Superior Defect Research Articles

Synergetic mixed ionic liquid strategy for comprehensive defect passivation and increased carrier mobility in high-performance green perovskite light-emitting diodes

Metal halide perovskites have recently garnered significant attention owing to their potential in light-emitting diode applications. The performance of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) can be significantly influenced by mitigating the halide vacancy-related defects and optimizing the morphology of the perovskite layer. Achieving defect passivation in perovskites often involves the incorporation of electrically insulating long-chain ligands, which can result in the transformation of the three-dimensional perovskite structure to lower-dimensional structures. This enhances its optoelectronic properties, but reduces the interparticle charge transport, thus limiting the performance of the PeLEDs. This study demonstrates a novel approach for passivating defects by utilizing mixed ionic liquid (IL) additives, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BZIMBF4). The BMIMBF4 enhances carrier mobility, whereas BZIMBF4 enhances the film morphology and improves defect passivation within the perovskite active layer. Consequently, the mixed IL strategy enables improved control over the crystal growth kinetics, alteration of crystallographic orientation, superior defect passivation, and adjustment of the energy band levels. Additionally, this IL-based approach maintains the three-dimensional structure of the perovskite, thus preserving good charge transport properties compared to organic ligands. These combined effects result in high-performance green PeLEDs with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 20.03% and a brightness of 57599.36 cd/m2.

Surgical induced necrotizing scleritis following intraocular lens replacement

PurposeTo report a surgical-induced necrotizing scleritis, as well as its medical and surgical management.MethodsCase-report.ResultsAn 88 year-old patient with a three-day severe single-left-eye ocular pain. One-time surgery involving PPV with removal of dislocated intraocular lens and secondary implantation of iris-claw Artisan® lens was performed 6 months earlier. Visual acuity of 20/100. Slit-lamp examination revealed a 5 × 2 mm non-suppurative superior scleral defect. Empirical topical antibiotic treatment with dexamethasone, as well as oral doxycycline was started. Infectious and autoimmune diseases were ruled out. Non-infectious scleritis treatment was conducted with intravenous Methylprednisolone 3 day pulses, followed by weekly tapered Prednisone and intramuscular Methotrexate. However, 1 month after the diagnosis, the defect was worsened; hence, a heterologous scleral patch graft was performed and, days after the intervention, Adalimumab was initiated. To date, 6 months later, remains with proper scleral patch, a diary low-dose Prednisone, and spacing Adalimumab treatment.ConclusionSurgery-induced necrotizing scleritis is a severe condition that compromise the ocular and visual integrity. Proper diagnosis, as well as early treatment is required to achieve remission, prevent relapses, and avoid structural complications. In refractory cases, anti-TNF-α immunotherapy associated with surgical tectonic graft interventions can achieve promising results.

Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome: A case report

Abstract Marcus Gunn jaw wink phenomenon or Trigeminal oculomotor synkinesis, is a congenital disorder in which the upper lid moves synkinetically in response to jaw movement during chewing. The term synkinesis describes the simultaneous movement or a coordinated sequence of movements of muscles, which are supplied by different nerves or by separate peripheral branches of the same nerve. Although it rarely manifests bilaterally, it is typically unilateral. In 1883, Dr Robert Marcus Gunn, a Scottish Ophthalmologist described a 15-year-old girl with a peculiar type of congenital ptosis that included an associated winking motion of the affected eyelid on the movement of the jaw. It is known to affect both men and women equally. This phenomenon has been reported to be a similar phenomenon affecting 2-13% of all cases of congenital ptosis. It can be congenital or acquired, for example through trauma. The Congenital Marcus Gunn jaw wink phenomenon is thought to arise from the connection between the branch of the trigeminal nerve (responsible for chewing) supplying the middle or lateral pterygoid muscle and the branch of the oculomotor nerve supplying the upper superior levator ocular defect. Here we present a case report of Marcus Gunn’s Jaw-Winking Synkinesis in congenital ptosis.

Device Closure of Superior Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defects: A single centre experience.

Sinus venosus atrial septal defects present a wide variety of anatomical features and are frequently associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of one or more right pulmonary veins. Surgical correction used to be the standard treatment. In recent times, transcatheter correction of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defects has come into vogue. The transcatheter closure of these defects with covered stents at a tertiary care centre in Oman between 2018 and 2023 is reported.

