Superfluous Words Research Articles

Lexical features of Russian speech of bilinguals in Germany and monolinguals in Russia: an experimental study

The results of the comparison of lexical features of Russian speech of four groups of respondents are presented: 1) adult Russian-German bilinguals aged 35-50 who moved to Germany in the 1990-2010s; 2) their children aged 10-15 who were born in Germany or moved to Germany at an early age; 3) adult monolinguals aged 35-50 living in St. Petersburg; 4) their children aged 10-15. The relevance of the research is, on the one hand, in the importance of studying the state of the Russian language in the families of Russian compatriots living abroad, its preserving and developing, and on the other hand, in the need to supplement the existing data on the speech development of bilinguals with new facts. The research is aimed at comparing lexical features of Russian speech of two generations of bilinguals in Germany and monolinguals in Russia. The material of the research includes transcripts of picture story recordings from the book of M. Mayer “Frog, where are you?”. The methods of the research are observation, data systematization and statistical processing, comparison, quantitative and qualitative interpretation of data. The authors found out the average proportion of lexical norms violations in the stories of informants and among them the proportion of word substitutions, word omissions and superfluous words insertion. The types of word substitutions, their percentage, and their reasons were determined. The similarity of lexical norms violations in the speech of children (bilingual and monolingual), conditioned by general laws of speech development, was revealed. The conclusion is made about the relatively stable Russia lexical system in the diaspora, at least in the two groups of Russian-German bilinguals studied, and about its similarity with the lexical system of monolinguals. Some parts of the lexical system of the Russian language of bilingual children aged 10-15 years undergo changes, but these changes do not violate its integrity.

Penggunaan Bahasa Baku Dalam Penulsan Karya Ilmiah


 This essay outlines the factors that should be taken into account when students employ standard language in their scientific writing. The range of raw materials is reflected in the languages used in scientific papers. In scientific communities, standard language is the norm. In writing, there are requirements that must be met in order to be compliant with Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (EYD). The usage of uppercase and oblique letters, foreign word absorption, inappropriate word placement, cutting words, and superfluous words are all things to pay attention to words.tandart language, scientific paper.
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Investigating The Grammatical Interference of Indonesian-Gayonese EFL Learners

This study aimed to investigate the causes of Indonesian interference in the writing of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students and to examine the types of such interference. In order to figure out the issue of Indonesian grammatical interference, a descriptive qualitative approach was adopted by utilizing fourth-semester students of the English Department IAIN Takengon, Aceh, Indonesia, as the target population for the research. Subsequently, the data was derived from both tests and observations. Data analysis indicates that the students still experienced interference from the Indonesian grammar due to it being their first language. In this research, grammatical interference is divided into two categories: the interference of syntax and morphology. Syntactic interference comprises words, prepositions, superfluous words, and word omission. The most prevalent occurrence of syntactic interference is in the area of prepositions. Morphological interference replicated itself in determiner omission, incorrect determiner usage, subject-verb agreement discrepancies, the incorrect verb 'to be,' incorrect usage of verb tenses, and confusion regarding singularity and plurality. Though, the most prevalent type of morphological interference is the omission of a determiner. It was observed that the disparity in the structure of Indonesian and English grammar accounts for the interference. In addition, another cause was that students typically composed it first in Indonesian and translated it into English.

Vexing vocabulary in submissions to the Journal of Wildlife Management

Vexing vocabulary in submissions to the <i>Journal of Wildlife Management</i>

Exposure to superfluous information reduces cooperation and increases antisocial punishment in reputation-based interactions

Human cooperation is often based on reputation gained from previous interactions with third parties. Such reputation can be built on generous or punitive actions, and both, one’s own reputation and the reputation of others have been shown to influence decision making in experimental games that control for confounding variables. Here we test how reputation-based cooperation and punishment react to disruption of the cognitive processing in different kinds of helping games with observers. Saying a few superfluous words before each interaction was used to possibly interfere with working memory. In a first set of experiments, where reputation could only be based on generosity, the disruption reduced the frequency of cooperation and lowered mean final payoffs. In a second set of experiments where reputation could only be based on punishment, the disruption increased the frequency of antisocial punishment (i.e. of punishing those who helped) and reduced the frequency of punishing defectors. Our findings suggest that working memory can easily be constraining in reputation-based interactions within experimental games, even if these games are based on a few simple rules with a visual display that provides all the information the subjects need to play the strategies predicted from current theory. Our findings also highlight a weakness of experimental games, namely that they can be very sensitive to environmental variation and that quantitative conclusions about antisocial punishment or other behavioral strategies can easily be misleading.

Improve Scientific Writing and Avoid Perishing

The purpose of scientific writing is to impart thoughts or ideas and their bases and implications in such a manner that a reading audience, with at least a moderate knowledge of science, can understand the material presented within a paper. This carries the necessity of using words in a manner that clearly impart the intended meaning of the author and not getting off the subject as reflected in the title. Also, the goal of scientific writing is to produce a manuscript written from the perspective of strength, rather than weakness. I discussed appropriate formation of titles such that the intended audience can find the title through bibliographic sources. Also included, to aid in the writing of scientific manuscripts, are discussions of words or sentences with unintended connotations, misuse of words, double entendres, slang, contrived acronyms, jargon, danglers or orphaned clauses, and superfluous words. Finally, remember that the object of the art of scientific writing is to communicate in the most concise and precise manner possible, it is not to paint pretty word pictures.

