Supplementary Food Research Articles

Ketahanan Beberapa Galur Harapan Kacang Hijau Asal Kepulauan Tanimbar Terhadap Penyakit Busuk Akar Basah (Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn)

Mung bean is a supplemental and alternative food source whose disease attacks often hamper cultivation. One of the main diseases that attacks mung beans is wet root rot caused by R. solani, which has a negative effect on growth and causes a decrease in crop yield. This research aimed to determine mung bean lines resistant to wet root rot disease and the level of resistance of the lines from the Tanimbar Islands to wet root rot disease. This research was carried out at the Disease Diagnosis Laboratory, Pattimura University, and took place from July to September 2023. It used descriptive analysis involving eight treatments in the form of 8 local mung bean genotypes from the Tanimbar Islands. The R. solani isolate used to test the resistance of mung bean genotypes was taken from samples of diseased plants (mustard), isolated on PDA media, and grown for seven days. The genotypes that were tested by inoculation at the seedling stage consisted of KC_3-8, KC_6-1, KC_8-2, KC_9-10, KC_23-6, KC_23-8, KC_23-9, and KC_26-4. In addition to the growth of young seedlings after inoculation, the parameters as indicators of mung bean resistance were the incubation period and disease severity in each genotype. Analyses of the incubation period, severity of wet root rot disease, and vegetative plant growth data consisting of sprout height, number of leaves, root length, and fresh and dry weight, were carried out descriptively. The results of this study indicate that three genotypes were moderately susceptible to R. solani, namely KC_6-1, KC_3-8, and KC_9-10; whereas the genotypes KC_26-4, KC_23-6, KC_25-8, KC_25-8, KC_28-9 were included in the susceptible category. The lowest root rot disease severity was found in genotypes KC_6-1, KC_3-8, and KC_9-10, while the other five genotypes were in the high category.

Food supplementing peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus tundrius) nests increase reproductive success with no change in mean parental provisioning rate.

Parents are expected to exhibit intermediate levels of investment in parental care that reflect the trade-off between current versus future reproduction. Providing parents with supplemental food may allow for increased care to the current brood (additive model), re-allocation of parental effort to other behaviours such as self-maintenance (substitution model), or may provide parents with a buffer against provisioning shortfalls (insurance model). We investigated the impact of parental food supplementation on provisioning behaviour and breeding success in Arctic-breeding peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus tundrius) over five successive breeding seasons (2013-2017). We found that supplemental feeding had no impact on mean provisioning rates, yet resulted in increased nestling survival probability, increased nestling body mass and decreased variance in nestling body mass and provisioning rates. These results are consistent with parents adopting a hybrid of the additive and substitution models. We suggest that food supplementation enables increased investment in other forms of parental care (e.g. nest defence, brooding) without altering mean provisioning rates. The lack of observed effects on mean provisioning rates, coupled with increased survival and body mass of offspring, suggests a potential reallocation of parental effort. The findings contribute to understanding the responses of peregrine falcons to food supplementation, highlighting the need for future studies to explore broader environmental contexts and potential long-term effects on parental survival and future reproduction.

Formulation and quality characterization of supplementary food- Panjeri

Formulation and quality characterization of supplementary food- Panjeri

Local PMT Product Innovation and Optimization of Teenage girl's Potential in Preventing Stunting in Lajuk Village, Gondang Wetan Subdistrict, Pasuruan Regency

Based on health data from Lajuk Village in 2022, out of 200 babies and toddlers in Lajuk village, there are 39 cases of stunting that need to be handled, if the percentage is 20% of the total number of toddlers there. One of the causes of the high stunting rate in Lajuk Village is the community's lack of independence in providing balanced nutritional intake. Based on these findings, the author proposes an innovation activity program to create local PMT and optimize the potential of teenage girls who can become cadres in preventing stunting in Lajuk village.Methods: The series of activities in this research include providing counseling, training on making Supplementary Food (PMT) from local ingredients, implementing the PMT program for children and toddlers, as well as the formation of the Stunting-Free Teenage Girl's Cadre Group (BESTING).Results and Discussion: It is known that the post-test results showed that the majority of respondents (84%) had a good assessment from the previous pretest results; only 42% showed an increase in knowledge. After the series of interventions were implemented, there was a reduction in the stunting rate in Lajuk Village from previously 20 toddlers in May 2023 to 12 toddlers in August 2023.Conclusion: Mobilizing and using the potential of teenage girls in Lajuk Village is one way to reduce the stunting rate in Lajuk Village. With the formation of BESTING Cadres, it is hoped that it will be able to reduce the stunting rate in Lajuk Village.

