Heat waves have emerged as an escalating climate threat, triggering cascading disruptions across food, energy, and water systems, thereby undermining resilience and sustainability. However, reviews addressing heat wave impacts on the food–energy–water (FEW) nexus remain scarce, resulting in a fragmented understanding of cross-system interactions and limiting the ability to assess cascading risks under extreme heat. This critical issue is examined through bibliometric analysis, scoping review, and policy analysis. A total of 103 publications from 2015 to 2024 were retrieved from Web of Science and Scopus, and 63 policy documents from the United States, the European Union, Japan, China, and India were collected for policy analysis. Bibliometric analysis was conducted to identify the most influential articles, journals, countries, and research themes in this field. The scoping review indicates that agricultural losses are most frequently reported (32), followed by multiple impacts (19) and cross-sectoral disruptions (18). The use of spatial datasets and high-frequency temporal data remains limited, and community-scale studies and cross-regional comparisons are uncommon. Mechanism synthesis reveals key pathways, including direct system-specific stress on food production, water availability, and energy supply; indirect pressures arising from rising demand and constrained supply across interconnected systems; cascading disruptions mediated by infrastructure and system dependencies; and maladaptation risks associated with uncoordinated sectoral responses. Policy analysis reveals that most countries adopt sector-based adaptation approaches with limited across-system integration, and insufficient data and monitoring infrastructures. Overall, this study proposes an integrated analytical framework for understanding heat wave impacts on the FEW nexus, identifies critical research and governance gaps, and provides conceptual and practical guidance for advancing future research and strengthening coordinated adaptation across food, energy, and water sectors.

Self-charging batteries represent a promising type of energy system for round-the-clock energy supply and delivery. Current state-of-the-art implementations predominantly employ solid-state electrodes that exploit spontaneous reactions between discharged catholytes and oxygen from the air. However, the inherent sluggish heterogeneous solid-gas interfacial reactions impose severe thermodynamic and kinetic constraints, limiting charging rates to hours. Inspired by nature's rapid flavin-based extracellular electron-transfer mechanism, we developed an ultrafast all-climate self-charging battery based on flavin redox chemistry. Capitalizing on flavin's fast reaction kinetics in liquid phases to break the bottleneck of solid-state reactions, the assembled self-charging flow battery demonstrates a record-high charging rate, with 90% of capacity achieved within 10 min. In situ/ex situ characterizations revealed that the enthalpically favorable inner-sphere electron transfer involving flavin's isoalloxazine ring drives the ultrafast kinetics. By tailoring the solvation environment of the electrolyte via additive engineering, all-climate operations of the battery were achieved, demonstrating decent cycling stability in a wide temperature range between -20 and 50 °C. By mimicking the ubiquitous metabolic processes in nature, this as-fabricated ultrafast all-climate self-charging flow battery broadens the design of sustainable and green energy systems operating in harsh environments.

Abstract Heavy investment on energy resources is one of the reasons for the rapid economic growth we have witnessed in China since 2000. Excessive energy consumption growth strengthens China's coal-dominated energy structure Meanwhile, the supply of energy has been fully converted to net imports, weakening favourable factors for economic growth and increasing the risk of energy security. The nationalization level for the energy sector is much higher than for other industries. But even for state-owned enterprises, there is a huge gap in enterprise efficiency between different production processes. European countries and the United States’ protectionism suffocated the rapid development of China's new energy industry. With a changing domestic and international energy market environment, Chinas energy industry should switch from the speed-oriented model in the past and adjust obsolete mechanisms and policies.

Since its inception, wireless charging technology has embodied humanity's aspiration to break free from cable constraints and achieve a seamless energy supply. However, mainstream standards like the electromagnetic induction-based Qi standard face critical limitations: their effective charging range typically spans merely a few millimeters to centimeters, requiring strict alignment between transmitter and receiver. This "near-field" charging mode essentially requires physical proximity, falling short of the ideal of truly seamless charging enabled simply by entering a room. To overcome these spatial constraints, research has shifted towards far-field wireless power transfer (WPT), which enables energy delivery over distances ranging from centimeters to meters. This paper goes beyond a simple overview; it provides a systematic comparative analysis of the principal far-field methods, namely magnetic resonance coupling and directional electromagnetic radiation. It meticulously examines their respective operational principles, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for different application scenarios. Building on this analysis, the paper discusses potential development strategies and system-level optimization approaches. The findings aim to offer a scientific basis and technical guidance for the future advancement and practical deployment of this transformative technology.

