Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important component of the bacterial antioxidant system. In Salmonella Pullorum, an avian specialist serovar of Salmonella, four SODs are encoded, of which sod1 and sod3 belong to the Cu/ZnSOD family, and sod2 and sod4 belong to the Fe/MnSOD family. However, their respective potential functions in stress responses have remained unclear. In this study, we found that a (p)ppGpp synthetase mutant of S. Pullorum exhibited reduced antibiotic tolerance and SOD activity. To further understand the roles of SODs in antibiotic tolerance and virulence, four sod single mutants (Δsod1, Δsod2, Δsod3, and Δsod4) and two sod double mutants (Δsod1Δsod3 and Δsod2Δsod4) were constructed. We found that all four SODs contributed to total SOD activity and superoxide tolerance of S. Pullorum. However, this contribution was not uniform, as the Δsod2Δsod4 mutant showed the lowest survival rates under paraquat treatment, and the highest reactive oxygen species accumulation and lowest survival rates under antibiotic treatment, suggesting the key roles of sod2 and sod4 in degrading ROS in these processes. We also demonstrated that Δsod2Δsod4 was more easily eliminated in a chicken macrophage cell, as well as in the spleen and liver of infected chicken hosts, in comparison with the wild-type strain and other sod mutants. The Δsod2Δsod4 mutant was also the only strain which was completely nonlethal to one-day-old chickens. Taken together, our results indicate that, of the four sod genes, the Fe/MnSOD (sod2 and sod4) collectively had the most significant impact on antibiotic tolerance and pathogenicity of S. Pullorum.

Serum malondialdehyde predicts mortality in patients with acute heart failure.

Fatigue represents a significant health concern. Chronic fatigue may contribute to mental health disorders and accelerated aging. Oxidative stress, characterized by excessive production of reactive oxygen species, is generally considered to increase during physical exertion and to indicate fatigue. Although antioxidants are known to enhance endurance, effects of sea cucumber (SC) on physical fatigue remain undetermined and were explored in this study. We investigated the effects of SC on alterations in locomotor activity and expression levels of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog peroxisome 1 (Sirt1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and antioxidative-related proteins, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), and catalase, in the soleus muscle following SC administration before and/or after forced walking. Administration of SC before and after forced walking, rather than at a single time point, mitigated the subsequent decrease in locomotor activity and enhanced expression of Sirt1, NRF2, SOD1, GPx1 and catalase in the soleus muscle of mice. In contrast, EX-527, the selective Sirt1 inhibitor, abolished the SC-induced anti-fatigue effect and the enhanced Sirt1/NRF2/SOD1-GPx1-catalase pathway in the soleus muscle. Consequently, we propose that SC attenuates fatigue by modulating the Sirt1/NRF2/SOD1-GPx1-catalase pathway in the soleus muscle.

Ropivacaine attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in young male mice by reducing endothelial oxidative stress through activation of the Htr7/cAMP-PKA signaling.

Phosphocreatine attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis via activation of the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway and preservation of endothelial integrity.

Passive cigarette smoke induces reversible tracheal hyperreactivity via oxidative stress and m₃ receptor desensitization in rats.

Deciphering the potential of silver-selenium nanocomposites on growth metrics, physiological attributes, and antioxidant profiles in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are enlarged, multinucleated tumor cells that arise in response to stressors such as chemotherapy and are increasingly recognized as key drivers of recurrence and metastasis in aggressive cancers. Found in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and ovarian cancer (OC), PGCCs can survive cytotoxic therapy in a dormant state and later produce chemoresistant progeny through amitotic budding. Here, we investigated the role of autophagy in paclitaxel (PTX)-induced PGCC survival, nuclear maintenance, and migration. PGCCs generated from MDA-MB-231 and HEY cells were significantly larger, more heterogeneous, and more resistant to PTX than parent cells. Transcriptomic profiling revealed enrichment of metabolic and cytoskeletal pathways, with strong upregulation of autophagy-related genes, including SQSTM1 (P62), LC3, and LAMP1. PGCCs exhibited elevated oxidative stress and marked induction of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). p62 was localized near micronuclei, and prolonged autophagy inhibition with Bafilomycin A1 reduced nuclear size, heterogeneity, and micronuclei number. PGCCs also displayed a dispersed vimentin intermediate filament network that scaffolded autophagic structures; autophagy inhibition impaired migration in PGCC-derived daughter cells. These findings identify autophagy as a critical process sustaining PGCC survival, structural integrity, and motility, and suggest that targeting autophagy may disrupt PGCC-driven recurrence in aggressive cancers.

Uncovering the potential role of nicotinamide as a radioprotective agent in rats.

This study for the first time investigated the effects of poultry litter containing cypermethrin (740μg kg-1 d.w.) and metals on Folsomia candida, assessing lethality, behavior, reproduction, and oxidative stress biomarkers, which were combined into an Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) assessment. The sublethal effects covered application rates equivalent to those reported for different cropping systems (2.0-25.0tha-1). Compared to control soil, poultry litter showed elevated concentrations in mg kg-1 of Cu (27.5), Zn (36.6), Mn (37.7), and Cr (0.93). The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 10.82% at 7 days and decreased to 3.59% at 14 days. Significant avoidance and reproductive effects were detected at poultry litter concentrations of 0.5% (10tha-1) and 0.1% (2tha-1), respectively. The corresponding median effective concentrations (EC50) were 1.38% for avoidance and 0.188% for reproduction. Antioxidant biomarkers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and metallothionein (MT), together with oxidative damage indicators, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (CARB), revealed a response pattern: at intermediate concentrations (0.75-1.0%), an increase in enzyme activities and antioxidant defenses levels was observed; however, at 0.75% and 1.25%, oxidative damage occurred. Principal Component Analysis and correlation analyses indicate that higher litter concentrations impair antioxidant defenses, increase oxidative damage, and trigger compensatory detoxification in F. candida, while the IBR revealed progressive changes in the antioxidant system in response to increasing poultry litter concentrations. Notably, to the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of pyrethroid occurrence in poultry litter, revealing a previously unrecognized contamination pathway and underscoring potential risks to soil ecosystems.

