Superoxide Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Anti-arthritic effect of Pisonia grandis R. Br. leaves on Formaldehyde Induced Arthritis in rats

Uses of herbal drugs play a vital role in the treatment of various diseases. There is evidence that the constituents of a local plant Pisonia grandis R.Br. have several medicinal properties. Recently much attention has been paid on the anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-rheumatic activity of plant leaf extract constituents. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Pisonia grandis R.Br. leaf extract was tested for its antioxidant activities such as Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione –S- transferase, Polyphenol oxidase, DPPH, Superoxide scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidase, Catalase and Ferric reducing power. The extract was allowed for evaluating Anti- arthritic activity on formaldehyde induced albino rats and they were compared with control and standard. Significant antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Pisonia grandis R.Br. leaf was found which may be due to the presence of phytochemicals present in the extract. From the results of pharmacological studies, we were observed that the ethanolic extracts of Pisonia grandis R.Br. showed dose dependent and significant for Anti – arthritic activity in albino rats. The Anti–arthritic activity of the plant extracts of Pisonia grandis R.Br were owing to the presence of its one or more phytoconstituents which may reduce the Rheumatism (particularly allantoin compound).These results after pharmacological evidence and support on the folkloric use of Pisonia grandis R.Br leaves as an Anti – arthritic agent.

Lactic acid bacteria with a strong antioxidant function isolated from "Jiangshui," pickles, and feces.

Excessive free radicals and iron death lead to oxidative damage, which is one of the main causes of aging and diseases. In this field of antioxidation, developing new, safe, and efficient antioxidants is the main research focus. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are natural antioxidants with good antioxidant activity and can regulate gastrointestinal microecological balance and immunity. In this study, 15 LAB strains from fermented foods ("Jiangshui" and pickles) or feces were evaluated in terms of their antioxidant attributes. Strains with strong antioxidant capacity were preliminarily screened by the following tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity; ferrous ion chelating assay; hydrogen peroxide tolerance capacity. Then, the adhesion of the screened strains to the intestinal tract was examined using hydrophobic and auto-aggregation tests. The safety of the strains was analyzed based on their minimum inhibitory concentration and hemolysis, and 16S rRNA was used for molecular biological identification. Antimicrobial activity tests showed them probiotic function. The cell-free supernatant of selected strains were used to explore the protective effect against oxidative damage cells. The scavenging rate of DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, and ferrous ion-chelating of 15 strains ranged from 28.81-82.75%, 6.54-68.52%, and 9.46-17.92%, respectively, the scavenging superoxide anion scavenging activity all exceeded 10%. According to all the antioxidant-related tests, strains possessing high antioxidant activities J2-4, J2-5, J2-9, YP-1, and W-4 were screened, these five strains demonstrated tolerance to 2 mM hydrogen peroxide. J2-4, J2-5, and J2-9 were Lactobacillus fermentans and γ-hemolytic (non-hemolytic). YP-1 and W-4 were Lactobacillus paracasei and α-hemolytic (grass-green hemolytic). Although L. paracasei has been proven as a safe probiotic without hemolytic characteristics, the hemolytic characteristics of YP-1 and W-4 should be further studied. Due to the weak hydrophobicity and antimicrobial activity of J2-4, finally, we selected J2-5, J2-9 for cell experiment, J2-5 and J2-9 showed an excellent ability that resistant to oxidative damage by increasing SOD, CAT, T-AOC activity of 293T cells. Therefore, J2-5, and J2-9 strains from fermented foods "Jiangshui" could be used as potential antioxidants for functional food, health care, and skincare.

Characterization of Cetobacterium somerae CPU-CS01 isolated from the intestine of healthy crucian carp (Carassius auratus) as potential probiotics against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Cetobacterium somerae is a commensal bacterium for many fish species. However, research on C. somerae has been limited so far, and its function and beneficial potential require to be further investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic properties of C. somerae CPU-CS01 isolated from the intestinal contents of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Hemolytic activity, antibiotic susceptibility, acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, free radical scavenging, and enzyme production properties were tested for in vitro. Caenorhabditis elegans and zebrafish (Danio rerio) model were used to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-infective effects of C. somerae CPU-CS01 in vivo. Our results showed that C. somerae CPU-CS01 had no hemolytic activity, it produced cellulase, amylase, and survived at low pH (2.0–3.0) and in the presence of bile salts. The cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of C. somerae CPU-CS01 possessed DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity. C. elegans fed with C. somerae CPU-CS01 were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In addition, zebrafish-fed diets containing C. somerae CPU-CS01 showed improved survival after A. hydrophila infection. Based on these results, the positive probiotic properties of C. somerae CPU-CS01 isolated from the intestinal contents of crucian carp make it a potential candidate for probiotic.

