Supply Failure Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of the Grafting Efficiency of Watermelon with a Grafting Machine

The rising age of the population in rural China and the labor intensity of grafting have resulted in a decrease in the number of grafters and a subsequent increase in their wages. Manual grafting can no longer satisfy the increasing demand for watermelon-grafted transplanting; thus, machine grafting will be an effective alternative. In order to accelerate the implementation of machine grafting in China, a comparative analysis between the automatic grafting machine (model 2TJGQ-800) and traditional hand grafting was conducted. The reliability and feasibility of machine grafting were evaluated through a comprehensive evaluation of the production capacity and grafting seedling quality. This study focuses on the grafting application of watermelon plug-tray seedlings. The scion and rootstock seeds were sown on 9 November 2022. Grafting experiments using an automatic grafting machine, skilled workers, and ordinary workers were conducted with the root-pruned one-cotyledon grafting method on 24 November 2022. The results showed that the machine grafting had a high uniformity and grafting speed. The grafting speed of the grafting machine was 774 plant·h−1 and 1.65–2.55-fold higher than the hand grafting. With training, workers can improve their grafting speed, but it will still be slower than machine grafting. In addition, there was no significant difference in the grafting survival rate between the machine grafting and hand grafting. However, using machine grafting, the success rate decreased from 100% to 90.07% and the rootstock regrowth rate increased from 18.44% to 72.69%. Incomplete rootstock cutting, clip supply failure, and grafting drop failure are the three main factors that result in machine grafting failure. In conclusion, the grafting machine has advantages in terms of grafting speed and uniformity. Upon improving the accuracy of the cutting mechanism and grafting success rate, it will be adopted by commercial nurseries.

Fuzzy fault tree analysis for loss of ship steering ability

Marine accidents have devastating effects on human life, the environment, and the economy. This study investigated the root causes of accidents resulting from the loss of a ship steering ability using Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA). Failure of the steering gear's hydraulic power, failure of the rudder, and failure of the steering gear's control are the three most common causes of loss of ship steering ability. Due to the difficulty in obtaining exact probabilities, the linguistic judgments of experts were used to determine the probabilities of each event's occurrence. The results showed that "steering gear hydraulic power failure" has the highest occurrence probability, followed by "rudder failure" and "steering gear control failure" in descending order. The occurrence probability of the top event, loss of steering ability, was calculated as 4.86E-02. An examination of the minimum cut set (MCS) identified "oil leaking through sealings to surrounding" as the most dangerous event. The MCS with the lowest occurrence probability was a combination of a main power supply failure and an emergency power supply failure. The findings of this study have made substantial theoretical and applied contributions to maritime safety, environmental protection, and the global economy.

Techno-economic assessment of grid and renewable powered electric vehicle charging stations in India using a modified metaheuristic technique

Renewable energy technologies have left an indelible impression on the global electrical market by supplying customers with uninterrupted electricity. Utilizing renewable energy sources to satisfy the load requirements of electric vehicle charging stations is one of the most significant areas of study in developing nations. This research investigates the technical and financial viability of grid and renewable-powered energy systems for an environmentally sustainable electric vehicle charging station in three distinct regions across India. The presented setup is subjected to an economic analysis for satisfying the charging requirement of the electric vehicle load. The system is designed in such a way that the power exchange takes place between the grid network and different components of the energy system. The assigned places are selected so that wind and solar prospects are contrary in these areas. The charging hours of electric vehicles are different in the specific sites. The optimal sizing of the system component is performed to minimize the levelized cost of electricity and total net present cost while keeping the probability of power supply failure within acceptable limits using a novel metaheuristic-based optimization algorithm i.e., modified salp swarm algorithm. The achievement of the designed system demonstrates that New Delhi has a lower total net present cost of $ 14853.63 and levelized cost of electricity of 0.0051 $/kWh. The optimum number of solar panels and wind turbines needed to meet the EV load demand in the New Delhi region is 120 with 325 W rated capacity and 310 with 650 W rated capacity. The optimal solution for the hybrid system consists of 64.5% wind energy, 33.5% solar energy and 1.94% grid purchase with annual electricity production is 5,91,117 kWh. Similarly, the optimum values of the total net present cost and levelized cost of electricity for the city of Ahmedabad are 222762.80 $ and 0.023 kWh, respectively. The total net present cost and levelized cost of electricity in the Madurai area are 37.44% and 8.17% higher than in the New Delhi region, respectively. The envisaged system could help to reduce the dependence on the overstrained grid, especially in developing nations.