Advantages of standardizing vaccine and antibody nomenclature

In the late 1970s, practitioners struggled to legibly write generic names such as diphenylhydantoin and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. They were delighted when authorities switched to the simpler names (phenytoin and docusate sodium, respectively) that we use today.Unfortunately, a similar problem exists today with respect to vaccine names. Some of these have grown to cumbersome length, measured in words, not syllables. Some vaccine names could create misunderstanding and error due to inconsistencies or mistaken emphasis. Superfluous words clutter product labels, especially single-dose vials and prefilled syringes. If shorter names were available, font size could be increased, making visualization easier. Long names also make it more difficult to focus on what is important.This article summarizes my recent commentary in Pharmacopeial Forum that proposed a uniform nomenclature for vaccines and polyclonal antibodies.1 Review of nonproprietary vaccine and antibody names revealed several inadequacies. The names of vaccines licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inconsistently use the words “combined,” “inactivated,” “live,” and “virus” and terms designating antigenic valency, microbial strain, production media, and target population. Concepts such as adsorbed, recombinant, and conjugate could be revised to deliver more information in less space. Among polyclonal immune globulin products, however, few inconsistencies in nomenclature were noted.

Qu Qiubai: Superfluous Words. Jamie Greenbaum

<i>Qu Qiubai: Superfluous Words</i>. Jamie Greenbaum

Improve Scientific Writing and Avoid Perishing

The purpose of scientific writing is to impart thoughts or ideas and their bases and implications in such a manner that a reading audience, with at least a moderate knowledge of science, can understand the material presented within a paper. This carries the necessity of using words in a manner that clearly impart the intended meaning of the author and not getting off the subject as reflected in the title. Also, the goal of scientific writing is to produce a manuscript written from the perspective of strength, rather than weakness. I discuss appropriate formation of titles such that the intended audience can find the title through bibliographic sources. Also included, to aid in the writing of scientific manuscripts, are discussions of words or sentences with unintended connotations, misuse of words, double entendres, slang, contrived acronyms, jargon, danglers or orphaned clauses and superfluous words. Finally, remember that the object of the art of scientific writing is to communicate in the most concise and precise manner possible, it is not to paint pretty word pictures.

Duoyu de hua : les « Mots de trop » de Qu Qiubai

Céline WANG : Duoyu de hua, "Superfluous Words " by Qu Qiubai Qu Qiubai (1899-1935), the once-prominent Chinese Communist Party leader, was one of the very few intellectuals who wrote about political issues of their time. Currently considered in China as an important Marxist thinker and an eminent revolutionary writer, Qu's fate was both tragic and pathetic during his lifetime and well after his death. He was born in a gentry family of Jiangsu, which he rejected after a two year stay in Moscow (1921-1923). He briefly succeeded Chen Duxiu as the leader of the Chinese Communist Party between July 1927 and May 1928, but was then expelled in 193 1 as a "Putschist adventurer". When the Long March started, Qu was left behind in Jiangxi province, where he was caught by Guomindang troops and executed at the age of thirty-six. While in prison, he wrote "Superfluous words". Although he never betrayed his comrades, nor denied his convictions and responsibilities, he was condemned as a traitor during the Cultural Revolution. Taking into account recent publications in the PRC, this study aims to provide an explanation of the circumstances of the writing and publication of "Superfluous words".

Homily at Herbert McCabe's Funeral

This is the story of one Dominican’s following the Gospel with faith, hope and above all charity.There was a restlessness about Herbert. All his life he was in some ways an adolescent. He had the virtues of an adolescent, and sometimes an adolescent’s infuriating ways. But our weaknesses, under God’s grace become our strengths. Immensely loyal to his friends, he liked to shock. Questing, critical, radical, ever seeking for the meaning of life, and for ‘meaning’ tout court, he could be quite arrogant in his own convictions. It did not mean that he could not brook disagreement. Intolerant he could be of what he called ‘playing games’, but he delighted in argument. He could not resist being outrageous at the expense of pompous authority. His Catholic orthodoxy, expressed in contemporary idiom, was unshakeable; his Dominican, questioning, obedience was absolute. Like adolescents, when asked questions which they find intrusive, he was economical in speech; this he honed into a fine precision, admirably editing out superfluous words. The adolescent’s unsureness of himself he turned into the humility of loving himself not for his own achievements, but for God’s gift of being God’s lover, able to speak with, and thank God. Still he hated going into print and agonised over sermons. Leaving instructions to any literary executor he talked about the “the bits of paper I leave behind. ... If I hear you have burnt the lot I shall merely add this to the eternal (no! perpetual) sufferings I shall be undergoing”

Language Simplification through Error-Correcting and Grammatical Inference Techniques