Biological Selenite Reduction, Characterization and Bioactivities of Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesised by Pediococcus acidilactici DSM20284.

Selenium (Se) is in great demand as a health supplement due to its superior reactivity and excellent bioavailability, despite selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) having signs of minor toxicity. At present, the efficiency of preparing SeNPs using lactic acid bacteria is unsatisfactory. Therefore, a probiotic bacterial strain that is highly efficient at converting selenite to elemental selenium is needed. In our work, four selenite-reducing bacteria were isolated from soil samples. Strain LAB-Se2, identified as Pediococcus acidilactici DSM20284, had a reduction rate of up to 98% at ambient temperature. This strain could reduce 100 mg L-1 of selenite to elemental Se within 48 h at pH 4.5-6.0, a temperature of 30-40 °C, and a salinity of 1.0-6.5%. The produced SeNPs were purified, freeze-dried, and subsequently systematically characterised using FTIR, DSL, SEM-EDS, and TEM techniques. SEM-EDS analysis proved the presence of selenium as the foremost constituent of SeNPs. The strain was able to form spherical SeNPs, as determined by TEM. In addition, DLS analysis confirmed that SeNPs were negatively charged (-26.9 mV) with an average particle size of 239.6 nm. FTIR analysis of the SeNPs indicated proteins and polysaccharides as capping agents on the SeNPs. The SeNPs synthesised by P. acidilactici showed remarkable antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae with inhibition zones of 17.5 mm, 13.4 mm, 27.9 mm, and 16.2 mm, respectively; they also showed varied MIC values in the range of 15-120 μg mL-1. The DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl, and superoxide scavenging activities of the SeNPs were 70.3%, 72.8%, 95.2%, and 85.7%, respectively. The SeNPs synthesised by the probiotic Lactococcus lactis have the potential for safe use in biomedical and nutritional applications.

Structural and Biological Properties of Heteroligand Copper Complexes with Diethylnicotinamide and Various Fenamates: Preparation, Structure, Spectral Properties and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis

Herein, we discuss the synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization, and biological activity of five heteroligand copper(II) complexes with diethylnicotinamide and various fenamates, as follows: flufenamate (fluf), niflumate (nifl), tolfenamate (tolf), clonixinate (clon), mefenamate (mef) and N, N-diethylnicotinamide (dena). The complexes of composition: [Cu(fluf)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (1), [Cu(nifl)2(dena)2] (2), [Cu(tolf)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (3), [Cu(clon)2(dena)2] (4) and [Cu(mef)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (5), were synthesized, structurally (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and spectroscopically characterized (IR, EA, UV-Vis and EPR). The studied complexes are monomeric, forming a distorted tetragonal bipyramidal stereochemistry around the central copper ion. The crystal structures of all five complexes were determined and refined with an aspheric model using the Hirshfeld atom refinement method. Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots were used to investigate the intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state. The redox properties of the complexes were studied and evaluated via cyclic voltammetry. The complexes exhibited good superoxide scavenging activity as determined by an NBT assay along with a copper-based redox-cycling mechanism, resulting in the formation of ROS, which, in turn, predisposed the studied complexes for their anticancer activity. The ability of complexes 1–4 to interact with calf thymus DNA was investigated using absorption titrations, viscosity measurements and an ethidium-bromide-displacement-fluorescence-based method, suggesting mainly the intercalative binding of the complexes to DNA. The affinity of complexes 1–4 for bovine serum albumin was determined via fluorescence emission spectroscopy and was quantitatively characterized with the corresponding binding constants. The cytotoxic properties of complexes 1–4 were studied using the cancer cell lines A549, MCF-7 and U-118MG, as well as healthy MRC-5 cells. Complex 4 exhibited moderate anticancer activity on the MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 = 57 μM.