Abstract Real-time reconfigurable elastic wave propagation behaviors of intelligent metamaterials have attracted fast-growing attention to provide a foundation for designing adaptive and customizable devices. However, designing a simple and efficient field-control method and addressing the energy supply issue for external field excitation remains a significant challenge. We propose a self-powered magnetic-electro-elastic metamaterial (MEEM) composed of magnetostrictive pillars and piezoelectric sheets arranged on an elastic beam to reveal the real-time dynamic regulation of band gap and defect state of flexural waves by applied magnetic field, the vibration energy harvesting induced by defect state can be served as a power source to supply energy for the whole system. First, the tunable voltage field and band gap of flexural waves is studied. Then, reconfigurable single and double defect states are successfully found in real-time by adjusting magnetic field, the energy harvesting induced by defect states has also been studied. The results show that as uniform magnetic field increases, the frequencies of single and double defect states increase. The location spacing of double defects should not be ignored for regulating the frequency of double defect states. The total voltage and power harvested from all unit cells are significantly higher than those harvested solely at the defect, which can be affected by the superposition of magnetic field, prestress and defect location. The proposed self-powered MEEMs open a new possibility for real-time reconfigurable elastic wave propagation and energy harvesting, promoting the design of customizable self-powered elastic wave devices involving guiding, sensing and monitoring.

In the process of in situ stress fracturing drilling in coal mines, obtaining downhole vibration data not only improves drilling efficiency but also plays a key role in ensuring operational safety. Nevertheless, the energy supply techniques used in current vibration detectors reduce operational performance and escalate excavation expenses. This research proposes a self-powered vibration sensor based on the triboelectric nanogenerator, designed for the operational environment of coal mine in situ stress fracturing drilling. It can simultaneously detect axial and lateral vibration frequencies, and the inclusion of redundant sensing units provides the sensor with high reliability. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the device functions across a frequency span of 0 to 11 Hz, maintaining error margins for frequency and amplitude under 4%. Furthermore, it functions reliably in environments where temperatures are under 150 °C and humidity is under 90%, proving its strong resilience to environmental factors. In addition, the device possesses self-generating potential, achieving a maximum voltage of 68 V alongside an output current of 51 nA. When connected to a 6 × 107 Ω load, the maximum output power can reach 3.8 × 10−7 W. Unlike traditional subsurface oscillation detectors, the proposed unit combines self-generation capabilities with highly reliable measurement characteristics, making it more suitable for practical drilling needs.

This paper analyzes the influence of moonpools on the hydrodynamic performance of drillships using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method. A three-dimensional numerical wave tank is established to realize regular waves and to perform prediction and validation of the KCS ship’s performance in calm water and head seas. After selecting optimal moonpool configurations under calm conditions, seakeeping analyses for a rectangular-moonpool drillship in waves and drag-reduction optimization in calm water and head seas are conducted. The comparative analysis shows that in calm-water navigation, different moonpool shapes lead to different added-resistance effects, and the drillship with a rectangular moonpool shows overall better performance in resistance and running attitude; the added resistance due to the moonpool mainly originates from the additional residual resistance. The sustained energy supply to the clockwise vortex within the moonpool is maintained by the continuous mass exchange between the water flow beneath the ship’s bottom and the water inside the moonpool. Under regular waves, the presence of a moonpool leads to an increase in the total resistance experienced by the drillship. A flange device can effectively reduce the mean amplitude of waves inside the moonpool, and when the flange is installed 10 mm above the still water level with a length of 120 mm, its drag-reduction effect is better. The flange structure can effectively improve the hydrodynamic characteristics of the drillship in waves. The numerical conclusions provide a reference value for the engineering application of drillships with moonpool structures.

