Supply In Iran Research Articles

Linking health-related quality of life to labor supply: a study of nurses in Western Iran

BackgroundUnderstanding the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and labor supply is essential for developing effective policies to improve nurses’ working conditions. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate the HRQoL of nurses and explore how HRQoL influences their labor supply.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 577 nurses working in seven public hospitals in Kermanshah city through multistage sampling. Data collection was conducted using a two-part self-administered questionnaire from September 20 to November 15, 2024. The first section aimed to gather information on nurses’ labor supply and included 22 items related to sociodemographic, economic, and non-economic factors. The second section comprised the EuroQoL 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) with a five-level scoring system and the EuroQoL visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). A multiple linear regression model was employed to explore the association between HRQoL scores and nurses’ labor supply among the study participants.ResultsThe study found that the average weekly working hours for nurses across all medical centers were 47.9 h, while the average at the main hospital was 45.9 h. The mean health-related quality of life (HRQoL) score among the nurses was 0.76 ± 0.23, and the average EQ-VAS score was 74.4 ± 18.9. Our study across the five dimensions of the EQ-5D-5 L indicated that the percentages of nurses reporting no problems were 78.2% for mobility, 97.1% for self-care, 81.3% for usual activities, 47.5% for pain/discomfort, and 37.4% for anxiety/depression. The analysis revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between HRQoL and the labor supply of nurses, indicated by a HRQoL score coefficient of 3.692 (p = 0.046), although this significance is marginally close to the threshold. Additionally, the EQ-VAS score demonstrated a positive association, nearing significance at the 10% level, with a coefficient of 4.095 (p = 0.060). These findings suggest that a higher HRQoL is associated with an increased labor supply among nurses.ConclusionThe study highlights the positive relationship between HRQoL and nurses’ labor supply in Iran. Understanding this relationship is essential for developing effective strategies that can help mitigate nursing shortages and improve working conditions for nursing professionals.

Drivers of Credit Supply in Iran's Agriculture: Symmetric or Asymmetric Relationship?

Agriculture, one of the most important sectors of the Iranian economy that plays a vital role in providing food security and job opportunities, has always been faced with a lack of financial and credit resources. Therefore, identifying the drivers of credit supply to this sector is of great importance. The main objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting Agriculture Bank (Bank Keshavarzi of Iran) credit supply as the main source for financing agricultural activities, in Iran. In this regard, provincial panel data for period 2007-2020 and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model, which distinguishes this research from those of previous years, have been used. The results indicate the asymmetric effect of all independent variables on credit supply of Agricultural Bank or the superiority of non-linear model in explaining the relationship between variables. For example, the positive shock on the value of bank assets with coefficient of 0.18 and its negative shock with coefficient of -0.05 will affect the growth of credit supply in the long run. Based on research findings and in order to increase credit supply, it is recommended that Agricultural Bank put the control of non-current receivable more effectively (especially through careful evaluation of borrowers' eligibility) in its policy priorities and, therefore, reduce credit risk and perform more effective services in financing of agricultural sector. In addition, an increase in the bank's assets through investment in modern information and communication technologies is strongly recommended.

Nursing labor supply in Iran: a survey in Shiraz public hospitals in 2022

Background The labor supply of nurses, as one of the main healthcare workers, is an important issue in health human resources planning in all health systems. Finding the factors affecting it, could help policymakers to solve the shortage of nursing work supply. The present study aimed to investigating the quantity and factors affecting the nurses' labor supply in Iran.MethodIn this cross-sectional study, a sample of 598 nurses working in public hospitals of Shiraz (Iran) were selected via proportionate stratified random sampling method. The required data was collected using a structured questionnaire which asked working hours and other related factors. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression were performed using STATA 15. The multivariate labor supply model was estimated separately for married and single nurses. ResultsThe average weekly working hours of nurses was 54.65 h in all medical centers and 50.28 h in the main hospital. The regression results showed that the labor supply of nurses with work experience (β = − 0.368, P = 0.014), satisfaction with work shift arrangement (β = − 2.473, P = 0.001), income between 60-89 million rial (β = − 14.046, P = 0.002), income between 90-119 million rial(β = − 12.073, P = 0.012), and working in the emergency department (β = − 5.043, P = 0.017) had negative and significant relationship; But there was a positive and significant relationship with satisfaction of the work environment (β = 1.86, P = 0.011), workload at work (β = 1.951, P = 0.023) and employment status (contractual employees) (β = 4.704, P = 0.004).ConclusionThe labor supply function of nurses is affected by demographic, economic and non-economic factors. The most contributing factors were related to non-economic variables. It seems that the non-financial cost and benefits related to the job as well as internal factors have more important role on the nurses' labor supply.