Effect of Different Genotypes and Harvest Times of Sage (Salvia spp. Labiatae) on Lipid Oxidation of Cooked Meat.

Lipid oxidation is the primary non-microbial reason for quality deterioration of meat and meat products. Lipid oxidation can be prevented or delayed by antioxidants. In this study, 15 sage (Salvia spp. Labiatae) extracts (five genotypes, three harvest times) were tested for their ability to reduce lipid oxidation (peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in ground, uncured, cooked porcine and bovine meat (60%/40% mixture) during 14 days of refrigerated storage. Additionally, total phenolic content was determined, and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was measured as radical scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay), reducing power, and superoxide anion scavenging activity. All 15 sage extracts were able to reduce lipid oxidation, though showing expected differences depending on genotype and harvest time. The extracts of S. officinalis accession from Foggia, Italy performed better than the other genotypes when looking at the entire storage period and considering both PV and TBARS. Of the applied methods for determining antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion scavenging activity proved to be the best determinant of the ability of sage to reduce lipid oxidation in the meat sample.

Antioxidant Properties of Thymoquinone, Thymohydroquinone and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seed Oil: Scavenging of Superoxide Radical Studied Using Cyclic Voltammetry, DFT and Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction.

Black cumin seeds and seed oil have long been used in traditional foods and medicine in South Asian, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean countries and are valuable flavor ingredients. An important ingredient of black cumin is the small molecule thymoquinone (TQ), which manifests low toxicity and potential therapeutic activity against a wide number of diseases including diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, the antioxidant activities of black seed oil, TQ and a related molecule found in black cumin, thymohydroquinone (THQ), were measured using a direct electrochemical method to experimentally evaluate their superoxide scavenging action. TQ and the black seed oil showed good superoxide scavenging ability, while THQ did not. Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational methods were applied to arrive at a chemical mechanism describing these results, and confirmed the experimental Rotating Ring Disk Electrode (RRDE) findings that superoxide oxidation to O2 by TQ is feasible, in contrast with THQ, which does not scavenge superoxide. Additionally, a thorough inquiry into the unusual cyclic voltammetry pattern exhibited by TQ was studied and was associated with formation of a 1:1 TQ-superoxide radical species, [TQ-O2]-•. DFT calculations reveal this radical species to be involved in the π-π mechanism describing TQ reactivity with superoxide. The crystal structures of TQ and THQ were analyzed, and the experimental data reveal the presence of stacking intermolecular interactions that can be associated with formation of the radical species, [TQ-O2]-•. All three of these methods were essential for us to arrive at a chemical mechanism that explains TQ antioxidant activity, that incorporates intermolecular features found in the crystal structure and which correlates with the measured superoxide scavenging activity.

The Profile of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Various Lactobacillus Species from Silage during Not-Fat Milk Fermentation

The exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and released into fermented milk play a protective role from stress factors as well as improve emulsifying and thickening properties of the product, reduce syneresis, and increase elasticity. Here we report the relationship between the properties, composition, and microstructure of EPS produced by six different strains of lactobacilli (L. bulgaricus and five strains isolated from silage). The presence of fructose together with negative-charged uronic acid was found to play a significant role in changing the EPS properties. Thus, the increased fraction of rhamnose and arabinose and a decrease in xylose leads to compaction of the EPS, decreased porosity and increased both OH- and superoxide scavenging and Fe-chelating activities. By contrast, increased xylose and low rhamnose and arabinose apparently leads to loss of large aggregates and high DPPH activity and FRAP. The high content of glucose, however, provides the formation of large pores. The increased fructan fraction (69.9 mol%) with a high fraction of galacturonic (18.2 mol%) and glucuronic acids (6.7 mol%) apparently determines the highly porous spongy-folded EPS microstructure. Taken together, our results indicate that both the quantitative characteristics of the individual components of the fraction and the structural features of EPS are important for the antioxidant potential of fermented milk and depend on the strain used for milk fermentation, suggesting the advantage of a multicomponent starter to achieve the optimal beneficial properties of fermented milk.

Scavenging of Superoxide in Aprotic Solvents of Four Isoflavones That Mimic Superoxide Dismutase.

