Disruptive global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed critical vulnerabilities in the construction industry’s reliance on lean principles and Just-In-Time (JIT) methodologies. These disruptions, categorized as Black Swan Events (BSEs), challenged conventional supply chain management (SCM) and risk management (RM) strategies, resulting in delayed projects and increased costs. This paper explores how BSEs affect construction supply chains and evaluates the industry’s evolving response through RM and resilience-building strategies. A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review of the literature (2000–2024) synthesized evidence across SCM, RM, Lean Construction, JIT, and BSEs, triangulating 86 peer-reviewed studies with authoritative industry reports. The review reveals a lack of integrated research addressing these themes holistically for the construction sector. Key findings show that while JIT and lean approaches optimize efficiency, they fall short during high-impact, low-probability disruptions. Evidence indicates a selective shift toward Just-In-Case (JIC) practices; however, the extent and persistence of this transition vary by project context and merit further study. The study proposes a future research agenda emphasizing interdisciplinary models that integrate lean methods with resilience and anticipatory strategies. These insights aim to support construction firms in developing supply chains that are not only efficient but also adaptable and better prepared for future BSEs.

This study examines the supply chain flexibilities and collaboration strategies vis-a-vis the performance of fast food firms in South-South region of Nigeria. The study adopted an explanatory survey research design. The target population was all fast food firms in the South-South region of Nigeria (Kawai, 2022). The research population was 499 fast food firms in the South-South, Nigeria and 10,064 employees. Taro Yamane was used to determine a sample size of 385 staff in five departments in each of the firms sampled. A four-point Likert scale questionnaire was administered to senior level managers with the knowledge of supply-chain and logistics functions. Both descriptive and inferential analysis was done using SPSS to find out the influence of supply chain risk management strategies on performance of fast food firms in South-South, Nigeria (Nyang’au, 2017). The study established that both the supply chain flexibilities strategies and collaboration strategies have significant effect on performance of fast food firms (Nyang’au, 2017). It calls for the adoption of proactive strategies to deal with supply chain risks and vulnerabilities in a bid to secure and institute a responsive and effective supply chain systems. This study concludes that the most important Supply Chain Risk Management strategies on the performance of a fast food firm are flexibility strategies. The study recommends, among others, that fast food firms should adopt risk control strategies that allow collaboration with their supply chain members for their business as a matter of necessity, as this will help to protect them against risk.

The operational performance of Dangote Cement Plc, Obajana Plant, a flagship manufacturing hub in Nigeria’s cement industry, is critical for sustaining productivity, reliable deliveries, and cost efficiency in an increasingly volatile operating environment. Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM), conceptualised in this study through three core dimensions, Risk Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Mitigation strategies is central to cushioning the plant against high-impact disruptions in raw material sourcing, production, and outbound logistics. This study examined the effect of SCRM strategies on operational performance, measured through productivity, delivery reliability, and cost efficiency. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and 210 copies of questionnaires were distributed to supply chain and logistics staff, procurement and inventory officers, and production or operations supervisors using stratified proportionate allocation based on Bowley’s formula. A total of 156 copies of questionnaires were retrieved and found usable, yielding a response rate of 74.3%. Data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed that Risk Identification (β = 0.398, p = 0.000), Risk Assessment (β = 0.258, p = 0.002), and Risk Mitigation strategies (β = 0.289, p = 0.001) each exert a positive and statistically significant effect on operational performance, with the three constructs jointly explaining 76.1% of its variance (R² = 0.761). The findings demonstrated that robust SCRM capabilities substantially enhance productivity, strengthen delivery reliability, and improve cost efficiency at the Obajana Plant. The study recommends deeper institutionalisation of systematic risk identification, analytics-driven risk assessment, and proactive mitigation measures, supported by digital technologies and strategic supplier partnerships, to consolidate operational resilience in Nigeria’s cement manufacturing sector.

Manufacturing geographic diversification: A supply chain risk management strategy

This study aims to explore the key determinants of supply chain performance in the era of digitalization, with a particular focus on the Moroccan context. Despite increasing interest in supply chain optimization, limited empirical research exists on how digital transformation influences supply chain efficiency in emerging economies. This gap highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the relationship between technological advancements and logistics performance in regions such as Morocco. A qualitative approach was adopted to investigate this issue, based on semi-structured interviews with 30 supply chain professionals. The data collected were transcribed and analyzed using IRAMUTEQ software, which allowed for a textometric analysis including cluster identification, factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), and similarity analysis. The results reveal that digitalization, real-time monitoring, data analytics, and artificial intelligence significantly enhance supply chain agility, visibility, and operational efficiency. Other critical determinants identified include logistics optimization, inventory management, and customer satisfaction. The findings also underline the importance of supply chain coordination, risk management, and sustainability strategies in fostering resilience and long-term competitiveness. This study provides both theoretical and practical implications by offering new insights into the interplay between digital technologies and supply chain performance in a developing country context. It emphasizes the need for businesses to invest in digital tools and strengthen collaboration across supply chain partners to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving environment.