Solar-driven photocatalytic seawater splitting for hydrogen production represents a crucial green technology pathway for achieving a sustainable energy supply. In this study, a series of tremella-like porous graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts (CNC-x) were constructed via a supramolecular self-assembly strategy to enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from seawater. The optimized CNC-1.4 achieved a hydrogen evolution rate of 4.7 mmol·g-1·h-1 in natural seawater containing triethanolamine (TEOA) under visible-light irradiation, which is nearly 20 times higher than that of bulk g-C3N4 (0.23 mmol·g-1·h-1). Moreover, under natural sunlight (10:00-16:00), CNC-1.4 maintained a hydrogen evolution rate of approximately 4.9 mmol·g-1·h-1 and exhibited excellent cycling stability. These results demonstrate good seawater tolerance during sacrificial-agent-assisted hydrogen evolution and highlight the promising potential for practical solar-driven hydrogen production in seawater. Finally, by systematically comparing the photocatalytic performance in pure water, artificial seawater, and natural seawater under sacrificial-agent-free conditions, we further confirmed that only in the presence of TEOA can the system achieve efficient hydrogen evolution in seawater while effectively suppressing the associated side reactions. This study provides a new design strategy for constructing efficient g-C3N4 based photocatalytic systems and lays an essential foundation for practical solar-powered direct hydrogen production from seawater.

In the modern economic paradigm of Russia, pipeline transport plays a strategically important role and serves as a key component of the national energy supply system. The crucial determinants of its operation are efficiency and reliability, which serve as system-wide criteria ensuring the stable functioning of the national economy. Oil transportation is a highly organized, multi-factor technological process. The high degree of dependence of this process on external and internal parameters makes it vulnerable. Therefore, even local failures in pipeline infrastructure may potentially lead to cascading disruptions and significant economic losses. This article details the design of mainline pumps – high-tech units that determine the reliability and uninterrupted operation of the linear of pipeline sections. The longevity of these units is influenced not only by the quality of maintenance but also by various technical, technological, organizational, and other factors. To monitor the technical condition of pumping units the authors of this article considered a control and diagnostic system based on the SKiD DVT43.20 system. Real-time data collected from installed sensors enables operators to identify extreme trends in pump operating parameters. Using the operational modes of a pump as a case study, the researchers processed performance data and constructed graphs, the interpretation of which contributed to the formation of conclusions about equipment operation. The authors propose a calculation method for determining operating parameters, which aids in planning subsequent technical maintenance actions.

Abstract Hypoxia and cold temperatures are major limiting factors for animals reared at high altitudes. Previous adaptation studies have primarily focused on genetic and genomic aspects, while the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome contributes to this adaptation are still not fully understood. We used ruminants as both naturally adapted (yaks) and non‐adapted (Holstein cows) models to investigate the role of gut microbiome in high‐altitude adaptation by applying multi‐omics approaches. First, 20 yaks and 20 Holstein cows that had been reared at approximately 4000 m altitude since birth were fed the same diet for 44 days prior to sampling to eliminate the short‐term effects of nutrition and altitude adaptation. The yak rumen microbiome showed significant enrichment in carbon metabolism, particularly central carbon metabolism pathways, such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway, whereas that of Holstein cows was enriched in starch, sucrose, pentose, and glucuronate interconversions. Compared with those of Holstein cows kept at high altitudes for their entire life, the yak rumen epithelial cells, as determined by single‐nucleus RNA sequencing, exhibited higher elevated scores for ketone body biosynthesis and fatty acid beta‐oxidation. Second, mixed rumen fluid was transplanted from 10 yaks to 10 Holstein cows. Holstein cows then showed better milk production performance. A progressive decline in carbon metabolism activity from 6 h to 7 and 28 days post‐transplantation was verified. In conclusion, the rumen microbiome and host epithelial function appear to support high‐altitude adaptation by improving the energy supply of the host.