Isoflavones are plant-derived natural products commonly found in legumes that show a large spectrum of biomedical activities. A common antidiabetic remedy in traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus trimestris L. contains the isoflavone formononetin (FMNT). Literature reports show that FMNT can increase insulin sensitivity and potentially target the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ, as a partial agonist. PPARγ is highly relevant for diabetes control and plays a major role in Type 2 diabetes mellitus development. In this study, we evaluate the biological role of FMNT, and three related isoflavones, genistein, daidzein and biochanin A, using several computational and experimental procedures. Our results reveal the FMNT X-ray crystal structure has strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions which are useful for antioxidant action. Cyclovoltammetry rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements show that all four isoflavones behave in a similar manner when scavenging the superoxide radical. DFT calculations conclude that antioxidant activity is based on the familiar superoxide σ-scavenging mode involving hydrogen capture of ring-A H7(hydroxyl) as well as the π-π (polyphenol-superoxide) scavenging activity. These results suggest the possibility of their mimicking superoxide dismutase (SOD) action and help explain the ability of natural polyphenols to assist in lowering superoxide concentrations. The SOD metalloenzymes all dismutate O2•- to H2O2 plus O2 through metal ion redox chemistry whereas these polyphenolic compounds do so through suitable hydrogen bonding and stacking intermolecular interactions. Additionally, docking calculations suggest FMNT can be a partial agonist of the PPARγ domain. Overall, our work confirms the efficacy in combining multidisciplinary approaches to provide insight into the mechanism of action of small molecule polyphenol antioxidants. Our findings promote the further exploration of other natural products, including those known to be effective in traditional Chinese medicine for potential drug design in diabetes research.

Comparative Analysis of Bioactive Components of Enzymatically and Fermentatively Produced Fish Sauce from Sardine

Fish sauce, a flavored condiment produced by traditional fermentation of low-value fish. The time of fermentation and biochemical safety of sauce are the major concern in traditional fermentation. The enzymatic and fermentative methods were employed to produce Sardine (Sardinella longiceps) sauce under optimized conditions using response surface method. Salt (20%, w/w) and papain (3%, w/w) were used for enzymatic production; while, salt (25%, w/w), sugar (7.5%, w/w) and lactic culture (10%, w/v; Pediococcus pentosaceus FSBP4-40) were employed in fermentative production. Significant change in bioactive components such as pH, non-enzymatic browning, non-protein nitrogen, degree of hydrolysis, titratable acidity, total soluble nitrogen, and total volatile base nitrogen was observed in treated samples compared to the control. Total antioxidant activity (as ascorbic acid, μg/ml), percent DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion scavenging activities of fermented sauce were higher at 3976±90, 53.11±0.5, 99.6±0.3, 67.7±0.5 respectively; as compared to enzyme-treated samples which showed 952±70, 31.46±0.5, 76.5±1.0, 61.8±1.4 for the respective parameters, after 180 days storage. Reducing potential was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in treated sauces compared to the control and fatty acid profile showed different changes. The study emphasizes the role of accelerating fermentation, either enzymatically or fermentatively, to produce biochemically and biofunctional superior Sardine sauce.

Radical scavenging activities of Kaempferia larsenii Sirirugsa extract and prominent flavonoids in its rhizomes

Medicinal plants of the genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) have long been valued in Thailand, where their fresh rhizomes, extracts and oils are utilized for traditional medicinal purposes. While the well-known Kaempferia plants, particularly K. galanga and K. parviflora have been scientifically proven to be effective medicinal herbs in antioxidative investigations and in a variety of pharmacological activities, K. larsenii, one of the members of this genus that is found in northeastern Thailand and has long been used by local practitioners for curative purposes, has never had the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity reported before. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity of the plant and the active chemical components accountable for its action. K. larsenii rhizome extract was subjected to a number of antioxidative tests, including 2,2?-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, as well as HPLC analyses. The HPLC method used a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column, a 1 mL/min flow rate of methanol and 0.1% (v/v) phosphoric acid (55:45) and a diode-array UV absorbance at 265 nm as the stationary phase, mobile phase and detection respectively. In the investigated assays, the plant extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity, with EC50 values ranging from 11.60 to 26.31 µg/mL. Its efficacy was significantly higher than that of the positive controls, which had EC50 values ranging from 13.08 to 29.91 µg/mL. According to the HPLC profile of the extract, the medicinal flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin were present in the sample at % of 12.7562 and 0.4976 (w/w) respectively. K. larsenii rhizome extract is a good source of antioxidants and has the potential to be incorporated into herbal medicinal preparations that would be beneficial for health.