This bibliometric analysis investigates the research trend on supply chain risk management (SCRM) and its impact on the performance of the cattle industry in Malaysia. The cattle sector plays a critical role in the national food security agenda and agricultural sustainability yet remains vulnerable to various risks across the supply chain, including production, logistics, disease outbreaks, and market fluctuations. Despite its importance, the integration of SCRM strategies within the cattle industry has not been sufficiently explored. This study aims to identify research patterns, gaps, and future directions by analyzing scholarly output related to the keywords "cattle," "agriculture," and "supply chain risk management performance." The Scopus database was used for data collection, while Open Refine was applied for data cleaning and standardization. Visualization and clustering of research themes were conducted using VOS viewer software. An initial total of 607 articles were retrieved, and after applying inclusion criteria limiting the scope to English-language publications from 2020 to 2025, a refined dataset of 355 articles was analyzed. The findings reveal a rising trend in publications during this period, with key research clusters focusing on risk mitigation strategies, supply chain resilience, and livestock productivity. However, there is limited focus specifically on the Malaysian context. This study contributes valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to strengthen cattle industry performance through targeted SCRM strategies.

The African business environment presents unique opportunities to study supply chain resilience due to its diverse economic structures, varying levels of technological adoption, and distinct risk profiles that differ significantly from developed markets. Recent global disruptions, including the COVID-19 pandemic, trade tensions, and climate-related events, have highlighted the critical importance of proactive risk management strategies in maintaining business continuity and competitive advantage. This study employs advanced econometric modelling to quantify the relationship between supply chain risk management (SCRM) strategies and business performance across 847 organisations in 23 African countries over a three-year period (2022-2024). Using fixed effects panel regression, instrumental variables, and machine learning techniques, we establish causal relationships between specific SCRM practices and performance metrics. Results demonstrate that a one standard deviation increase in SCRM intensity correlates with 23.4% improvement in ROA (β=2.34, p<0.001), 47.8% reduction in supply disruption frequency (β=-0.478, p<0.001), and 18.7% increase in customer satisfaction scores (β=1.87, p<0.01). The quantitative framework identifies optimal SCRM investment thresholds and provides precise estimates of risk mitigation returns, with technology-enabled SCRM strategies showing 2.3× higher performance impact than traditional approaches. The findings demonstrate that strategic investments in supply chain risk management, particularly when supported by appropriate technology adoption and infrastructure development, can generate substantial returns for organisations, stakeholders, and societies across African markets.

Purpose The China-plus-one strategy is an increasingly attractive supply chain risk management strategy and has been adopted by many multinational enterprises. However, relevant research remains limited and warrants empirical validation. This paper addresses this research gap by investigating the determinants of emerging multinational enterprises’ adoption of a China-plus-one strategy. Design/methodology/approach The China-plus-one adoption decision of 1,527 firms was predicted using a logistic model based on Taiwan’s official data – Investigation of Foreign Sales and Manufacturing, for the years 2020–2022. This database is administered by the Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Economic Affairs (DSMEA) in Taiwan. Analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0. Findings It is suggested that customer pressure and supplier relocation, functioning as push forces, lead to the China-plus-one strategy adopted by Taiwanese firms. Regarding pull forces, lower production cost has a positive association with China-plus-one adoption, whereas sufficient local workforce supply does not have a significant effect. Finally, in terms of the mooring forces, local sales performance is negatively related to the strategy adoption, whereas local access to components shows a positive association with such strategy. Originality/value This research uniquely adopts the push–pull–mooring framework to examine factors affecting supply chain restructuring in international business, representing a novel domain for this framework.