Oclusão percutânea da comunicação interatrial do tipo seio venoso com stent coberto: a importância dos métodos de imagem para impressão de modelos tridimensionais e a melhor tomada de decisão clínica

A superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect is usually accompanied by an anomalous venous connection to a right superior or middle pulmonary vein or veins, draining directly into the superior vena cava or even into the cavoatrial junction. This is a case report of a 62-year-old female patient, diagnosed with a sinus venosus atrial septal defect, with overload of the right chambers, for whom a percutaneous occlusion procedure was planned, using a previous cardiovascular tomography and, sequentially, a three-dimensional anatomical study, with the publicly available software 3D Slicer. In addition, a resin model was printed for inspection and simulation of a stent implantation. The patient was treated percutaneously with a 60-mm covered Chetham-Platinum stent, with total occlusion of the defect, absence of residual shunts, and draining flow from the right superior pulmonary vein to the left atrium, through a posterior communication between the atria, a sine qua non prerequisite to perform this type of procedure. Planning of the percutaneous occlusion procedure of the sinus venosus atrial septal defect involves careful evaluation of imaging tests. The printing of virtual or physical models, derived from computed tomography angiography of the heart, is essential for a detailed study of the defect and associated anatomical structures, minimizing the occurrence of complications.

Elucidating the Role of Chalcogenide‐Based Interface Passivators in Enhancing the Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractChalcogenide‐based Lewis bases are widely used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their effectiveness in passivating Pb2+ and Pb0‐related defects. However, the underlying principles governing their defect passivation and the relative efficacy of different chalcogen elements remain poorly understood. This study evaluates the effectiveness of oxygen, sulfur, and selenium‐based interface passivator molecules in enhancing the stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cell devices. The hard and soft acid and base (HSAB) principle has been utilized here to gain insights into the defect passivation behavior of chalcogenide‐based molecules. The photoluminescence, ideality factor, and trap density measurements reveal that the sulfide and selenide‐passivated devices exhibit superior defect passivation compared to the oxide‐passivated control device. In terms of stability, the average T75 lifetime (time at which 75% of the initial PCE is retained) of the oxide, sulfide, and selenide passivated samples is 6%, 30%, and 50% higher compared to their un‐passivated counterparts. This enhanced stability with the sulfide and selenide‐based passivators can be attributed to their soft Lewis base nature, which resulted in stronger interaction with the Pb‐related defects, as evidenced by the density‐functional theory calculations and X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy study.

Sinus node dysfunction during transcatheter assessment and stent correction of sinus venosus atrial septal defects.

Covered stent correction of a superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect is increasingly performed as an alternative to surgical repair.While sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implantation may be required after surgical repair, this has not been previously reported after covered stent implantation. We reviewed the experience in two interventional centers.Balloon inflation in the superior vena cava was used to confirm the anomalous pulmonary vein drainage would be unobstructed after stent implantation. During balloon testing in 62 consecutive patients, we assessed gradients across the pulmonary vein to left atrium while monitoring the rhythm. We observed the outcomes after covered stent correction in 51 patients.In a single patient, significant bradycardia and pauses developed on repeat balloon testing and the procedure was abandoned without stent implantation. In another patient, there was no sign of sinus node dysfunction during balloon testing but several hours after stent implantation, the patient became symptomatic from sinus bradycardia and pauses and had a pacemaker implanted 3 days later. Over a year later there are some signs of improvement in sinus node function.While sinus node dysfunction has not been described previously during balloon testing or after stent implantation, this report demonstrates for the first time that it may occur. Larger registries are therefore required to monitor for this uncommon complication.

High-temperature graphitization characteristics of vitrinite and inertinite

In order to explore the graphitization characteristic differences between vitrinite and inertinite in coal, this study conducted high-temperature thermal simulation experiments (at five temperature points: 1800°C, 2100°C, 2400°C, 2700°C, and 3000°C) using inertinite-rich and vitrinite-rich samples as graphitization precursors. The quantitative comparison for the evolution characteristics of their graphite lattice was carried out using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (Raman) techniques. HRTEM revealed that an evident increase in carbon layer numbers and degree of extension was observed with increasing treatment temperature, XRD showed the variation of lattice parameters (d002/La/Lc) with temperature, Raman data revealed the variation of lattice defects (R2/R3) with temperature. It was discussed about the differences of graphite lattice construction processes between inertinite and vitrinite, throughout the entire temperature range of the experiment, the d002 spacing of inertinite was always smaller than that of vitrinite, indicating a higher degree of graphitization. vitrinite exhibited a uniform and smooth evolution state throughout the entire heating process, while inertinite exhibited an “inert” state between 1800°C and 2100°C (d002 values stagnated near at 0.3440 nm). With increasing simulated temperature, the defect level (R2 and R3) of vitrinite rapidly decreased below that of inertinite, throughout the entire temperature range, vitrinite demonstrated superior defect healing ability in terms of both rate and capability compared to inertinite. Under high-temperature thermal simulation, the three-dimensional lattice construction and defect elimination of vitrinite exhibited synchronous evolution characteristics. On the other hand, the formation of the graphite lattice in inertinite showed an evolutionary trend of “first three-dimensional lattice construction, followed by gradual defect elimination”.