Fault reconstruction method of high redundancy satellite power distribution unit

AbstractSatellite electrical power supply system requires higher redundancy and reliability. The failure of the secondary power supply of the power distribution unit will directly lead to the unavailability of the load. The matrix switch can connect multiple secondary power supplies to multiple loads to improve the fault tolerance of the distribution unit. As the number of redundant switches increases, the process of fault reconstruction becomes more complex. In this paper, a matrix switch fault reconstruction method based on 0–1 integer programming is proposed. This method can reconstruct the matrix switch for different fault modes to meet the electrical power supply and protection requirements of the load. Compared with the general fault countermeasure, this method has independent decision‐making ability, can be expanded by modifying a few parameters, and can be integrated into the management of the whole satellite power supply system. A 500‐W satellite power supply system experimental platform was built, and a matrix distribution switch unit prototype meeting the requirements of integration and low volume was manufactured. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the reconstruction strategy when dealing with multiple faults in different locations.

Guarantee Stability of Supply Chain with Dual Channels under Supply Failure of Goods

The supply chain is an extremely important and complex system, which is widely related to the social system and the management system. The hierarchical scheduling and production planning of a dynamic supply chain can enable enterprises in the supply chain to obtain, and maintain, stable and lasting competitive advantages; thus, improving the overall competitiveness of the supply chain. Simultaneously, research on supply chains is also a hotspot in system engineering. At present, research on complex supply chain systems with dual channels is insufficient, and analysis of dynamic supply chains with supply failure of goods is rare. In the epidemic era, dynamic supply chain management was affected by the epidemic and became a very challenging topic. The control of the supply chain system under the impact of an epidemic situation is particularly important. This paper focused on H∞ the fault-tolerant control of a complex supply chain system with dual channels. First, from the perspective of engineering practice and green production, we established a new green supply chain model. This supply chain model includes the dual-channel supply of goods and also considers the supply failure of goods. At the same time, production delay and supply delay are also considered in this model. Second, a supply scheduling scheme was designed through cybernetics to ensure the stability of a supply chain with dual channels under supply failure of goods, and we completed supply chain management. Finally, the effectiveness of our results was verified by specific Chinese enterprise data.

A mechanistic model of critical heat flux for pool boiling based on supply failure mechanisms depending on the contact angle

Experimental and theoretical analyses are conducted to develop a mechanistic model of critical heat flux (CHF) for application to pool boiling of fluids with contact angles between 0° and 180°. To accurately predict the CHF over the entire range of the contact angle, it is postulated that an unquenchable dry patch occurs when liquid fails to be supplied to the dry patch; A supply failure mechanism is classified into two different mechanisms depending on the wettability of the boiling surface. The first is an evaporation mechanism which is dominant for non-wetting surfaces. This type occurs when the liquid supply rate in the liquid film due to the capillary force becomes lower than the evaporation rate. The second mechanism is a levitation mechanism which is dominant for wetting surfaces. This type occurs when the surface temperature under the dry patch exceeds the Leidenfrost point. To check the validity of the postulate, experiments involving the pool boiling of water and FC-72 are conducted on a titanium surface, which is a non-wetting surface for water but a wetting surface for FC-72. In the experiments, the temperature and heat flux distributions on the boiling surface are measured using infrared thermography for a quantitative characterization of boiling at the CHF. Experimental analyses confirm the postulate by showing that the CHF occurs due to the evaporation mechanism for the pool boiling of water, whereas the levitation mechanism for the pool boiling of FC-72. It is also observed that a large area of liquid film exists for the pool boiling of water, whereas this liquid film hardly exists for the pool boiling of FC-72. This observation indicates that the change in the dominant mechanism is due to the dependence of the liquid film area on the wettability of the boiling surface. After validating the postulate, a CHF correlation is developed that reflects the change of the supply failure mechanism depending on the contact angle. The developed correlation shows a good match to the extensive sets of CHF data previously obtained by various investigators to within 20%.