Long-Term Water Quality Monitoring: Using Satellite Images for Temporal and Spatial Monitoring of Thermal Pollution in Water Resources

Thermal pollution reduces water quality through any process that leads to a change in the water’s ambient temperature. Karun is one of the most relevant sources of water supply in Iran, and its pollution, created by industrial, urban, and agricultural issues, has been one of the most critical challenges throughout the last few years. As the water temperature rises, the amount of dissolved oxygen in it decreases, thereby affecting the entire ecosystem associated with it. Drainage of urban and industrial runoff into surface water sources can increase the water temperature. Dams also constitute a significant part, modifying spatial patterns of temperature along river routes and causing thermal contamination. In this paper, the thermal pollution of the Karun River was assessed, and regions along this river with unusually raised water temperatures were identified and compared over 20 years. By analyzing the results, it can be found that the thermal pollution from dams has a significant impact on the downstream river environment and ecology that is considerably relevant during summer periods, showing average decreases of 3 degrees Celsius immediately beyond the dams’ locations (from 41 degrees Celsius upstream dams to 38 degrees Celsius beyond them) or even bigger (reductions of 13 degrees Celsius in one of the studied dams). Hence, our results showed that water temperature is colder downstream in the hot seasons of the year than upstream of the dams. The results suggest that the usage of remote sensing data effectively could complement collected data from ground-based sensors to estimate water temperature and to identify pollution areas. It provides experts with spatially extensive and highly synchronized data.

Water quantity–quality assessment in the transboundary river basin under climate change: a case study

Abstract This study combined hydrological and water quality simulation models with a water resources planning model to project future water supply conditions under the dam construction in the Harirud River, located at the Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and the Iran border. The sustainability requirements and possible conflicts among riparian countries were assessed under climate change and future development in Afghanistan's upstream. The water quantity and quality of the Doosti Dam Basin on the Harirud River were investigated based on a contemporary time (1955–2015) to predict the future condition (2020–2099). The representative concentration pathway scenarios were applied based on five bias-corrected climate models. Results showed that most areas of the study area experienced an increase in temperature (1.5–3.8°C) and a decrease in precipitation (19–24%). The Doosti Dam inflow decreased by about 70% after the Salma Dam construction, and the reliability and sustainability of agricultural water supply in Iran and Turkmenistan will reduce to less than 3% under the representative concentration pathways 8.5 climate change scenario. The results show that the Doosti Dam is not a reliable source to supply the domestic water demand of Mashhad, the second most important city in Iran.

The socioeconomic impact of severe droughts on agricultural lands over different provinces of Iran

The socioeconomic impact of severe droughts on agricultural lands over different provinces of Iran

An integrated, socially equitable design for sustainable water and energy supply in Iran

An integrated, socially equitable design for sustainable water and energy supply in Iran

An application of analytic network process model in supporting decision making to address pharmaceutical shortage

BackgroundThe present study aimed to develop an Analytic Network Process (ANP) model to assist policymakers in identifying and prioritizing allocation indicators, which are being used or should be used to distribute drugs in short supply among different provinces.MethodsThe model encompasses the interactions between various indicators and efficiency, equity, and effectiveness paradigms. Accordingly, a set of clusters and elements, which were associated with the allocation of drugs in short supply in Iran’s pharmaceutical system, were detected to develop the model and were then compared in pairs in terms of a specified factor to show the priorities.ResultsEquity had the highest priority (0.459) following by Efficiency (0.37), and Effectiveness (0.171). The 4 most important allocation indicator were “number of prescriptions” (0.26) and “total bed occupancy rate” (0.19) related to equity, “total population” (0.21) in efficiency and “the burden of rare and incurable disease” (0.07) in effectiveness paradigm.ConclusionsThe capability to overcome inefficient resource allocation patterns caused by both oversupply and undersupply derived from historic resource allocation may be highly limited in the absence of the need indicators. The quality of the decision is related to a careful balancing act of the three paradigms which represents roughly the triple aim of public healthcare systems: clinical improvement (effectiveness), population health improvement (equity and access), and reducing cost (economic aspects -efficiency).