Transcatheter versus surgical treatment for isolated superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect.

The superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect is a congenital communication between the left and right atria. Open surgical approach by patch closure has historically been the only treatment option. Recently, a transcatheter approach has been developed. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of surgical and transcatheter approach in treatment of sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Between March 2010 and December 2020, 58patients (median age: 45.4, range 14.8-73.8) underwent either surgical or transcatheter correction of superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Twenty-four patients (median age: 35.4, range 14.8-66.8) underwent surgery while 34patients (median age: 46.8, range 15.5-73.8) had a transcatheter treatment. During the catheterization era, 41patients was considered suitable for a transcatheter closure. In 5 patients, surgery was the patient's or referring physician's choice. In 2cases, the procedure was unsuccessful; the remaining 34were successfully closed (94.4% of cases). Intensive care unit stay (median of 1 day, range 0.5-4, vs. 0, range 0-2, p < 0.0001) and hospital stay (median 7 days, range 2-15 vs. 2 days, range 1-12, p < 0.0001), were significantly longer in the surgery group. Total early complication rate, consisted on procedural and in-hospital complication, were higher in the surgical group (62.5% vs. 23.5%; p = 0.005). However, complications in both groups were clinically mild. At follow-up, a small residual shunt was present in 6patients (surgery group: 2 pts; catheterization group: 4 pts; p: NS). Imaging studies showed significant improvement of right ventricular size and unobstructed pulmonary venous return in all patients. No late complications occurred at follow-up. Transcatheter correction of sinus venosus atrial septal defect is effective and safe in selected patients and may be considered as a valid alternative to surgery.

Versatility of Facial Artery Musculomucosal (FAMM) Flap for Reconstruction of Oral Cavity Defects.

The Facial Artery Musculomucosal (FAMM) flap for reconstruction of oral cavity defects is being popularized in recent years due to its obvious advantages. The aim of our study is to evaluate the cases operated at our institute for the reconstruction of oral cavity defects using FAMM flap and assess their outcomes. In this retrospective study, we included all patients in whom the FAMM flap was used to reconstruct oral cavity defects operated at our institute from January 2017 to December 2020. From the available records, patients' data like age, sex, diagnosis, treatment plan, complications, flap viability, and need for pedicle revision were retrieved and tabulated. FAMM flap was used in ten patients (8 male, 2 female) with ages ranging from 40 to 54years. In six patients with superior defects e.g., maxilla/palate, retrograde FAMM flap was used and in the other 4 patients with inferior defects e.g., tongue/ floor of the mouth, antegrade FAMM flap was used. None of the patients developed complications like flap failure/necrosis or dehiscence. The donor site healed uneventfully in all patients. FAMM flap offers various advantages for oral cavity reconstruction including mucosa reconstruction with alike mucosal tissue, muscle portion providing bulk, minimal donor site morbidity along with easier harvesting approach. There are no associated significant long-term complications if the technique is properly followed. FAMM should be considered a viable option for the reconstruction of a variety of oral cavity defects.

Contrast sensitivity in glaucoma patients with visual field defects at different locations

Contrast sensitivity (CS) is closely associated with vision-related quality of life in glaucoma patients. This cross-sectional study was performed to determine the relationship between CS and visual field (VF) sensitivity (VFS) according to the hemifield location of VF defects in 238 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who underwent 24-2 standard automated perimetry and CS measurement on the same day. Of the 238 eyes, 83, 58, and 47 eyes had VF defects in the superior, inferior and both hemifields, respectively, and 50 had no VF defects in either hemifield. Significant correlations between CS and VFS in all sectors were observed in the entire cohort (R2 = 0.103–0.315, all P < 0.001). However, CS poorly represented VF defects in eyes with single superior (R2 = 0.037–0.086) or inferior (R2 = 0.107–0.222) hemifield defects. Eyes with bi-hemifield VF defects showed significant correlations between VFS and CS at 0.3 m in all sectors (R2 = 0.200–0.406), but the correlation between VFS and CS at 5 m was significant only in the inferior sector (R2 = 0.224–0.348 vs. 0.081–0.126 in the inferior and superior sectors, respectively). Correlations between CS and VFS were dependent on CS distances and the presence of bi-hemifield VF defects. Although CS may not correlate with VFS in eyes with single-hemifield VF defects, it may reflect visual disability in eyes with bi-hemifield defects.