Model-based simultaneous diagnosis of ammonia injection failure and catalyst ageing in [formula omitted] engine after-treatment systems

After-treatment systems (ATS) in vehicle powertrains are developed to achieve maximum pollutant abatement efficiency under design operating conditions. However, anomalies in the ATS may appear during real operation, such as reducing agent supply failure and catalyst ageing. As in the case of an ATS composed of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system plus an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC), injection failure leads to insufficient ammonia levels to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx), and ageing decreases the ammonia storage capacity and NOx conversion efficiency, these drawbacks drive both pollutants to levels above those expected and allowed by governmental regulations. To address this problem, a novel methodology was proposed that simultaneously estimates the operational state of the ATS in terms of ammonia injection failure and ASC catalyst ageing. The approach through control-oriented models based on an artificial neural network (ANN) and sensor signal analysis (SSA), as well as an extended Kalman filter (EKF) observer, compares the current emission levels estimated by the observer in a two-dimensional probabilistic plan and a variable time-window, with those expected if the ATS were operating under normal conditions. The proposed methodology was evaluated in real driving cycles with the ATS subjected to several undesired operating conditions. As a result, the model was able to accurately estimate the levels of ammonia injection failure and catalyst ageing state. Therefore, enabling the control system to modify the ammonia injection strategy to achieve desired levels of NOx and NH3 emissions.

Selection of the Technical Framework Contract to Avoid Supply Failures of Oil Country Tubular Goods

To meet the demands of Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) in PTEP, the company made a Long-Term Contract – Call Off Order (LTC-COO) with several OCTG manufacturers/suppliers in Indonesia. Since 2021, there have been two significant problems related to the supply of OCTG. First, two contractors in WA 6 could not fulfil the tubing demand totaling 10,581 joints with a value of USD 2,850,839. The second is four contracts LTC-COO at PTEP could not supply for 2022 needs, worth USD 28,579,436. The problems above are closely related to the price increase of global OCTG price. The proposed price increase could not be approved. As a result, contractors are unwilling to meet supply demand at the original contract price. Long Term Contracts are not fully effective if dealing with fluctuating material prices. The contract failed to supply the needs of OCTG as expected initially. In the end, six LTC-COO contracts had to be terminated early, with an unrealizable value of USD 33,982,587. The company is in critical because it does not have a contract to meet the OCTG demands. This study aims to find the best alternative to solve the OCTG supply failure problem. Several methods and analysis tools are used to simplify the study. BPMN, price, and risk analysis are used for business situation analysis. To determine the root cause using the Current Realty Tree method. Furthermore, for selecting the best alternative solutions using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the research that has been done, the best alternative solution to overcome OCTG supply failure in PTEP is using a Technical Framework Contract (TFC) as a contract model for providing OCTG. TFC has main advantages: it binds a minimum of two contractors in a technical aspect and has flexible prices following market prices. The price is formed when there is an OCTG request. With these advantages, the TFC OCTG contract will resist to supplier failure, price increases, and open other optimization opportunities in inventory management. The TFC contract is expected to be effective in overcoming OCTG supply failures.

An effective disaster recovery model in supply chain management at times of pandemic

An automated model representing communicating states for a given moment in actual time is theorized in an Automated Supply Chain Dual (SC). When handling instability threats in SCs, we look at the circumstances surrounding the architecture and deployment of the digital twins. Combining models with data-driven methods show interrelationships between data risk, modeling disturbances, and performance evaluation. Digital network networking maps are distinctly visually illustrated by the SC blow and modifications amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the after-event recovery method. The findings of this research complement SC risk management’s science and experience by enriching forecasting and corrective findings to exploit the merits of SC modeling, quantitative predictive data, and evidence of disruptions in real-time. The supply chains have been severely impacted by the recent coronavirus pandemic, known as the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to supply failure, demand for certain items has increased significantly, while raw materials supply required to produce those items has decreased; therefore, to address these issues, this paper proposes some strategies for improving service levels for the most sought-after products, such as toilet paper, during a severe pandemic, such as COVID-19.

Simulation based Analysis of Single Unit and Parallel Connected Three Phase AC Generator in QUEST Campus Larkana

Recently power crises are increasing day by day in Pakistan due to shortage of energy resources. The financial position of Pakistan is too weak and not in position to install new power projects for the production of electrical power to meet the demand as per requirement. So every consumer is trying to install the power producing devices to meet the demand inorder to run their institutional laboratories, offices, commercial plants and industrial machines. The generator is also one of the power producer device to meet the consumers demand to supply the electrical power to the load in absence of failure of power supply from utility company. A single large unit is very expensive to run the small loads and consume large amount of fuel, so parallel connection of two small generators is very beneficial to meet the demand as per requirement, result in cost saving, and less fuel consumption. QUEST Campus Larkana has installed two 50KVA generators in parallel to supply the required power to the load in absence of power supply to run their offices, workshops and laboratories, this minimize the cost, and increase the reliability of the system. The MATLAB simulation model is developed to analyze the performance of single unit generator and parallel connected generators.