Macrophages are actively involved in recognition, capturing, and destruction of foreign pathogens, as well as removal of cellular debris. The most important role of macrophages is to initiate and regulate the inflammatory response: they synthesize and secrete a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and promote the development of inflammation. The functional state of macrophages directly depends on mitochondrial activities, both as energy suppliers, and as key participants in signaling pathways associated with production of reactive oxygen species and inflammasome activation. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to excessive macrophage activation and chronic inflammation, typical of diseases like atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders. Damaged mitochondria release components such as mtDNA and cardiolipin, potentially triggering autoimmune responses. To prevent these events, the cells are capable of mitophagy, a selective autophagy process that removes dysfunctional mitochondria via the lysosomal pathway. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to influence inflammation and mitochondrial function, including mitophagy. Arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, modulates immune responses, but its role in mitophagy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether arachidonic acid affects mitophagy and the proinflammatory response of human macrophages. Primary monocytes were isolated from whole blood of healthy donors and differentiated into macrophages over 5 days. The cells were treated with 20 μM arachidonic acid for 24 hours, followed by 1 μg/mL LPS stimulation for another 24 hours. Cytokine secretion (TNF, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2) was measured by ELISA technique. Mitophagy was assessed using confocal microscopy by evaluating co-localization of mitochondrial and lysosomal dyes. The results showed that arachidonic acid enhanced mitophagy and reduced secretion of TNF, IL6, and CCL2 in response to LPS. These findings suggest that activation of mitophagy may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of arachidonic acid in macrophages.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are key to the muscle metabolism, recovery, and energy supply, making them in demand in sports nutrition and medicine. The BCAA encapsulation increases their stability and bioavailability. The relevance of creating domestic competitive dietary supplements with BCAA is due to the growing demand and promising use for medical and sports practice. Aim. To study the current state of the use of branched-chain amino acids in the world and Ukraine, analyze market trends, market segmentation by type and form of BCAA-based products and the encapsulation technology in order to substantiate the prospects for creating domestic competitive dietary supplements for sports, medical practice and health maintenance. Materials and methods. The study used the bibliosemantic method of analyzing information from scientific publications, which is combined with other research methods, such as the comparative, logical, marketing and content analysis. The BCAA market review was conducted using data from analytical reports and research available online. The assortment analysis of BCAA-based products was conducted using data from open sources, in particular, official websites of manufacturers and market places. The information was searched using the following keywords: branched-chain amino acids, BCAA, health effects, dietary supplement, supplements to the diet of athletes, bioavailability, encapsulation, etc. in the Google search engine. Results. The analysis of scientific literature data has shown that BCAAs are important biologically active substances that are widely used in sports practice, medicine and pharmacy. Leucine, isoleucine and valine affect glucose metabolism, immunity, lipolysis, cardiometabolic health and cancer processes. They are effective in sports nutrition, muscle recovery, prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and immune support. The physiological and metabolic properties of BCAAs have been analyzed, which prove their prospects for use as dietary supplements. It has been found that the BCAA market in the world has stable growth with a projected total annual growth rate of at least 3.5 %. Data on the structure of the product market by type and ratio of amino acids, by the share of products for sports practice are presented. The main trends of the BCAA product market in Ukraine and the world have been identified. The release forms of BCAA products for sports practice have been analyzed. It has been found that the largest share is represented by dosage forms in the form of powders. Aspects of the encapsulation technology have been considered, and its prospects for creating a dietary supplement with BCAAs have been substantiated. Conclusions. These studies open up prospects for expanding the range of products containing BCAAs, in particular by creating dietary supplements intended for use in sports practice and maintaining the health of a wide range of consumers.

Laser Wireless Power Transmission (LWPT), as a revolutionary energy supply technology, holds broad application prospects in areas such as drone endurance, space solar energy transmission, and power supply in remote regions. The core efficiency of this technology primarily depends on the energy concentration and uniformity of the light spot at the receiving end. Through systematic simulation analysis, this paper studies the spot uniformity and energy transmission efficiency of Gaussian beams, vortex beams, and flat-topped beams under different atmospheric conditions (turbulence intensity, visibility) and transmission distances. By quantitatively analyzing key indicators such as light spot non-uniformity and power density within the bucket, the advantages and disadvantages of the three beam types are comprehensively evaluated. The results indicate that the flat-topped beam is the optimal choice for short-distance laser energy transfer under favorable atmospheric conditions, while the vortex beam exhibits the best overall performance and robustness in medium and strong turbulence transmission environments. This study provides a theoretical basis for beam selection in different application scenarios.