The Potential of Local Wisdom in Dadio as a Source for Biology Learning

Dadio is a traditional food of the Malay community in Kampar, Indonesia, made from fermented buffalo milk using bamboo as a medium. It is consumed as a supplementary food and is an essential part of traditional ceremonies, a practice that continues to this day. This study aimed to understand the dadio-making process among the Malay community in Kampar and analyze the scientific concepts embedded within it. A case study design was employed, focusing on the dadio-making process in Limau Manis Village, Kampar Regency. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. Data analysis was conducted using Miles and Huberman's interactive model, encompassing data collection, reduction, display, and conclusion. The results show that the community uses buffalo milk, tipih manih bamboo (Schizostachyum blumei), and batu banana leaves (Musa Paradisiaca var. balbisiana colla) to make dadio. The process begins with traditional buffalo milking and a 12-hour fermentation process. Dadio has become an identity for the Malay community in Kampar due to its use in traditional ceremonies and as a supplementary food. The community believes that consuming dadio offers health benefits such as managing hypertension and cholesterol and serving as a supplement for pregnant and lactating women. The dadio-making process involves various scientific concepts, including microbial metabolism, microbial diversity, bacterial physiology, plant anatomy and morphology, and fermentation. Thus, it holds potential as a learning resource for biology.

Violations of Vietnamese laws related to the online marketing of breastmilk substitutes: Detections using a virtual violations detector.

Breastfeeding rates in Vietnam, and globally, remain suboptimal. A major contributor to this is the aggressive marketing of commercial milk formulas (CMF), mainly through online media. The Vietnamese Government has implemented legal measures to limit CMF marketing, but these have been difficult to enforce, because of complex online environments. We aimed to quantify the extent and nature of online violations and contradictions in various Vietnamese laws related CMF marketing over 12 months in 2022. Using a cross-sectional study design, we used an artificial intelligence-enabled virtual violations detector (VIVID) to monitor official websites and social media pages of 25 breastmilk substitute (BMS) merchandise and distributors, every day for 12 months in 2022. Data were summarised descriptively. We detected more than 3000 online advertisements that violated or contradicted the intent of Vietnamese laws, involving almost 7000 violations of various articles within these laws (average 9.5 violations per day). More than 700 detections were related to CMF products being registered as "supplementary foods" or similar, thereby circumventing Vietnamese CMF marketing laws, because they are not registered as "BMS products. We demonstrate the need to strengthen the design, monitoring and enforcement of existing Vietnamese laws to eliminate mothers" exposure to the exploitative digital marketing of CMF. By turning a highly resource-intensive task into one that is, automatedrequiring substantially less resources, our study represents the most comprehensive in Vietnam and internationally on the extent and nature of the online marketing of BMS. VIVID can be applied worldwide to hold industry accountable for the inappropriate marketing of CMF.

Empowering Communities through Culinary Innovation: Enhancing Nutritional Status in Toddlers with Tempe-Based Supplementary Foods

This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of tempebased culinary training programs in improving the nutritional status of toddlers and empowering the local economy in Jati Sumberlawang village, Indonesia. The main objective of this research is to identify how tempe, a locally available and nutritious food, can be optimized as a supplementary food (PMT) to address malnutrition among toddlers while also providing economic benefits to the community. A qualitative research method with a case study approach was employed, involving in-depth interviews, participant observations, and documentation analysis. Data were collected from 20 mothers who participated in the training and were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and outcomes. The results indicate a significant improvement in the mothers' knowledge and skills in processing tempe into various childfriendly dishes, which led to increased acceptance and consumption among toddlers. Additionally, some participants began commercializing tempe-based products, leading to increased household income. The implications of this study suggest that community-based culinary training can serve as an effective model for improving child nutrition and promoting local economic development. This research highlights the potential for replicating similar programs in other rural communities facing similar nutritional challenges.