Rancang Bangun Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) - Automatic Main Failure (AMF) Untuk Otomatisasi Genset Berbasis Mikrokontroller Menggunakan Metode Fault Tolerance

Often electronic equipment is damaged due to a sudden power outage. This often happens due to uncertain natural conditions, forcing PLN to carry out maintenance on its electricity distribution equipment. In addition, many electrical equipment can be damaged by sudden power outages. To be able to overcome this, people usually use generator to overcome supply failures manually. Based on this background, the author created an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) – Automatic Main Faillure (AMF) based on the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller which is applied to generators when there is a power outage. The ATS – AMF device is made using Relays, PZEM004T Voltage Sensors, magnetic contactors, Miniature Circuit Breakers, stepdown circuits, LCD TFT and STM32F103C8T6 as control systems. This system uses the Fault Tolerance method so that the system can continue to run even if there is damage to the main battery by adding a backup battery as a backup. The results of this study, the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) circuit found that the average time needed for the generator to start is 2.5 seconds and the time needed for the generator to produce a stable voltage is 5.7 seconds, thus this time is used as the author's reference in determining the right time to switch the load on the microcontroller so that the load is not damaged due to unstable generator voltage. Whereas in the Automatic Main Failure (AMF) it was found that the Stepdown circuit used to detect whether or not PLN electricity was very responsive because the stepdown circuit was installed in parallel at the PLN source and can be proven by the results in the Arduino application.

Design Approach For Ambu Bag Automation

The main objective of this paper is improve the system and the working of the ambu bag by automation with reliable cost. Existing ambu bag system is very efficient but it has certain drawbacks which made it not much helpful the emergency conditions like pandemic Covid-19. The existing ambu bag system which can provide medical assistance to patients. It creates difficulty when there is extreme need to provide the oxygen and the patients required to move from remote area for the better medical help. Where at the earlier system was made to prevent from failure in supply of the oxygen, low level of the oxygen reservoir, the pressure of the air, here the new system is based on salving the new problems arrived the maximum time it can take to move the patients, consistency in inflating the bag and widening if making advancement. Future work is needed to achieve the potential of this approach by developing policies, updating regulations, and securing funding mechanism for the development and testing for open source Ambu Bag Automation for both the current Covid- 19 pandemic as well as for the future pandemic, for all the emergency conditions & for everyday use in low- resource settings. A bag used to give rescue breaths for victims of cardiac arrest, used along with a face mask (bag and mask ventilation). It is an integral part of any emergency kit. Holger Hesse and Henning Ruben introduced the concept of bag-valve-mask (BVM) 1953. There is a unidirectional valve at the patient end of the BVM. When the rescuer initially attaches the bag with the mask over the face and nostril of the victim who has stopped breathing. The rescuer then squeezes the bag and air enters the lungs of the victim. The self-inflating bag fills up on releasing the squeezing effort. The unidirectional valve prevents sucking in of expired air when the bag inflates. An Ambu Bag is a device that is needed when a person can't breathe properly or they can't breathe on their own. Ambu Bags are very important for sufferers of COVID-19 & other breathing problems and existing ventilators in hospitals are very complex & are very expensive. The availability of existing ventilators is not sufficient to meet the demand when the patients in hospitals are more due to pandemic like situations and many countries will struggle to afford expensive conventional ventilators, and so many critically ill patients are dying because of lack of ventilator facility, so we need an alternative to meet the demand. In this paper we are going review methods to make an automatic ambu bag operating device with a simple mechanism and cost- effective.

ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ РОССИЙСКИХ ИМПОРТООРИЕНТИРОВАННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННЫХ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ

The economic sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation in February 2022 had a significant impact on the activities of import-oriented enterprises. The foreign economic activity of Russian entrepreneurship has suddenly become more complicated for all its participants. There were difficulties with payments in foreign currency, supply failures, problems in logistics, and as a result, an increase in costs. The concept of unfriendly countries has appeared, and as a result, the need to find new counterparties from among countries friendly to Russia. In the conditions of economic instability, the state has taken a number of measures aimed at supporting Russian entrepreneurs, which has contributed to the support of Russian business and provided it with new prospects for development. The article analyzes the foreign trade activity of Russia with the leading countries in terms of trade volumes. Topical issues of partial legalization of parallel imports in terms of its legal content and the results of its impact on small and medium-sized businesses are considered. The article also highlights the results of research conducted by the cloud service “MoySklad” and the company H&F. The author’s conclusions based on the results of the study are made. The state, represented by President Vladimir Putin and the Government of the Russian Federation, has developed a number of effective measures to support business, including not only the legalization of parallel imports and the growth of trade and economic relations with friendly countries.

Forecasting of garlic price based on DA-RNN using attention weight of temporal fusion transformers.

Garlic is a major condiment vegetable grown in South Korea. The price of garlic has a great impact on Korean society and the economy, which requires price stabilization through preemptive supply and demand management. Therefore, the government attempts to keep the price adjusted according to the predicted production cost. However, classic statistical models or well-known deep learning models have lower forecast accuracy when the number of input factors increases. The aforementioned issue could make analysis approaches and their implementation difficult, and the government would confront failure in proper supply and demand management. To solve this problem, we propose a new hybrid deep-learning approach that employs well-known attention models. Recent attention models have achieved outstanding performance in time-series dataset forecasting. However, when input datasets contain dozens or hundreds of variables, the forecasting performance cannot be guaranteed because the prediction accuracy decreases. In this study, a novel approach utilizing attention weights for forecasting prices is introduced. Experience shows that forecasting accuracy can be improved using the proposed model, which deals with different variables related to garlic prices, such as atmospheric conditions, logistics processes, and environmental circumstances. The proposed approach and its model contribute to forecasting outputs for different research domains by using a variety of attention weight models.

Water Resources and Water Services Infrastructure and Its Vulnerability to Extreme Events—The Case of Jordan

This study discussed the water sector as a critical infrastructural element in Jordan where the sector is exposed to the extreme events. The exposure of the country to extreme events has initiated this study. Such events are Pollution accidents, flooding, draughts, overexploitation, failure in electricity supply, climate changes, earthquakes, landslides, failure of dams, failure of wastewater treatment plants, failure of desalination plants, sabotage, fire, water theft, migration and demographic changes (immigration and urban migration), relations to neighboring countries, epidemics, and others. These extreme events are discussed in this article and the results show that failures in the water infrastructure and water supply, in Jordan, with its water sector situation have rigorous percussions on the country’s health, food supply, economy, societal stability, the built environment, and on other water-related issues. The study concludes that developing national programs to protect the water infrastructure in the water-fragile country has become very crucial to reach a robust and resilient water sector which not only means providing the inhabitants with quantitatively sufficient and qualitatively healthy water but also aims to incorporate guaranteeing social, economic and political stability.

Efficacy of in-situ simulation training using evaluation checklists for sudden oxygen supply failure during general anesthesia: A preliminary report.

Sudden oxygen supply failure (OSF) is a life-threatening consequence that may be triggered by natural disasters. Anesthesiologists are required to manage OSF promptly in such catastrophic situations. However, the current evidence regarding the efficacy of anesthesia training for sudden OSF is insufficient. This preliminary study aimed to introduce our in-situ simulation training utilizing evaluation checklists for a sudden OSF situation during general anesthesia and to evaluate the efficacy of the training program for anesthesia providers. This is a preliminary single-center, prospective study. We developed an OSF simulation scenario utilizing evaluation checklists with key actions to manage OSF. The training session comprised four components: orientation, benchmark evaluation (pre-test) according to the checklists, a short didactic lecture, and post-lecture evaluation (post-test). The scenario comprised two steps wherein the participants were supposed to utilize different oxygen supply sources immediately after OSF (Step 1) and minimize the amount of oxygen consumption (Step 2). Fifteen anesthesia providers were enrolled. The score for all anesthesia providers in the post-test was significantly higher than that in the pre-test (median 8 [IQR: 8, 8], 3 [IQR: 3, 4], P < 0.001, respectively). The successful performance rates of all anesthesia providers in one key action of all the four in Step 1 and four of all the six in Step 2 were significantly higher in the post-test than in the pre-test. Our in-situ training method utilizing evaluation checklists for a sudden OSF situation improved overall performance of anesthesia providers.