Kenya, like many African nations, is a nascent democracy striving to achieve credible and transparent electoral processes. The adoption of advanced technologies, such as the Kenya Integrated Election Management System (KIEMS), by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) aims to enhance the efficiency of the electoral supply chain. However, this technological integration has inadvertently exposed the electoral process to significant cybersecurity threats, thereby compromising the integrity of critical supply chain components. This study employs a phenomenological qualitative case study design to investigate the cybersecurity vulnerabilities within Kenya's electoral supply chain, focusing on procurement logistics, ballot paper production, and reverse logistics during the post-election phase. Through in-depth interviews with purposively selected IEBC employees, the study identifies key cyber threats, including vendor manipulation, database hacking, social media disinformation, and foreign technological interference. These threats have led to legal disputes and contested election outcomes, as evidenced in Kenya's 2013, 2017, and 2022 elections. The findings underscore the urgent need for nascent democracies to integrate robust cybersecurity measures into their supply chain risk management strategies to safeguard electoral integrity and enhance resilience against cyber-attacks. By addressing these vulnerabilities, young democracies can mitigate the risks of election contestations and ensure the legitimacy of their democratic processes.

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed profound weaknesses in global pharmaceutical supply chains, resulting in widespread shortages of critical medical supplies, delayed drug manufacturing, and disruptions in vaccine distribution. These supply chain vulnerabilities were exacerbated by several key factors, including an overreliance on a limited number of countries for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), insufficient local manufacturing capacity, and logistical constraints in transportation and distribution networks. The pandemic also exposed inefficiencies in regulatory frameworks, leading to delays in approvals and limited agility in responding to rapidly changing demands. Furthermore, the lack of transparency and real-time monitoring across global supply chains hindered effective decision-making and coordination, aggravating the crisis. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the critical factors that contributed to pharmaceutical supply chain disruptions during COVID-19, identifying missing links such as the need for diversification of supply sources, enhanced flexibility in manufacturing processes, and the integration of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and automation for supply chain optimization. The analysis highlights how supply chain visibility, digital innovation, and risk management strategies could improve resilience in the face of future global health crises. In addition to identifying these challenges, the paper proposes solutions to address the missing links in pharmaceutical supply chains, including the decentralization of production, the development of regional manufacturing hubs, and the creation of public-private partnerships to bolster local production. The role of government policies in facilitating faster regulatory approvals, fostering international cooperation, and incentivizing innovation is also explored. Case studies on successful post-COVID-19 adaptations, such as the rapid scale-up of vaccine production and the reconfiguration of personal protective equipment (PPE) supply chains, offer insights into effective strategies for building more resilient systems. Ultimately, this paper underscores the importance of a collaborative, multi-stakeholder approach to ensuring the stability and security of pharmaceutical supply chains. It calls for proactive measures to strengthen global supply chain infrastructures, improve regulatory agility, and embrace emerging technologies that can predict and respond to disruptions. These steps are crucial to safeguarding the continuous delivery of essential pharmaceuticals during future pandemics or other large-scale disruptions, ensuring global health security in an increasingly interconnected world.

ABSTRACT The importance of food processing industry in a developing country like Tanzania is vital for the nation’s economy as it impacts both individual owners of the business, consumers and the country’s GDP. Despite all this, the industry still faces demand unpredictability, undesired processing infrastructures and environment, problems of storage and costs associated with, distribution, transportation and logistical risks and challenges. To improve the industry, the analysis of the impact of supply chain risk management strategies on the performance of food processing companies was inevitable. This explanatory designed survey included all registered and licenced food processors in the country (URT, 2022). The regression results revealed all four analysed supply chain risk strategies have a significant impact on the performance of the processing companies. This implies that the supply chain risks should always be intact and established in line with the firm’s culture, structure, resources and working conditions to enable effective risk management processes and improve the performance of the industry in general.

This paper emphasizes Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM), whose execution can boost an organization's resilience and operating performance. Drawing on quantitative data from 231 supply chain professionals in various industries, the results highlight that subcomponents of SCRM—specifically strategy alignment and technology usage—significantly influence risk information sharing, analysis, and evaluation. Abstract Surprisingly, an SCRM-oriented culture does not significantly affect the exchange of risk information or the amount of risk partnership. At the same time, team support has insignificant effects on risk analysis and assessment. From these insights, it is evident that although having a culture of SCRM in place and some team involvement is beneficial, they could not, altogether, pave the way toward the organizational capability of evaluating and disseminating risk-related information. In its place, the emphasis on aligned SCRM strategy and technological advancement in the supply chain sector becomes a critical factor for risk mitigation. This suggests an absolute imperative for managers: to facilitate a technological-enabled SCRM approach that is collaborative, in line with the strategy, and allows integrated information processing. Fortifying these domains can help minimize weaknesses, increase response, and streamline the supply chain performance; continuous monitoring and improvement of information dissemination processes are essential, as they facilitate better risk management across the supply chain network.