Impact of Different Enzymatic Processes on Antioxidant, Nutritional and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Hydrolysates Incorporated into Novel Cookies.

Soy protein concentrate (SPC) was hydrolyzed using several commercial food-grade proteases (Alcalase, Neutrase, papain, Everlase, Umamizyme, Flavourzyme) and their combination to obtain promising ingredients in the manufacture of functional bakery products. In all cases, the hydrolysis caused nutritional, sensory, and rheological changes in SPC, as well as protein structural changes like increased surface hydrophobicity and content of exposed SH groups with the magnitude of these changes depending on enzyme specificity. The hydrolysis with the combination of Neutrase and Flavourzyme (NeuFlav) increased essential amino acid content by 9.8% and that of Lys by 32.6% compared to SPC. This hydrolysate showed also significant antioxidant activities including ABTS and superoxide anion scavenging activity and metal-chelating ability. The addition of all hydrolysates in wheat flour decreased water adsorption and increased development time to some extent due to gluten network weakening, but also decreased the rate of starch retrogradation, contributing to the increase of the shelf-life of bakery products. The NeuFlav tasted less bitter than other hydrolysates, while E-nose provided a discrimination index of 93 between control and hydrolysates. It appeared that the addition of the NeuFlav hydrolysate in a cookie formulation improved protein content and nutritional quality and directed to its higher general consumer acceptability than cookies formulated with only wheat flour.

Pluripharmacological potential of Mascarene endemic plant leaf extracts

Tropical forests of the islands of the West Indian Ocean region, have a rich and diverse collection of unique plants containing a multitude of chemical scaffolds that can potentially be developed into medicinal agents. Till date, endemic plants from the Mascarene Archipelago have been undervalued but they hold significant economic and biomedical potential. Hence, to better gauge the pharmacological potential of Mascarene Archipelago flora, the bioactivities of fourteen selected endemic species were investigated. Leaf extracts from species within the Ebeneceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae and Combretaceae families were prepared via organic solvent extraction and evaluated for their polyphenolic content, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase and antiplasmodial activities. The highest polyphenol content was observed in Terminalia bentzoë (385.0 ± 24.1 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) followed by Sideroxylon sessiliflorum (340.5 ± 13.4 mg GAE/g) (p < 0.05). Each extract showed dose-dependent metal chelating and free radical scavenging activity, however, T. bentzoë demonstrated the most significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power, iron chelating activity, superoxide anion and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activity, followed by Syzygium glomeratum. Eugenia orbiculata and E. pollicina exhibited the highest anti-tyrosinase activity, while Diospyros chrysophyllos showed noteworthy anti-elastase activity. Terminalia bentzoë further showed potent dose-dependent antiplasmodial activity against Dd2lucPlasmodium falciparum with an EC50 value of 6.7 μg/mL. Moreover, the extracts showed moderate to low toxicity against the non-tumorigenic kidney (Vero) and keratinocyte (HaCat) cell lines. The findings highlight the potential of T. bentzoë and S. glomeratum as alternative sources of pharmaceutical compounds.

The Effect of Hydrolysis on the Antioxidant Activity of Olive Mill Waste

This study presents the effect of hydrolysis on the antioxidant activity of olive mill waste. The olive pomace samples were collected at different stages of maturity and were investigated for their phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Three different extraction procedures were employed, including methanolic maceration extraction and two hydrolysed procedures using 6 M HCL for acid hydrolysis and 10 M NaOH for alkaline hydrolysis. The total phenolic, flavonoid and ortho-diphenolic content, metal ion reducing activity, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Radical Scavenging, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide scavenging activity assays were determined for the different extracts. In this study, cultivar and maturation of olives was one of the factors that affected the phenolic content in the olive pomace samples. Results show that alkaline hydrolysis had the highest antioxidant activity with respect to total phenolic content, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, metal ion reducing activity and superoxide scavenging activity, whereas acid hydrolysis had the highest 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity. The correlation analysis carried out on the different phenolic classes revealed that the total phenolic, flavonoid and ortho-diphenolic content were correlated with metal ion reducing activity and Radical Scavenging activity.