Extreme Value Analysis and Modelling of Wet Snow Accretion on Overhead Lines in Hungary

Wet snow events in Hungary can occasionally cause damage to overhead power lines and serious power supply failures. Return period calculation of such high snow mass events was determined upon a 50-year long data series available at 12 meteorological stations. Wet snow masses were estimated with a model of cylindrical accretion around wire of 3.1 cm diameter. Trends in the return periods and ice classes (according to the ISO 12494 standard) were assessed from division of the dataset into two periods (1965–1990 and 1991–2016). Ice classes in the range of R2 to R5 (mass of 0.7–6.1 kg m−1) were identified. The wet snow risk decreased in southern or central Hungary, while an increase was found in the western part of Hungary. Ice classes R6–R8 (up to 40 kg m−1) could occur in mountain areas of Hungary as indicated by numerical simulations in case studies. However, their return period is unknown due to the lack of long observation series.

Composition of the social urban water shortage vulnerability index (SUWSVI) applied to São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

Mining dams within urban areas are a technological risk because, in the event of an accident, theyaffect water security. For example, a sand mining dam accident caused an interruption in the watersupply in the downstream city of São José dos Campos. Thus, the social vulnerability of the populationthat suffered from a failure in the drinking water supply was evaluated. A water shortage indicator,the Social Urban Water Shortage Vulnerability Index – SUWSVI, was composed. Variables that bestreflect the socioeconomic condition were used: Average Income of Head of Household, Female Headof Household, and Children and Elderly Dependent Ratio. The sensitivity analysis considered the cityby geographic regions and zoning classes, considering infrastructure supply and lot size. The resultsshowed that although there are full water supply and sewerage infrastructure (99.6%), the access towater was unequal (39% of the population in the medium SUWSVI range).

An enhanced solution approach for multi-period discrete manufacturing product assembly inventory routing problem with supply failure risks and customer demand uncertainty

PurposeThis study primarily aims to develop and solve an enhanced optimisation model for an assembly product multi-period inbound inventory routing problem (IRP). The many-to-one (inbound) model considers the bill of materials (BOM), supply failure risks (SFR) and customer demand uncertainty. The secondary objective is to study the influence of potential time-dependent model variables on the overall supply network costs based on a full factorial design of experiments (DOE).Design/methodology/approachA five-step solution approach is proposed to derive the optimal inventory levels, best sourcing strategy and vehicle route plans for a multi-period discrete manufacturing product assembly IRP. The proposed approach considers an optimal risk mitigation strategy by considering less risk-prone suppliers to deliver the required components in a specific period. A mixed-integer linear programming formulation was solved to derive the optimal supply network costs.FindingsThe simulation results indicate that lower demand variation, lower component price and higher supply capacity can provide superior cost performance for an inbound supply network. The results also demonstrate that increasing supply capacity does not necessarily decrease product shortages. However, when demand variation is high, product shortages are reduced at the expense of the supply network cost.Research limitations/implicationsA two-echelon supply network for a single assembled discrete product with homogeneous vehicle fleet availability was considered in this study.Originality/valueThe proposed multi-period inbound IRP model considers realistic SFR, customer demand uncertainties and product assembly requirements based on a specific BOM. The mathematical model includes various practical aspects, such as supply capacity constraints, supplier management costs and target service-level requirements. A sensitivity analysis based on a full factorial DOE provides new insights that can aid practitioners in real-life decision-making.

A Review on Grid-connected Solar-Wind Hybrid System for Electrical Application

Recently, the smart grid has been paying more and more attention to renewable energy production and electric vehicles (EVs). In order to meet the electrical load demand in India, a grid-connected solar-wind hybrid system is presented in this study. The system also includes a charging station for electric vehicles. The proposed setup is subjected to an economic analysis in order to meet both the retail center's electrical load demand and the demand for EV charging. The cost of the energy that is purchased and then sold to the utility grid is taken into account while designing the suggested system, and the utility grid and other system components are guaranteed to exchange power. By utilising optimization techniques, the component is sized to achieve the lowest levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) while decreasing the probability of a power supply failure (LPSP). The efficient management of renewable energy generation and load needs is determined to be a key to designing a system that is both affordable and dependable. Particularly in poorer nations, the proposed approach would be useful in lessening reliance on the grid's heavy load.