Peningkatan daya terima dan efektivitas makanan tambahan untuk balita melalui formula sereal siap seduh

Background: Wasting is a nutritional deficiency issue experienced by toddlers. Providing supplementary food is one effective way to improve the nutritional status of children. This cereal, made from tempeh flour and kepok bananas, is a suitable choice for enhancing the nutritional content of cereal, especially its protein.Objectives: The aim of this research was to determine the acceptability and nutritional content.Methods: The research design used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one control (FO) and three formulas (F1, F2, and F3) with percentages of 10%, 25%, and 50%. Organoleptic testing was conducted at the Food Technology Laboratory of Poltekkes Kemenkes Palembang, while nutritional analysis was carried out at the Saraswanti Indo Genetech Laboratory in Bogor. The research was conducted from June to November 2023. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test.Results: The selected cereal was F2 (tempeh flour 25 grams, banana flour 25 grams) with proximate test results per 100 grams (energy 498 Kcal, protein 21,2%, fat 24,91%, carbohydrates 47,3%, ash content 2,98%, moisture content 3,6%). There weredifferences in aroma, color, taste, texture, and aftertaste criteria (p-value<0,05). The three formulas (F1, F2, and F3) in taste criteria (p-value<0,05), while in aroma, color, texture, and aftertaste criteria, differences were found between only 2 formulas.Conclusion: The treatment formulas showed differences, especially in the taste criteria. F2 was selected as the preferred cereal formula through hedonik testing. Cereal F2 serves as an alternative supplementary food for toddlers with digestive problems or difficulty chewing, as it is practical, easy to serve, and cost-effective.

Synthesis Process and Nutritional Evaluation of Plantain as a Supplementary Food for Toddlers in Sierra Leone: A Study Utilizing Biuret’s, Benedict’s, and Iodine Solution Test

Research on developing plantain fruit into juice, jam, ice cream, and fritters as a food supplement for toddlers was conducted in Sierra Leone. The work was done at the Mosoudo section of Daru village, Jawie Chiefdom, in Kailahun District. Four bunches of plantains were harvested from Jawei Chiefdom and stored in Mosoudo. Two bundles of the raw plantain were peeled, dried, and ground into powder, while the other two left to ripen at room temperature for nine days. Test were conducted using Iodine solution, Benedict solution, and Biuret test to check the presence of starch, glucose, and protein, respectively, in both the powdered and ripe plantain. The ripe plantains were then made into juice, jam, ice cream, and fritters. Fifty mothers/caregivers, along with their children, were randomly selected to evaluate the color, taste, smell, and texture of the four plantain products. The sensory evaluation results showed high acceptance levels: color (53.5%), taste (59.0%), smell (61%) and texture (59.9%). The results suggest that the project could successfully provide nutritious and appealing food supplements for toddlers in Sierra Leone. It was recommended that the government and NGOs promote the cultivation of plantains instead of importing food supplements for children in Sierra Leone.

Gut Bacterial Communities in the Ground Beetle Carabus convexus.

Biological interactions, including symbiotic ones, have vital roles in ecological and evolutionary processes. Microbial symbionts in the intestinal tracts, known as the gut microbiome, are especially important because they can fundamentally influence the life history, fitness, and competitiveness of their hosts. Studies on the gut-resident microorganisms of wild animals focus mainly on vertebrates, and studies on species-rich invertebrate taxa, such as ground beetles, are sparse. In fact, even among the species-rich genus Carabus, only the gut microbiome of two Asian species was studied, while results on European species are completely missing. Here, we investigated the gut bacterial microbiome of a widespread European Carabus species, targeting the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes by next-generation high-throughput sequencing. We identified 1138 different operational taxonomic units assigned to 21 bacterial phyla, 90 families, and 197 genera. Members of the carbohydrate-degrading Prevotellaceae family, previously not detected in ground beetles, were the most abundant in the gut microbiome of the carnivorous C. convexus. Presumably, individuals from the studied wild populations also consume plant materials, especially fruits, and these carbohydrate-degrading bacterial symbionts can facilitate both the consumption and the digestion of these supplementary foods.