In response to the problem of global warming, the factories are actively adjusting their energy use structure and significantly introducing zero-carbon energy sources such as wind and solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The integration of diverse energy sources into a cohesive system presents significant challenges in terms of design complexity and cost. Currently, many researchers have designed some simulation software for optimization of integrated energy systems in industrial factories. However, these approaches are specific to single sites (i.e., not generalizable) and are typically not designed to anticipate capacity expansion of facilities. Herein, an optimization modeling of Multi-energy Expansion Supply system has been developed based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize the cost of energy supply systems. This model has been used for optimization of multi-energy system in the new energy supply systems. The proposed method was verified against commercial software results, showing a higher total cost saving (23.19%) and faster payback time (5 years comparing to 9 years). Additional case was studied by comparing the dynamic installation and fixed installation, demonstrating 8.4% more total cost saving and faster payback time (2 years and 4 years). Furthermore, the same demand was fulfilled by different amount of CHP units, achieving 40% initial investment and 36% higher utilization rate. This model will promote the green transformation of the energy structure of traditional industrial factories and the optimization of multi-energy supply systems in new factories.

This article is aimed at assessing energy–economy models with a focus on their ability to capture the dynamic structural changes of economic systems and the related energy supply chains. A narrative literature review approach was employed, synthesizing relevant peer-reviewed research. The search yielded 229 publications spanning from 2015 to 2024. After applying screening criteria based on methodological transparency, quantitative modelling, and explicit energy–economy integration, 120 articles were retained, from which 23 representative modelling frameworks were selected. The review identifies five key dimensions shaping the realism and applicability of integrated models: geographical and temporal scope, technological detail, modelling approach, and the degree of micro- and macroeconomic realism. Results show a growing adoption of multi-scale modelling and a gradual shift toward hybrid structures combining technological and macroeconomic components. However, significant gaps remain: only 26% of the models move beyond equilibrium assumptions; 17% incorporate behavioural or heterogeneous agents; and almost half rely on exogenous technological change. Moreover, the representation of policy instruments—particularly performance standards, sectoral benchmarks, and public investment mechanisms—remains incomplete across most frameworks. Overall, this analysis highlights the need for more transparent coupling strategies, enhanced behavioural realism, and improved representation of financial and transition risks. These findings inform the methodological development of next-generation models and indicate priority areas for future research aimed at improving the robustness of policy-relevant transition assessments.

The core of this paper is to deal with the zero-Hopf (ZH) bifurcation around an equilibrium point in an integer- and fractional-order (FO) supply-demand system. Energy is a fundamental need, and the shortage in it or related resources can create hurdles in the standard of living for societies. Keeping in mind this problem, an energy supply-demand system between two cities is considered, where one city is sufficient in energy and other in resources. We have provided analytical results that emphasize the balancing ratio between the energy supplied from the city [Formula: see text] and the demands of the city [Formula: see text], the energy imported to city [Formula: see text] from external sources faces negligible financial limitations. The energy supply-demand system is considered as an integer-order for the study of the ZH bifurcation using the averaging method, and then is transformed into FO to investigate the same bifurcation in the FO case. Moreover, the solutions achieved through integer and FO derivatives are compared to verify that as the fractional order [Formula: see text] gets closer to one, the more accurate the solution becomes. The provided analytical results and numerical analysis of FO energy supply demand system are analyzed using MATLAB.

The efficiency of energy saving in rural electric networks with a voltage of 0.38 kV is an important task, especially in conditions of asymmetric load. The article discusses the main causes of load asymmetry, their impact on electricity losses and a decrease in the quality of electricity supply. Methods and technical solutions aimed at increasing energy efficiency and reducing electricity losses are proposed. The possibilities of introducing modern digital technologies for monitoring and load management, as well as promising areas for the development of rural electric networks, taking into account the requirements of energy efficiency and sustainability of energy systems, are being considered. This paper examines the main causes of asymmetry, its impact on energy consumption and network parameters, and suggests technical solutions to improve energy efficiency in rural electric networks.