Normaldruckglaukom – Ein Fallbericht

Purpose. This case report describes a standardized optome- tric examination in a 78-year-old female patient. Material and Methods. Visual acuity testing, intraocular pres- sure measurement by non-contact tonometry, pachymetry, chamber angle measurement, optic disc tomography by optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement, slit lamp examination with 90 dioptry (90D) lens, and visual field measurement by automated standardized perimetry were performed. Results. Best corrected visual acuity was 0.8 (logMar 0.1) in the right eye (OD) and 1.0 (logMar 0.0) in the left eye (OS). In- traocular pressure (IOP) measurement showed a mean value from three measurements per eye of OD 18.6 / OS 18.3 mmHg. The vertical cup/disc ratio (CD ratio) was 0.9 in the right eye and 0.8 in the left eye. The nasal and temporal chamber angle was 41° in the right eye and 41° in the left eye. The visual field measurement showed superior defects on both sides as well as an inferior beginning reduction of sensitivity. The patient was referred to an ophthalmologist with the suspected diag- nosis of “normal tension glaucoma”, which was confirmed by the ophthalmologist and treatment was initiated. Conclusion. This case report describes the importance of using a variety of screening devices/methods in glaucoma screening for early detection. Keywords glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, perimetry, optical coherence tomography, tonometry, visual acuity

Ocular manifestations in Arnold Chiari syndrome

AbstractPurpose: Arnold‐Chiari disease is a rare congenital malformation of the cerebellum. Symptoms are dominated by occipital headache, torticollis, and sometimes swallowing disorders. Regarding ophthalmological manifestations, convergence abnormalities, oculomotor paralysis and diplopia are the main clinical signs. We report two cases of ocular manifestations in Arnold Chiari type 1 syndrome.Methods: Two case reports and a literature review.Results:Case 1: A 40‐year‐old patient with no medical history presented an acute loss of vision in both eyes. On examination, the patient had a visual acuity limited to 5/63. Biomicroscopic examination of the anterior segment was without abnormalities. Fundus examination revealed a bilateral papillary edema. Visual field test showed a borderline diffuse loss in both eyes.Case 2: A 17‐year‐old patient with no medical history presented intermittent headaches and a progressive loss of vision in both eyes. On examination, the patient had a visual acuity limited to 5/80. Biomicroscopic examination of the anterior segment was without abnormalities. Fundus examination revealed atrophy not excavated in both eyes. Visual field test showed nasal and temporal scotomas in both eyes. Temporal, superior and inferior RNFL defects were detected in both eyes. A brain MRI revealed a Chiari type 1 malformation without associated hydrocephalus in both patients.Conclusions: Arnold Chiari type 1 malformation is an uncommon pathology. The discovery of ophthalmologic signs requires a neurosurgical intervention as soon as possible to stop progression towards the loss of visual function by optic atrophy.

Promotional Role of Oxygen Vacancy Defects and Cu−Ce Interfacial Sites on the Activity of Cu/CeO2 Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol

AbstractDevelopment of novel catalyst for CO2 conversion to methanol is still a challenge. A series of Cu/CeO2 catalyst were prepared by changing the synthesis procedure. The Cu/CeO2 catalyst were prepared by co‐precipitation, surfactant‐assisted co‐precipitation, and sol‐gel methods for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol are documented. The performance of these catalysts was evaluated to elucidate the role of catalytic properties. The Cu/CeO2 catalyst synthesized by the sol‐gel (Cu/CeO2−SG) method exhibited superior strong basic site density, Cu dispersion, and oxygen vacancy defects than co‐precipitation method. A correlation between strong basic site density, oxygen vacancies, and methanol space time yield was established. Moreover, the promotional role of Cu−Ce interfacial sites on the reduced Cu4t/CeO2(111) cluster in CO2 adsorption and activation has been reported by the DFT calculation. These experimental and theoretical results provide insights into Cu‐CeO2 interaction and role of metal‐support interactions in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction.