Self-optimizer data-mining method for aquifer level prediction

Abstract Groundwater management requires accurate methods for simulating and predicting groundwater processes. Data-based methods can be applied to serve this purpose. Support vector regression (SVR) is a novel and powerful data-based method for predicting time series. This study proposes the genetic algorithm (GA)–SVR hybrid algorithm that combines the GA for parameter calibration and the SVR method for the simulation and prediction of groundwater levels. The GA–SVR algorithm is applied to three observation wells in the Karaj plain aquifer, a strategic water source for municipal water supply in Iran. The GA–SVR's groundwater-level predictions were compared to those from genetic programming (GP). Results show that the randomized approach of GA–SVR prediction yields R2 values ranging between 0.88 and 0.995, and root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging between 0.13 and 0.258 m, which indicates better groundwater-level predictive skill of GA-SVR compared to GP, whose R2 and RMSE values range between 0.48–0.91 and 0.15–0.44 m, respectively.

A Study on Causal Relationship Between Sugar Beet Supply and Sugar Price - Sustainability Issues and Opportunities

Sugar Beet is one of the essential sources of energy. However, most of the division in Iran supply sugar beet through domestic production. The present study is going to investigate the causal relationship between sugar beet supply and sugar price in Iran between the year 1995 to 2016. By Applying the Johansen-Juselius cointegration method along with Granger causality test. Besides, this research going to analyse the causal relationship between sugar beet supply and sugar price by considering the sustainability issues and opportunities. However, The result of the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test shows that there is a positive long-term co-integration relationship between variables. Although According to the GC test, there is a causal relationship between sugar beet supply and sugar price. Also result of the vector error correction model represents that sugar price has a significant impact on sugar beet supply which indicates that every increase and decrease in sugar price reflect on sugar beet production. Therefore, the necessity of an appropriate policy-making and proper planning for sugar beet production has been bolded.

Estimate General Practitioners Active Supply in Iran: Capture-Recapture Method for Three Data Sources

Background:Accurate estimation of active general practitioners (GPs) is a concern for health authorities to estimate requirements. This study aimed to accurately estimate GPs active supply in Iran using three sources capture-recapture (CRC) method.Methods:This cross-sectional study collected data during 2015–2016, targeting all GPs registered in three independent data sources; a national survey from all hospitals, database of human resource management office at health ministry and physicians’ offices databank. Variables including medical council codes, GP names, surnames and national ID codes were used for data linkage among the three sources. Three sources CRC method was applied using log-linear models to estimate the total number of active GPs in STATA software.Results:Overall, 27,048 GPs were identified after removing the duplicate records. Based on CRC three sources data, the total number of GPs were 53,630 in 2015–2016. Distribution of GPs per 1,000 population among the provinces indicates that provinces of Kohgiluyeh & Boyer Ahmad, Mazandaran, Golestan and Yazd with ratios of 1.28, 1.28, 1.21 and 1.17 physicians rank the highest proportion of GPs and the provinces of Sistan & Baluchestan, Ilam, Zanjan, Alborz, North Khorasan with corresponding ratios of 0.24, 0.40, 0.40, 0.43 and 0.45 GPs ranked the lowest.Conclusion:CRC method is known to be the best and rapidest method to estimate active GP due to its compatibility for the current situation of databanks in Iran. Therefore, this method is a good application in human resource distribution and planning.

Using geostatistical and deterministic modelling to identify spatial variability of groundwater quality

The main portion of water demands of arid regions like Kashan Plain, Iran supply by groundwater wells. This research was conducted to assess the groundwater quality as well as modelling and mapping groundwater quality in the study area using geosatistics and deterministic techniques. Five water quality parameters, including Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids and pH, were applied to determine the irrigation and drinking water quality index using the Wilcox diagram and WHO standards. The final map indicated that the groundwater quality increased from north to south of the study area. The areas located in the centre, south and eastern south of the study area had the optimum quality for irrigation and drinking purposes. Furthermore, based on the results of zoning using the Wilcox diagram determined that ground water quality of the study area 22%, 42% and 36% were good, medium and non-suitable, respectively

Factors associated with intention of hookah and tobacco supply in Iran: Application of the theory of planned behavior

ABSTRACTAim: Planning to reduce the production and supply of hookah and tobacco can be a positive step toward reducing the use of hookahs and tobacco in the community. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the predictive factors for the supply of hookah and tobacco among handlers of public places and food centers based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 351 public and food service handlers in 2017 in Arak, selected by stratified random sampling. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire including TPB constructs and demographic variables. Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 using independent t test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression.Results: The intention to reduce the supply of hookah among public and food centers handlers was evaluated at undesirable levels. The results showed that the Subjective norms (β = 0.432) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.392) were the most important predictors of the intention to reduce the supply of hookah and tobacco.Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of the TPB in predicting the intention to supply the hookahs and tobacco, the use of these findings in planning the educational interventions is recommended among public and food centers handlers.