Metabolomic profiling of Cordia africana Lam. and its anti-asthmatic effect in an ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation model.

STARD4-AS1 promotes coronary artery disease and modulates endothelial dysfunction by targeting miR-204-3p/FLI1.

Dietary incorporation of gut-derived probiotics from fast-growing white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei to boost growth and health performance in white shrimp.

The standard method for transporting tissues during limb transplantation and replantation is cold ischemic transport (CIT). However, CIT cannot completely prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). As an alternative, extracorporeal perfusion (ECP) methods that provide an adequate metabolic environment for ischemic tissues could be considered. In this study, we investigated the differences between CIT and ECP in terms of their effects on IRI. An ischemia-reperfusion model was used to compare the CIT and ECP groups. This model includes a 6-hour ischemia period followed by a one-hour reperfusion period. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and total thiol levels in muscle and blood samples were biochemically analyzed to determine oxidative damage levels. TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-10 levels were measured in the same samples to evaluate the degree of inflammation. Apoptosis was evaluated by measuring the levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins in muscle samples. Histopathologic examination was performed for tissue damage and mitochondria were evaluated by Cox staining. It was found that the ECP causes less oxidative and inflammatory damage than the CIT. Bax and bcl-2 levels did not differ between the 2 groups. Biochemical parameters were found to be higher in the CIT group. More mitochondrial damage was observed in the CIT system. ECP caused less inflammatory and oxidative damage compared with CIT. The promising results of our experimental study suggest that the clinical use of extracorporeal circulation machines for extremity transport may reduce histopathologic damage.

Dioclea violacea lectin preserves brain mitochondrial function and prevents oxidative damage after ischemia/reperfusion.

Microvascular dysfunction (MVD) after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is common and contributes to adverse left ventricular remodeling and reduced survival. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) shedding during STEMI has been proposed as a potential mechanism for MVD. This study evaluated eGC shedding during STEMI, its recovery over time, and its correlations with oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial injury. In this before-after clinical study, STEMI patients were assessed in the acute phase and again six months later. Circulating biomarkers of eGC shedding (syndecan-1 [SDC-1], hyaluronan [HYAL], sulfated glycosaminoglycans [GAGs]); endothelial injury (thrombomodulin [TBML], tissue plasminogen activator [tPA], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], nitrite); oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA], total hydroperoxides [H₂O₂], superoxide dismutase [SOD], reduced glutathione [GSH], total antioxidant capacity [TAC]); and inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α) were quantified. Sublingual microcirculation was evaluated using GlycoCheck to estimate the perfused boundary region (PBR), an inverse parameter of eGC thickness. Twenty patients were included, with a mean interval of 188±31days between assessments. PBR and flow-adjusted PBR decreased significantly from the acute phase to follow-up, indicating eGC restoration. Acute elevations in SDC-1, HYAL, GAGs, MDA, H₂O₂, SOD, tPA, and nitrite were attenuated at six months. Biomarkers of eGC shedding and PBR values correlated positively with indices of oxidative stress, endothelial injury and inflammation. eGC shedding occurs during STEMI and shows evidence of recovery in the subsequent months. Correlations between eGC shedding and oxidative stress, endothelial injury and inflammation support a mechanistic interplay contributing to MVD development after STEMI.

Significant Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): effects on physiological, apoptotic, histological, immunohistochemical, and growth performance indices.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disorder that poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems worldwide and is considered one of the top five leading causes of death globally. The current study was designed to evaluate the two newly synthesized thiobarbituric acid analogues for anti-hyperglycemic potential. In experimental animal diabetes was induced using alloxan. The compounds designated as SL1 and SL2 were fed to animals to ameliorate the symptoms of induced diabetes. Level of blood glucose and weight of animals along with other biochemical parameters were monitored daily for four weeks. Antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also evaluated. Safety profile of compounds SL1 and SL2 was confirmed up to 250 mg/kg. Groups treated with SL1 had a substantial reduction in blood glucose levels (127.25±4.81mg/dL and 115.61±4.65 mg/dL) at respective doses, whereas for SL2 the recorded values were 148.98±4.36 mg/dL and 129.81±4.59 mg/dL (p<0.001). The diabetic group of animals treated with SL1 and SL2 significantly reduced HbA1c (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p<0.001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (p<0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and creatinine. Furthermore, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was effectively enhanced in the treated groups (p<0.001). Both the compounds were significantly effective in normalizing the symptoms of induced diabetes and changes brought about in other blood parameters in experimental animals.

Dietary supplementation with plant essential oils-loaded chitosan nanoparticles improves growth, body composition, digestive enzymes, and immune response in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Influence on histopathology and survivability against Vibrioparahaemolyticus.

Sulfur-mediated strategies for enhanced yield, photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant activity of mustard in north-western India