Extended Fixation for Paprosky Type III Acetabular Defects in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty with a Minimum Follow-Up of 2 Years.

Revision of total hip arthroplasty for patients with severe acetabular bone defects is challenging. This study aims to report the minimum 2 years outcome of the iliac extended fixation technique in patients with Paprosky type III acetabular defects. Fifty-seven revision total hip arthroplasty patients were retrospectively reviewed who underwent reconstruction with the concept of iliac extended fixation from 2014 to 2017 in our hospital. We proposed a new concept of "iliac extended fixation" in revision total hip arthroplasty as fixation extending superiorly 2cm beyond the original acetabular rim with porous metal augments, which was further classified into intracavitary and extracavitary fixation. Patients were assessed using the Harris Hip Score and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Score. Radiographs and patient-reported satisfaction were assessed. At an average follow-up of 63months (range 25-88months), the postoperative Harris Hip Score and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores were significantly improved at the last follow-up (p < 0.001). The center of rotation was significantly improved (p < 0.05). Fifty-three (93.0%) patients were satisfied with the outcome. The extracavitary iliac extended fixation group had higher rate of osteointegration in zone 1A (the superior lateral zone) than the intracavitary iliac extended fixation group (82.3% vs 55.0%, p=0.015), and significantly more horizontal screws fixation (5.1 ± 24.7° vs 42.3 ± 36.8°, p < 0.001). Intracavitary and extracavitary iliac extended fixation with porous metal augments and cementless cups are effective in reconstructing severe superior acetabular bone defects. The difference in screw direction might reflect the different biomechanics of augment fixation.

High sampling resolution optical coherence tomography reveals potential concurrent reductions in ganglion cell-inner plexiform and inner nuclear layer thickness but not in outer retinal thickness in glaucoma.

To analyse optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer retinal complex (ORC) measurements relative to ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements in glaucoma. Glaucoma participants (n= 271) were categorised by 10-2 visual field defect type. Differences in GCIPL, INL and ORC thickness were calculated between glaucoma and matched healthy eyes (n= 548). Hierarchical cluster algorithms were applied to generate topographic patterns of retinal thickness change, with agreement between layers assessed using Cohen's kappa (κ). Differences in GCIPL, INL and ORC thickness within and outside GCIPL regions showing the greatest reductions and Spearman's correlations between layer pairs were compared with 10-2 mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) to determine trends with glaucoma severity. Glaucoma participants with inferior and superior defects presented with concordant GCIPL and INL defects demonstrating mostly fair-to-moderate agreement (κ=0.145-0.540), which was not observed in eyes with no or ring defects (κ=-0.067-0.230). Correlations (r) with MD and PSD were moderate and weak in GCIPL and INL thickness differences, respectively (GCIPL vs. MD r= 0.479, GCIPL vs. PSD r= -0.583, INL vs. MD r= 0.259, INL vs. PSD r= -0.187, p= <0.0001-0.002), and weak in GCIPL-INL correlations (MD r= 0.175, p= 0.004 and PSD r= 0.154, p= 0.01). No consistent patterns in ORC thickness or correlations were observed. In glaucoma, concordant reductions in macular INL and GCIPL thickness can be observed, but reductions in ORC thickness appear unlikely. These findings suggest that trans-synaptic retrograde degeneration may occur in glaucoma and could indicate the usefulness of INL thickness in evaluating glaucomatous damage.

Abstract 15146: A Flying Saucer- Asymptomatic Migration of an Atrial Septal Defect Occluder Device to the Aortic Arch - No Good Deed Goes Unpunished!

Introduction: Though safe, the transcatheter closure with an atrial septal defect for secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is associated with complications, such as device dislodgement. Case report: A 51-year-old female with a complex fenestrated secundum ASD (16mm superior defect and 14mm inferior defect with insufficient aortic rim) with hemodynamically significant shunt causing right heart dysfunction underwent placement of two atrial septal defect occluder devices (Amplatzer). While there was no shunting noted on immediate post-procedure transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), a follow-up TTE after a year showed residual left to right shunting across the ASD. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showed a single occluder device (inferior) in place and a second device (superior) lodged in the distal aortic arch at the level of the left common carotid and left subclavian artery with mild local flow acceleration (aortic velocity 2.6 ms/s) and no superimposed device thrombus. Her only complaint was recurrent headaches, which pre-dated the procedure and were attributed to ocular migraine by her neurologist. The patient underwent a transcatheter procedure to attempt the retrieval of the dislodged device. The proximal end of the device was found adherent to the aortic wall. Aortogram revealed excellent flow around the device. The procedure was aborted due to the risk of dissection. Since the device did not cause any adverse effects and would likely continue to endothelialization. Conclusion: Atrial septal occluder device dislodgement can occur several months after implantation. Careful monitoring is required particularly when the ASD rim is insufficient. In cases of migration and adherence to the aortic wall without hemodynamic consequences, the device can likely be safely left in place to endothelialize. Despite a faster recovery with percutaneous procedures, a surgical approach should be considered in younger patients to avoid such complications.