Evaluating the efficiency of supplementary feeding as a management strategy for enhancing honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colony growth and productivity

Sustaining honeybee colonies is challenging during dearth periods as their metabolic functions are reduced due to limited foraging activities. The experiment used honeybee colonies of Apis mellifera, and five different low-cost supplementary foods—sugar, banana, pumpkin, maize flour, and rice flour syrups—were introduced as treatments. Every box for each treatment received a daily 300-ml supplementary food syrup consisting of a specific amount of feeding materials along with 100 g of brown sugar and 20 g of honey. The amount of food consumed was assessed on the second day following the supplementation. Supplemental food with low-cost feeding materials significantly impacts the growth and strength of the colonies. Results revealed significant impacts on colony growth and strength, with all supplements contributing to food consumption over 78%. Despite variations in brood and pollen cells, all feeding supplements showcased efficiency in supporting honeybee feeding, indicating their potential utility in mitigating the challenges during the dearth period. Notably, pumpkin syrup emerged as the best supplement, offering cost-effectiveness compared to sugar and banana syrups, and it could reduce sugar syrup costs by 50% while enhancing brood, honey, and pollen cell production by 71.36%, 108.36%, and 58.73%, respectively. The findings of the economic analysis revealed that the cost of feeding materials was the highest for sugar syrup ($1.89), followed by banana ($0.91), pumpkin ($0.83), maize ($0.53), and rice ($0.53). This study suggests that supplementing honeybee colonies with low-cost feeding materials can positively impact colony growth and strength during dearth periods and advance the beekeeper’s decision as a cost-effective alternative to traditional sugar syrup.

Organoleptic Assessment of Fish-Based Ready-to-Use Supplementary-Food (RUSF) Rich in Essential Fatty Acid for Pregnant Women to Prevent Stunting

Stunting is a critical health issue with short- and long-term impacts on health and economic outcomes. Insufficient nutritional intake during pregnancy and early childhood is a key factor contributing to stunting. This study examines the efficacy of fish-based Ready-to-Use Supplementary Food (RUSF) rich in omega-3 fatty acids in preventing stunting by improving maternal nutrition during pregnancy. One of the determining factors is insufficient food intake in quantity and quality during pregnancy and the early stages of introducing complementary foods alongside breastfeeding. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have been shown to positively influence health and linear growth for fetuses and children under two years of age. The use of fish-based functional food for pregnant women and children under two years to prevent stunting has not been widely carried out in Indonesia, in terms of the formulation, product types, or efficacy of Ready-to-Use Supplementary Food (RUSF). The stages of the research method were (1) identifying the content of omega-3 fatty acids and heavy metals in lemuru fish, (2) developing RUSF formulations based on snack bars and lemuru fish sausages made from omega-3-standardized raw materials, and (3) conducting acceptance tests of these RUSF products on children aged 6-35 months and pregnant women. This research is expected to develop nutritional supplements in the form of RUSF based on lemuru fish, mackerel, and tuna to serve as functional food products that help pregnant women prevent and control stunting.

Pemberian PMT Susu dan Telur pada Anak dengan Resiko Stunting di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tembilahan Hulu Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir Provinsi Riau

The consumption of animal protein sources is highly crucial for nutritional intake during the developmental period, particularly in the first 1000 days of life. By consuming animal protein sources during this critical period, it can enhance growth, cognitive function, and the nutritional status of children. The long-term effect of consuming protein-rich foods is to improve the nutritional status of toddlers. The objective of this community service is to increase awareness regarding the provision of supplemental foods such as eggs and milk to children at risk of stunting. This is done by providing education on supplemental foods to children within the Puskesmas Tembilahan Hulu area. The outcome of the community service is the improved knowledge of mothers and the provision of eggs and milk to participants' toddlers at risk of stunting within the working area of Puskesmas Tembilahan Hulu, totaling 10 children.