Dual Bioactivity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Novel Tripeptides from Sipunculus nudus L. and Their Related Mechanism Analysis for Antihypertention

The pathogenesis of hypertension is related to many factors including active angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), the combination of ACE inhibition and antioxidant activity in one compound might be useful for the treatment of hypertension. Sipunculus nudus L contain high protein content, which can be used as a valuable raw material to prepare bio-active peptides. In this study, two novel tripeptides, LPK and PRP, with dual bioactivity of ACE inhibition and antioxidant were purified and identified from the worm. The antioxidant activities of LPK and PRP are dose-dependent, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of PRP was stronger than that of LPK. In addition, LPK and PRP also show higher ACE inhibitory activity, with IC50 of 6.54 and 0.42 mM, respectively. Molecular docking simulation showed that both the peptides could interact with the active ACE sites via hydrogen bonds, which can reduce the production of Ang II, thereby; LPK and PRP treatment could decrease Ang II-triggered superoxide production, and meanwhile, the peptides treatment could directly remove excess reactive oxygen species. The above-mentioned advantageous effects appeared to involve the stress of the RAS and scavenging ROS, both were benefit to treat hypertension. This research showed that LPK and PRP had potential to be developed as antihypertension agents, which might be a new strategy for high value utilization of Sipunculus nudus L as functional food material.

Enhanced preservation effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil on the processing of Chinese bacon (preserved meat products) by beta cyclodextrin metal organic frameworks (β-CD-MOFs)

The applications of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (CEO) are limited by instability, low solubility and high volatility. The present study aimed to improve the properties of CEO by microencapsulation with cyclodextrin metal organic frameworks (β-CD-MOFs) to enhance the preservation effects on Chinese bacon (preserved meat products). The microencapsulated CEO by β-CD-MOFs (CEO/β-CD-MOFs) not only did not inhibit the antioxidant activities of CEO, but also showed significant improvements on their ROS scavenging abilities and thermo-/pH-stabilities. The increases of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were 20.74% and 12.84%, respectively. In addition, less lipid oxidation, including malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and peroxide values (POV), of Chinese bacon was found after the CEO/β-CD-MOFs treatment than CEO and synthetic antioxidant (BHT) treatments. These results suggested the enhanced preservation effects of microencapsulated CEO on the processing of Chinese bacon and the great potential of β-CD-MOFs as carriers for essential oils in food industry applications.

Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and antilipidemic properties: novel bioactivities of true cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) leaf

BackgroundThe leaf of Ceylon cinnamon (true cinnamon) is traditionally claimed for a variety of health benefits. However, reported scientific information is scanty and needs urgent attention for value addition.MethodsEthanolic (95%) and Dichloromethane:Methanol (DM, 1:1 v/v) leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon were evaluated for a range of medically important bioactivities namely anti-inflammatory [nitric oxide scavenging activity (NOSA), superoxide scavenging activity (SCA), COX1 and COX2 inhibition], growth inhibition & cytotoxicity against MCF7, HePG2 and AN3CA carcinoma cell lines, glutathionase-S-transferase (GST) inhibition and antilipidemic (anti-HMG-CoA reductase, anti-lipase, anti-cholesterol esterase, and cholesterol micellization inhibition) properties in vitro (n = 3). Further, a range of bioactive compounds in both leaf extracts was also quantified (n = 3).ResultsBoth leaf extracts had all the investigated bioactive compounds and possessed moderately potent bioactivities compared to the reference drugs used in the study. Ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) exhibited the highest activities (IC50: μg/mL) for NOSA (40.26 ± 0.52), SCA (696.24 ± 40.02), cholesterol esterase inhibition (110.19 ± 1.55), cholesterol micellization inhibition (616.69 ± 7.09), GST inhibition (403.78 ± 2.70) and growth inhibition (GI50: 144.84 ± 1.59-269.00 ± 0.51) & cytotoxicity (LC50: 355.44 ± 9.38-717.71 ± 23.69) against studied cancer cell lines. In contrast, COX1 & COX2 (IC50: 6.62 ± 0.85 and 44.91 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and HMG-CoA reductase & lipase inhibitory activities (36.72 ± 4.74 and 19.71 ± 0.97% inhibition at 200 and 600 μg/mL) were highest in DM extract. ELE also showed the highest quantities (0.81 ± 0.06-104.38 ± 1.79) of tested compounds (mg/g extract) where eugenol was the highest and gallic acid was the lowest among quantified.ConclusionBoth leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon had all the tested bioactive compounds and possess all the investigated bioactivities. This is the 1st study to report all the investigated bioactivities of the leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon.