Multifunctional Modifications Based on Carbonyl Material Enhanced Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

The rapid development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) perovskite is inseparable from the investigation of plentiful new additive materials. Herein, a conjugated organic material called TPD‐Br containing two carbonyl groups and Br atoms is synthesized. TPD‐Br with Lewis‐base groups can provide excellent passivation for defects between perovskite layer and electron transport layer. Furthermore, Br atom can also interact with iodine ions via halogen bonds. TPD‐Br passivates the perovskite defects because it can interact with undercoordinated Pb2+ ions by forming PbO bond, lower defect density and larger grain size occur in the perovskite can be obtained. Consequently, high‐quality perovskite films with fewer defects can be fabricated. The PSCs with TPD‐Br additive achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.74%. These results illustrate that TPD‐Br, as a superior passivate defect additive, can improve the performance and stability of PSCs.

Lamb Wave Frequency Diverse Array.

The imaging method based on the conventional phased array (PA) can only realize angle focusing. To break through the above limitations, frequency diverse array (FDA) is first introduced from radar to Lamb wave, which opens up a possibility to realize angle-range focusing in damage localization. The energy pattern of FDA without considering the features of radar signals is re-derived, and a corresponding FDA focusing imaging method for Lamb wave is developed. In the presented method, by appending various frequency offsets to the redesigned anti-dispersive excitations, the desired FDA focusing and the dispersion elimination for Lamb wave are achieved simultaneously. Furthermore, based on full matrix capture being the data acquisition approach, a novel total focusing is realized with comprehensive consideration of positive and negative frequency offsets. Benefiting from FDA focusing, compared with the PA methods, the proposed method exhibits superior adjacent defects' identification ability and preferable interference suppression capability with excellent location accuracy and strong parameter robustness. Its superiority is validated by the experiment on aluminum plate with multiple adjoining surface and inner defects.

The "Topography" of Glaucomatous Defect Using OCT and Visual Field Examination.

AimTo describe the modifications in the superior and inferior retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness regarding the distribution of the VF defects for the horizontal meridians in glaucomatous patients and the differences in the RNFL thickness topography between glaucomatous and healthy subjects.MethodsOne hundred twenty eyes of 91 patients affected by glaucoma and 94 eyes of 51 normal patients were retrospectively reviewed. Computerized 30°VF (Octopus G1 Dynamic strategy) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) ONH and 3D disk analysis were performed in all cases. The RNFL thickness measures analyzed in both groups were superior-nasal (SN), superior-temporal (ST), inferior-nasal (IN), and inferior temporal (IT) sectors. The VFs were classified according to the distribution of the VF defect as for the horizontal meridian in the pattern deviation plot as superior, inferior, predominantly superior, or predominantly inferior.ResultIn the glaucomatous group, 78 eyes (65%) showed a predominantly superior VF defect, while 38 eyes (32%) showed a predominantly inferior VF defect. Fifty-six eyes (46.7%) presented an exclusively superior, and 27/120 eyes (22.5%) presented an exclusively inferior VF defect. In the control group, the thickest RNFL sector was IT. The ST sector showed the thickest RNFL in presence of an exclusive superior VF defect. In case of an exclusive inferior VF defect, the thickest RNFL was the IT sector. VF showing superior defect presented a more altered MD than the VF with an inferior defect.ConclusionGlaucomatous damage affects both the superior and inferior neural rim almost simultaneously. However, the neural rim loss seems to be asymmetric, involving the inferior or superior rim depending on the predominant involvement of the superior or inferior hemifield at the VF test. Particularly, the IT sector appears to be the most compromised in glaucomatous eyes. Therefore, the asymmetry between superior and inferior RNFL could support the diagnosis of glaucoma.How to cite this articlede Paula A, Perdicchi A, Pocobelli A, et al. The “Topography” of Glaucomatous Defect Using OCT and Visual Field Examination. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(1):31-35.