Nutritional and Medicinal Contribution of Wild Fruit Plants in Ethiopia

Wild fruit plants are used by rural populations around the world, including Ethiopia, as supplemental foods to improve dietary diversity. Because wild fruits are inexpensive and widely accessible in rural regions, they can help prevent hunger or malnutrition and ensure food diversity. This review aims to give a summary of the most recent research on the nutritional value and potential medical benefits of wild fruits for rural households. Antioxidant-rich naturally-occurring compounds found in wild fruits help to reduce non-communicable diseases. These days, non-communicable diseases like cancer, chronic respiratory conditions, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are the world’s biggest health problems. These plants, which are grown widely throughout nearly all of Ethiopia, offer a number of health and nutritional benefits. Many ethnic groups use these fruits as a seasonal or emergency food source, which helps to reduce food insecurity.

Nutritional improvement status of primary and secondary school students in the pilot nutrition improvement areas of Hainan, China from 2014 to 2021

ObjectiveBy meticulously tracking the evolving growth, development, and nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in Qiongzhong County from 2014 to 2021 post-implementation of the “Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students”(NIPRCES, This project provides a supplementary food allowance of at least ￥4 per person per day for primary and secondary school students. The project area undergoes annual routine monitoring.), this study aims to offer a scientific basis for enhancing and promoting the project. Through thorough monitoring of students’ nutritional status changes influenced by this program, we strive to establish a comprehensive and evidence-based framework for its future advancement.MethodsFrom 2014 to 2021, this study employed a multi-stage sampling method utilizing cluster sampling to select six primary and six secondary schools in Qiongzhong County, Hainan Province. Data on the growth and development of respondents were collected. This cohort was a dynamic cohort with a total of 18,762 final data recovered. The prevalence of malnutrition was evaluated using the Cochran Armitage Trend Test (CATT) to assess year-to-year changes. Furthermore, height/weight and the prevalence of malnutrition between groups were compared using the t-test, χ2 test, and Bonferroni’s corrected analysis.ResultsThe average height of both boys and girls has increased. In 2021, boys and girls of all ages showed an average height increase of 2.31 cm and 1.98 cm, respectively, compared to 2014. Nevertheless, the growth and development levels, and rate of improvement of these students remain comparatively lower than their rural counterparts across China, who are of the same age. From 2014 to 2021, the prevalence of undernutrition (mainly wasting) showed a significant downward trend (P < 0.05) from 29.30% to 22.19%, and the prevalence of overnutrition showed an upward trend (both P < 0.05). The prevalence of undernutrition was higher among boys, students in grades 1–3 and those of Li nationality. Meanwhile, the prevalence of overnutrition was higher among boys, students in grades 1–3 and those of Han nationality.ConclusionsOver the 8-year period of NIPRCES, there has been progress in the growth and development of students, yet levels still lag behind the national average for rural students of the same age. While malnutrition prevalence have decreased, they remain high, with a concerning rise in overnutrition prevalence. Undernutrition and overweight/obesity are more prevalent among boys and younger students. Li students show higher prevalence of undernutrition, while overnutrition is a growing issue among Han students. Simultaneously, local education and health care departments must acknowledge the disparities in growth and nutritional status among primary and secondary school students residing in rural areas within the tropics and those in rural areas across the entire nation. Nutritional improvement measures should be tailored to local conditions.

Impact of diet change on the gut microbiome of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Appropriate diet and health of the common marmoset in captivity are essential both for the welfare of the animal and to improve experimental outcomes. Our study shows that a gel diet compared to a biscuit diet improves the health of a marmoset colony, is linked to increases in Bifidobacterium species, and increases the removal of molecules associated with disease. The diet transition had an influence on the molecular changes at both the pair and time point group levels, but only at the pair level for the microbial changes. It appears to be more important which genes and functions present changed rather than specific microbes. Further studies are needed to identify specific components that should be considered when choosing an appropriate diet and additional supplementary foods, as well as to validate the benefits of providing probiotics. Probiotics containing Bifidobacterium species appear to be useful as probiotic supplements to the laboratory marmoset diet, but additional work is needed to validate these findings.