Cash transfers and labor supply: Evidence from a large-scale program in Iran

Cash transfers and labor supply: Evidence from a large-scale program in Iran

Sustainable electricity generation mix for Iran: A fuzzy analytic network process approach

Sustainable electricity generation mix for Iran: A fuzzy analytic network process approach

Occurrence of Laminosioptes cysticola mite in broiler poultry and proposed solutions to prevent infestation

Native poultry is among the most important sources of meat and protein supply in Iran that has long been bred in various regions. Internal and external parasites are the main reasons for their reduced growth and production. Laminosioptes cysticola is a cystic mite that is mostly found in the subcutaneous layer and surface of muscles of several birds. It can rarely cause lesions in other organs such as abdomen, lungs and peritoneum. The life cycle of L. cysticola has not been known completely yet, but after hatchery, the whole life cycle would be passed in the subcutaneous layer or on muscles. In the present study, 400 pieces of native chicken in the north Sistan-Baluchestan and Kerman provinces are monitored over 3years for infestation with L. cysticola mites and its prevalence is determined (2.75%). Considering the infestation with this parasite in the southeast of the country (and probably in the remaining poultry), spraying and disinfection of chicken runs are recommended. This is the first report on the prevalence of this parasite in Iran.

Estimation of Oncologists’ Active Supply in Iran: Three Sources Capture-Recapture Method

Estimation of Oncologists’ Active Supply in Iran: Three Sources Capture-Recapture Method

Estimation of Oncologists’ Active Supply in Iran: Three Sources Capture-Recapture Method

Background: Cancer is the third cause of death in Iran. Oncologists play a key role in declining the mortality rate of cancer. Objectives: This study aims to accurately estimate oncologists’ active supply by using 3 sources of capture-recapture (CRC) in Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in 2015 targeting all oncologists in Iran registered in 3 independent sources, a hospitals national survey (213), database of Iran ministry of health and medical education (180), and the database of continuing medical education (173) were used to identify number of oncologists that were active. Duplicate records between the 3 sources were identified and removed using the Microsoft Office Access software. Medical council codes, names, surnames, as well as national ID codes were used for data linkage between the 3 sources. Results: After removing the duplicate records, a total of 314 oncologists were identified. Based on the selected model, it was estimated that the total number of oncologists were 533 in 2015. They included 325 adult hematologist-oncologists, followed by 88 pediatric oncologists, 47 surgical oncologists, 20 gynecologic oncologists, and 18 urologic oncologists. The estimated ratios for oncologist to population and oncologist to patients suffering from cancer were 0.67 and 1.34 per 100,000, respectively. Completeness of data for all 3 data sources after removing duplicates was 59.13%. Conclusions: This study highlighted the shortage of oncologists in Iran and showed that the quality of Iran specialists’ registration databases needs improvement.

Qanat, a technique appropriate for extracting water from hard rock terrains: the case study of Bilvar district, Kurdistan, Iran

The qanat system is one of the most balanced water recovery methods. The qanat has been a traditional method of water supply in Iran. In arid regions, qanats were invented to deal with water shortages, while, water supply were considered using springs and wells. Qanats have been effective for nearly 3000 years and are still being used as one of the main ways of procuring water for irrigation and agricultural activities. The current study aims to investigate qanats at the Kurdistan Province, Iran. The qanats were dug on a fault zone so that have formed the low rate but the permanent aquifers. Observations indicated this method is applicable for villages by maximum 1,000 persons' population. In addition, this system can meet the need of water in all seasons of the year.

Cash Transfers and Labor Supply: Evidence from a Large-Scale Program in Iran

We study the impact of a nation-wide unconditional cash transfer program on labor supply in Iran. In 2011 the government started monthly deposits of cash into individual family accounts amounting to 29% of the median household income. We use panel data and fixed effects to study the causal effect of the cash transfers on labor supply using the exogenous variation in the intensity of treatment, which we define as the value of cash transfers relative to household income in the year before transfers. We also use a difference-in-differences methodology that relies on exogenous variation in the time households first started receiving transfers. With the exception of youth, who have weak ties to the labor market, we find no evidence that cash transfers reduced labor supply, while service sector workers appear to have increased their hours of work, perhaps because some used transfers to expand their business.