Understanding residents’ perceptions of ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem disservices (EDS) is crucial for protected areas governance. This study, conducted in China’s Three-River-Source National Park (TNP), employed participatory rural appraisal and household questionnaires to examine local cognitive patterns of ES and EDS, along with their socio-spatial heterogeneity and perceived synergies and trade-offs among them. The key findings are as follows: (1) Cultural services received the highest scores, followed by regulating services, whereas provisioning services, especially food provisioning, were rated as relatively inadequate. Safety threats were considered the most severe EDS. Overall, a Matthew Effect emerged: services with high current perception scores showed an improving trend, while those with low scores deteriorated. (2) Spatially, ES/EDS evaluation scores exhibited a “core zone < general control zone < peripheral zone” gradient. Socio-demographic and economic factors also influenced residents’ perceptions; women and the elderly were especially more concerned about food and energy supply shortages and safety issues. (3) The relationships among the various ES and EDS are primarily synergistic rather than trade-offs. Specifically, gains in regulating services were associated with enhanced cultural services, while declines in provisioning services and intensified safety threats coincided with the deterioration of material EDS. These findings offer a scientific basis for managing protected areas in high-altitude, ecologically fragile regions and provide practical insights for balancing ecological conservation with community development.

Abstract Humanity depends on agriculture for food, fiber and energy provisioning, but input-intensive agricultural production is impacting ecosystem services such as pollination. Pollution effects from neonicotinoid insecticides on pollinators receive much attention, but nothing is known on the synergistic effects with emerging plastic contaminants and the mitigation potential of agricultural diversification. Here, we conduct the first full-factorial mesocosm study to understand two-generation effects of diversified floral resources (diversification treatment), neonicotinoid and microplastic pollution (pollution treatments) on Osmia cornifrons bees in 72 mesocosms. In three-year experiment, we found that diversification can mitigate negative neonicotinoid effects. We did not find any individual or synergistic effects of realistic exposure levels microplastic on reproductive performance of solitary bees. None of our treatments detectably affected rapeseed yield. Diversified flower resources in Chinese agricultural landscapes to mitigate pesticide pollution effects on pollinators is an important policy argument for pollinator protection with downstream implications for food security.

The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) encodes essential subunits of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Mutations in these genes impair oxidative phosphorylation, compromise mitochondrial ATP production and cellular energy supply, and can cause mitochondrial diseases. These consequences highlight the importance of mtDNA quality control (mtDNA-QC), the process by which cells selectively maintain intact mtDNA to preserve respiratory function. Here, we developed a high-throughput flow cytometry assay for Saccharomyces cerevisiae to track mtDNA segregation in cell populations derived from heteroplasmic zygotes, in which wild-type (WT) mtDNA is fluorescently labeled and mutant mtDNA remains unlabeled. Using this approach, we observe purifying selection against mtDNA lacking subunits of complex III (COB), complex IV (COX2) or the ATP synthase (ATP6), under fermentative conditions that do not require respiratory activity. By integrating cytometric data with growth assays, qPCR-based mtDNA copy-number measurements, and simulations, we find that the decline of mtDNAΔatp6 in populations derived from heteroplasmic zygotes is largely explained by the combination of its reduced mtDNA copy number—biasing zygotes toward higher contributions of intact mtDNA—and the proliferative disadvantage of cells carrying this variant. In contrast, the loss of mtDNAΔcob and mtDNAΔcox2 cannot be explained by growth defects and copy-number asymmetries alone, indicating an additional intracellular selection against these mutant genomes when intact mtDNA is present. In heteroplasmic cells containing both intact and mutant mtDNA, fluorescent reporters revealed local reductions in ATP levels and membrane potential () near mutant genomes, indicating spatial heterogeneity in mitochondrial physiology that reflects local mtDNA quality. Disruption of the respiratory chain by deletion of nuclear-encoded subunits (RIP1, COX4) abolished these physiological gradients and impaired mtDNA-QC, suggesting that local bioenergetic differences are required for selective recognition. Together, our findings support a model in which yeast cells assess local respiratory function as a proxy for mtDNA integrity, enabling intracellular selection for functional mitochondrial genomes.