The Healthcare sector is undeniably one of the most critical sectors in any given economy and disruptions in this industry have dire consequences that affect patient care, the efficiency of healthcare systems and by far public health. This publication seeks to analyze and discuss the vital role of supply chain risk management in addressing disruptions, becoming resilient and ensuring that healthcare services function effectively. The pandemic (COVID-19) brought to fore just how critical it is to have a robust and agile system for supply chain risk management in healthcare, the sudden and unprecedented surge in demand for essential medical equipment like personal protective equipment (PPE) left millions of people at risk thereby jeopardizing their safety and health. This crisis echoed the urgent need for efficient and effective supply chain risk management strategies to mitigate such risks and ensure the availability of vital medical supplies. This review paper will be sharing different strategies and actionable tips to develop contingency plans, identify, reduce potential disruptions and recommended practices for risk management in the healthcare supply chain. This will highlight key areas such as inventory management and stockpiling, which focuses on maintaining safety stock levels to buffer against sudden disruptions, using advanced analytics to forecast demand and manage inventory levels. It will also examine risk assessment and identification by pinpointing potential attacks, threats, and vulnerabilities within the healthcare supply chain through thorough risk assessments. Additionally, it will cover supplier base diversification, emphasizing the importance of engaging multiple suppliers to reduce dependency on a single source and enhance supply chain resilience by balancing global and local suppliers to mitigate geographic disruption risks. Furthermore, it will explore the integration of technology, leveraging innovative solutions like blockchain for enhanced transparency, security, and traceability of supply chain transactions.

Background: Supply chain disruptions have always existed, but have become more intense during the last decade or so. Factors in the macro environment have also contributed and none more so than during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In general, firms were not ready for disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, numerous firms were resilient and recovered quicker to their pre-COVID positions than other firms. Objectives: This research addressed how firms with effective supply chain risk mitigation strategies managed supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and which lessons were learned to prepare for future disruptions. Method: An online survey instrument with scalable responses was used to conduct quantitative research. A total of 221 workable questionnaires were used to analyse the data using SPSS software. Several hypotheses were formulated and were tested using t-tests. Results: The findings show clear differences in how firms used agility and flexibility, collaboration and redundancy as supply chain risk mitigation strategies to manage upstream, internal and downstream disruptions. Conclusion: The level of effective supply chain risk management strategies implemented by firms seems to significantly contribute to the effective management of upstream, internal and downstream disruptions. It appears as if agile and flexible firms that collaborate more with their supply chain partners and who implement redundancy strategies, are better prepared to respond to disruptions. Contribution: Managers can improve the effectiveness of their supply chain risk management strategies by seeking more agile and flexible solutions, collaborating more with supply chain partners and utilising redundancy strategies.

This study explores the impact of digital intelligence-driven developments on business strategies and operations, and through a combination of theoretical analyses and case studies, it provides insights into the risk landscape faced by enterprises in the context of digital and smart transformation, offering practical solutions and insights to help them meet the challenges. In addition, the study highlights the experience of leading manufacturing companies such as Haier in building digital supply chains, which provides valuable experience for SMEs seeking to improve their competitiveness and adaptability. This study also delves into key issues that hinder the implementation of digital supply chain projects, such as financial constraints, technological barriers, talent shortages and cybersecurity issues. Based on these findings, this study proposes that companies adopt a phased digital transformation strategy, focus on talent development and technology adoption, and collaborate with government and stakeholders to create an environment that fosters digital innovation and enhances resilience. Ultimately, successfully addressing supply chain risks in the age of digital intelligence requires proactive strategies, flexible adaptation and cross-sectoral collaboration to drive sustainable growth and competitiveness in the digital economy.