Encapsulation of Manganese Porphyrin in Chondroitin Sulfate-A Microparticles for Long Term Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging.

Oxidative stress due to excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is related to many chronic illnesses including degenerative disc disease and osteoarthritis. MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BuOE), a manganese porphyrin analog, is a synthetic superoxide dismutase mimetic that scavenges ROS and has established good treatment efficacy at preventing radiation-induced oxidative damage in healthy cells. BuOE has not been studied in degenerative disc disease applications and only few studies have loaded BuOE into drug delivery systems. The goal of this work is to engineer BuOE microparticles (MPs) as an injectable therapeutic for long-term ROS scavenging. Methacrylated chondroitin sulfate-A MPs (vehicle) and BuOE MPs were synthesized via water-in-oil polymerization and the size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency and release profile were characterized. To assess long term ROS scavenging of BuOE MPs, superoxide scavenging activity was evaluated over an 84-day time course. In vitro cytocompatibility and cellular uptake were assessed on human intervertebral disc cells. BuOE MPs were successfully encapsulated in MACS-A MPs and exhibited a slow-release profile over 84days. BuOE maintained high potency in superoxide scavenging after encapsulation and after 84days of incubation at 37°C as compared to naked BuOE. Vehicle and BuOE MPs (100µg/mL) were non-cytotoxic on nucleus pulposus cells and MPs up to 23µm were endocytosed. BuOE MPs can be successfully fabricated and maintain potent superoxide scavenging capabilities up to 84-days. In vitro assessment reveals the vehicle and BuOE MPs are not cytotoxic and can be taken up by cells. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-022-00744-w.

Component characteristics and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of anthocyanins from fruits of Lonicera caerulea L.

In this study, we qualitatively and quantitatively characterized anthocyanins from 61 different Lonicera caerulea L. genotypes harvested from northeast China and measured their reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity. Among the anthocyanin extracts obtained, nine anthocyanins were identified, and the anthocyanin compositions could be divided into three classes and seven subtypes according to their numbers and distribution. Furthermore, their total content by fresh weight was ranged from 158.44 mg/100 g to 1751.44 mg/100 g across all genotypes; their hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion scavenging activity ranged from 13.3 %–99.9 % and 21.5 %–82.8 %, respectively. We also deployed Grey Relational Analysis to determine which anthocyanin was the key antioxidant component in the nine anthocyanins. The relation between the ROS scavenging activity and the 9 anthocyanin content was established. Our results suggest cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside has the greatest correlation to the ROS scavenging activity of the anthocyanin extractions.

A comparative study of selected vitex species for phenolics estimation along with their antioxidant and herbicidal activities

This study aims to quantitative, qualitative estimation of phenolics, antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activity), and herbicidal properties of methanol extract of Vitex species {(Vitex negundo L. collected from Haldwani (VNH), Bhimtal (VNB) and Salari (VNS); Vitex agnus-castus L. collected from Pantnagar (VACP); Vitex trifolia L. collected from Pantnagar (VTP)}, Kumaun region, Uttarakhand, India. Herbicidal activity of methanol extracts of Vitex species was evaluated against Raphanus sativus at various concentrations for 120 h. The results revealed that the phenolic content varies from species to species as well as their location. HPLC profiling of Vitex species was carried out to identify the presence of different phenolic acids viz: vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, etc. In methanol extracts of Vitex species. VTP showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 6.84 μg/mL), nitric oxide (IC50 = 2.86 μg/mL) and superoxide radical scavenging (IC50 = 3.12 μg/mL) activity. The maximum reducing power was observed in VNH (RP50 = 28.22 μg/mL) and the highest ion chelating capacity in VNB (IC50 = 6.80 μg/mL). The effective herbicidal activity was shown by VNS, resulting in complete inhibition of seed germination. Based on the heatmap clustering selected species are divided into two clusters. The first cluster comprises VNB and VTP are there whereas in the second cluster there are two sub-clusters including VNS only in one sub-cluster and VNH and VACP in the second sub-cluster.