Relative validity of an intelligent ordering system to estimate dietary intake among university students from a medical school in Shanghai, China

BackgroundDietary assessment methods have limitations in capturing real-time eating behaviour accurately. Equipped with automated dietary-data-collection capabilities, the “intelligent ordering system” (IOS) has potential applicability in obtaining long-term consecutive, relatively detailed on-campus dietary records among university students with little resource consumption. We investigated (1) the relative validity of IOS-derived nutrient/food intakes compared to those from the 7-day food diary (7DFD); (2) whether including a supplemental food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) improves IOS accuracy; and (3) sex differences in IOS dietary intake estimation.MethodsMedical students (n = 221; age = 22.2 ± 2.4 years; 38.5% male and 61.5% female) completed the 7DFD and SFFQ. During the consecutive 7-day survey period, students weighed and photographed each meal before and after consumption. Then, students reviewed their 3-month diet and completed the SFFQ, which includes eight underprovided school-canteen food items (e.g., dairy, fruits, nuts). Meanwhile, 9385 IOS dietary data entries were collected. We used Spearman coefficients and linear regression models to estimate the associations among the different dietary intake assessment methods. Individual- and group-level agreement was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, cross-classification, and Bland‒Altman analysis.ResultsIOS mean daily energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake estimations were significantly lower (-15-20%) than those of the 7DFD. The correlation coefficients varied from 0.52 (for added sugar) to 0.88 (for soybeans and nuts), with fruits (0.37) and dairy products (0.29) showing weaker correlations. Sixty-two (milk and dairy products) to 97% (soybeans and nuts) of participants were classified into the same or adjacent dietary intake distribution quartile using both methods. The energy and macronutrient intake differences between the IOS + SFFQ and 7DFD groups decreased substantially. The separate fruit intake measurements from each assessment method did not significantly differ from each other (p > 0.05). IOS and IOS + SFFQ regression models generally yielded higher R2 values for males than for females.ConclusionDespite estimation differences, the IOS can be reliable for medical student dietary habit assessment. The SFFQ is useful for measuring consumption of foods that are typically unavailable in school cafeterias, improving the overall dietary evaluation accuracy. The IOS assessment was more accurate for males than for females.

Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia that required immediate surgery after a long-term asymptomatic state: recommendation for early intervention.

An 82-year-old woman with a 60-year history of a lung tumor presented with hypoglycemia. Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) was suspected; however, her hypoglycemia stabilized with supplemental food. She was discharged, based on her wishes, and planned to undergo surgery later. After discharge, the hypoglycemia worsened rapidly and required immediate resection. Postoperatively, the hypoglycemia resolved. Western immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of big insulin-like growth factor 2, confirming NICTH. This patient experienced the rapid progression of symptoms after an unprecedentedly long-term asymptomatic state. Therefore, when NICTH is suspected, early intervention is recommended regardless of the presence of asymptomatic state. In patients with NICTH, the onset of hypoglycemia is usually within a year of tumor detection, and few reports regarding long-term asymptomatic NICTH have been documented. NICTH can cause rapidly progressive symptoms after a long-term asymptomatic state, as in this case, and an asymptomatic state does not preclude the necessity for intervention, especially when patients are at risk for malnutrition. Tumor resection is the only curative treatment for patients with NICTH, but there is no consensus regarding the timing of surgery. However, considering the possibility of rapid symptom progression, patients should be examined and treated in a timely manner.

Millet-based flour as a supplementary food: inventory in the commune of abobo and physico-chemical and microbiological characterization

Millet-based flour as a supplementary food: inventory in the commune of abobo and physico-chemical and microbiological characterization

Microbial phenolic and sensory properties of the complementary food produce flour from malted rice, soybean and pumpkin pulp

The study aimed to assess the phenolic, microbiological, and sensory aspects of a supplemental food made from malted rice, soybean, and pumpkin pulp. Paddy rice was steeped in water, germinated, kilned, winnowed, and dehulsked before being dried and milled. While to make soybean flour, the seeds were while pumpkins were washed, skinned, and chopped. The fiber and seeds were removed before slicing, then blanched, crushed, and sieved before being oven dried. The phenolic, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of the supplemental food were assessed. The results showed 1.12 to 2.25% phenolic content and 1.3x103 to 8.3 x 102 cfu/g overall viable count. Mold counts range from 0.0 x 10 cfu/g to 1 x 10 cfu/g. The study indicated that malted rice, soybean, and pumpkin pulp flour blends produce an excellent sensory rating, are inexpensive in cost, and are ready to eat complementary foods.