanding supply-side climate policies: towards an interdisciplinary framework

Once marginal in climate governance, supply-side policies which seek to restrict the production of climate warming fossil fuels are now gaining greater prominence. From national level bans and phase out policies to divestment campaigns and the creation of ‘climate clubs’ such as the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance, an increasing number of such policies are being adopted by governments, cities and financial actors around the world. But why would states voluntarily relinquish potentially profitable reserves of fossil fuels? How can we account for the rise of supply-side policies, the form they take and the sites in which they are being adopted? What conditions and contexts are most conducive to the adoption and sustainability of ‘first mover’ bans and phase out policies? This paper seeks to build an interdisciplinary account fusing insights from diverse theoretical traditions from international political economy, political science, sociology and the literature on socio-technical transitions in order to capture the interaction of political, economic and socio-cultural drivers in national and international settings which can provide the basis of a more integrated and multi-dimensional understanding of supply-side policies. Such an account, we suggest, helps to understand the origins and evolution of supply-side policies and, more critically, the conditions which might enable the expansion of supply-side climate policies to new sites.