Adequate transportation and administration of products and resources across borders are crucial in the logistics industry, particularly in locations such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). However, other hazards are associated with this, including global disputes, geopolitical tensions, trade battles, natural catastrophes, terrorist threats, and security breaches, all of which can disrupt the supply chain. These hazards highlight the need for robust supply chain risk management (SCRM) strategies to ensure the seamless distribution of products and services in the face of adversity. To address these challenges, this study examines the impact of customer relationships (CR) on supply chain risk management in the CPEC logistics sector. A survey conducted across various transportation and logistics firms' sites obtained data from 500 staff members. After removing 50 partial replies, 450 total responses were considered. The information also includes reactions for operational supply chain risk management (OSCRM), organization performance (OP), strategic supply chain risk management (SSCRM), and customer relationship (CR). To evaluate the respondents of the survey questionnaire using the Likert scale. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is utilized to validate the hypothesis, which is used for statistical analysis, validation of structural models, and measurement models. The measurement model established the measure's validity and reliability, while other approaches demonstrated discriminant validity. The structural model is employed to identify the significant relationships between CR and SCRM in the logistics sector. The findings emphasize CR's importance in managing the supply chain's inherent constraints, contributing to CPEC's sustainability. Overall, this research attempts to enhance understanding of the complex relationship between CR and SCRM in the dynamic world of global logistics. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-06-010 Full Text: PDF

This study analyzed the impact of service quality risks in cold chain logistics for fresh produce on enterprise quality performance in China.Questionnaire surveys were conducted with 516 employees from agricultural enterprises.SEM analysis showed service risks in transportation and warehousing negatively affect quality performance.Moderation analysis revealed supply chain risk management strategies mitigate this impact.The study provides insights to help agricultural enterprises in China mitigate quality risks and enhance performance through effective cold chain logistics service management.

Health service providers such as hospitals have a very diverse supply chain in quantity and type, one of which is medicine. Hospital Pharmacy Installation (IFRS) is one of the health support activity units responsible for planning, procurement, management, storage, distribution, use of drugs, equipment, and pharmaceutical services for medical devices related to the distribution of drugs used in hospitals. Pharmacy has several risks that need to be addressed to increase customer satisfaction. This study aims to determine the extent of the implementation of Supply Chain Risk Management, identify risks in supply chain activities, and obtain risk management strategies. In this study, the method used is the assessment of Supply Chain Risk Management and continued the evaluation of the drug chain in pharmaceutical installations with the House of Risk. It is divided into two stages, namely House of Risk Stage 1, which is used to decide the risk in each supply chain, and House of Risk Stage 2, to offers a decision-making strategy for each chosen decision. There are 20 risk events and 20 risk agents in the House of Risk stage 1, and 11 proposed risk management strategies in the House of Risk stage 2. Out of 20 risks identified in stage 1, 11 risks contributed to 80% highest risk, and the top three are drug shortage, inappropriate planning, and unclear doctor’s writing. In stage 2, the three most prioritized strategies are e-prescription implementation, clear signs for LASA drugs, and conducting supplier performance evaluation.

This study aimed to identify the risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, analyse the supply chain risk management strategies entrepreneurs employ to ensure business recovery and continuity and propose preventive measures to mitigate interruptions caused by the virus. The study employed a qualitative research approach, notably utilising face-to-face in-depth interviews. The findings indicate that the epidemic impacted all the enterprises that participated in the study, encompassing various industries such as fashion, animation, broadcasting and media production, construction, printing, and trading. The abovementioned issue resulted in project completion delays and exceeded budgetary allocations. Organisations employ a combination of optimistic, aggressive, and neutral strategies to effectively mitigate supply chain risks despite the inherent difficulties they face. Based on the feedback provided by participants, it is imperative for a contingency strategy to incorporate multiple critical approaches. These strategies encompass diversifying suppliers, cultivating strong partnerships, seeking government assistance, drawing lessons from past events, and safeguarding customers.

This study investigates the relationships between Supply Chain Collaboration, Risk Management Strategies, Supplier Development, Trust, and Supply Chain Resilience in the Jordanian retail sector. This research aims to analyze the direct impacts of these Supply chain management practices on resilience, as well as mediating effect Trust in between this relation. The study used quantitative data to collect the data from 291 managers and executives in the Jordanian retail sector. The findings suggest that Supply Chain Collaboration and Risk Management Strategies have positive significant effects on Supply Chain Resilience, while Supplier Development has no direct significant effect. The results show that each of the supply chain management practices has significant positive effects on Trust and, therefore, significantly contribute to increasing Supply Chain Resilience. In addition, Trust is identified to play a mediating role in the relationships between trust on both SCMPs and resilience. This paper extends the existing literature on supply chain resilience and provides empirical insights into significant factors that shape in enhancing resilience within the retail trade industry, notably focusing on Jordan. The implications for managers, practitioners and society suggest that collaborative relationships, effective risk management strategies as well trust building initiatives are vital to increase resilience among supply chains. This research is unique as it thoroughly investigates the collaboration between SCM practices, relational variables and resilience in an understudied context providing a new understanding of the interplay of different antecedents at play on resilient supply chains creation.