In many language processing tasks, most of the sentences generally convey rather simple meanings. Moreover, these tasks have a limited semantic domain that can be properly covered with a simple lexicon and a restricted syntax. Nevertheless, casual users are by no means expected to comply with any kind of formal syntactic restrictions due to the inherent “spontaneous” nature of human language. In this work, the use of error-correcting-based learning techniques is proposed to cope with the complex syntactic variability which is generally exhibited by natural language. In our approach, a complex task is modeled in terms of a basic finite state model, F, and a stochastic error model, E. F should account for the basic (syntactic) structures underlying this task, which would convey the meaning. E should account for general vocabulary variations, word disappearance, superfluous words, and so on. Each “natural” user sentence is thus considered as a corrupted version (according to E) of some “simple” sentence of L(F). Adequate bootstrapping procedures are presented that incrementally improve the “structure” of F while estimating the probabilities for the operations of E. These techniques have been applied to a practical task of moderately high syntactic variability, and the results which show the potential of the proposed approach are presented.

Impurity Is Miasma: A Response to Hyam Maccoby

Hyam Maccoby's recent book is a clear, at times eloquent, almost always a convincing exposition of the rabbinic system of impurity.1 He also investigates the system's biblical sources. A sizable portion of the book (esp. ch. 14) takes issue with one of my basic theses: Severe impurity generates miasma (i.e., a noxious ray) which pollutes the sanctuary. He accomplishes this by invoking the principle of ellipsis. In agreement with the rabbis, Maccoby avers that whenever the text speaks of the pollution of the sanctuary it takes for granted that the perpetrator entered it. Thus the sanctuary is never polluted miasmatically, from afar. Ellipsis, however, is a dangerous principle. It can prove anything. I am reminded of the quip: How can it be proven from the Torah that Jews must wear a yarmulka (skullcap)? It is written: left Beer-sheba (Gen 28:10). Now would a pious Jew like Jacob go anywhere without a yarmulka? Indeed, because the rabbis presume that pollution of the sanctuary occurs only by direct contact, does it necessarily follow that this is the plain meaning of the text? There is no evidence for the rabbis' assumption, not even the barest hint. References to the pollution of the sanctuary are spread throughout the priestly texts, not once is there an allusion that it occurs by entry. To be sure, ellipses can be found in P. Maccoby cites the case of Lev 5:4, which presumes that an oath 2 has been broken because of temporary amnesia. This example, however, is not a bona fide ellipsis. Note that in the expression D-; Rim mm &.vp, and he has known [it, the fact] escapes him, the words ', ttl,, though he has known [it] are entirely superfluous. He surely was aware of the oath when he made it. However, the legist was bound by structural constraints. He wanted to retain the same wording as the two previous cases Nv. 2-3). But had he added that the vower forgot his oath, it would have overburdened the sentence disturbed the style. Besides, it was self-evident. It was therefore eliminated. Actually, Maccoby could have chosen more genuine P ellipses. The handleaning rite3 is omitted in the sacrificial regimen for the inauguration of the tabernacle service (Lev 9:8, 12, 15, 18) for the Day of Purgation (Lev 16:11, 15). Because the legist wished to focus on the altar rites, he omitted the preliminary rite of handleaning since it had previously been prescribed (Lev 1:4; 3:2, 8, 12; 4:4, 5, 24, 28, 33) implemented (Lev 8:14, 18, 22). A more striking example of ellipsis is the consistent omission of ablutions in the purification prescribed for contact with prohibited carcasses (Lev 11:27-28, 31, 32, 39, 40). Not a word alludes to ablutions. Note, however, that if the more serious requirement of laundering is mentioned, the more minor one of ablutions is surely implied. Moreover, the conjoining of ablutions laundering is mentioned frequently enough (e.g., Lev 15:5-11, 21-22, 27). Maccoby (p. 174) challenges that my concept of delay4 also resorts to ellipsis. Note, however, that my assumption is deduced from the text itself. The basic question -overlooked by both Maccoby (pp. 189-91) the rabbis-is why minor impurities (Lev 5:2-3) that require no sacrificial purification do in fact require it (Lev 5:6-13). The answer again is provided by the seemingly superfluous words mn C: The defiled person forgot that he had incurred impurity. In other words, something happened to the impurity between the time it occurred the time it was remembered. My conclusion: The impurity was transformed from minor to major; it had grown. Initially, a simple same-day ablution would have eliminated it. Now, having waxed virulently, it polluted the sanctuary, hence, requiring the purificatory MOM My conclusion is verified by other references to the incursion of minor impurity. For example, if a person eats from a carcass but does not launder (his clothes) bathe his body he shall bear his punishment (Lev 17:16). …

Buckeye Schoolmaster: A Chronicle of Midwestern Rural Life 1853-1865 (review)

358civil war history Buckeye Schoolmaster: A Chronicle ofMidwestern Rural Life 1853-1865. Edited by J. Merton England. (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1996. Pp. 308. $49.95 cloth; $24.95 paper.) Chronicler John M. Roberts (1833-1914) was born in Madison County, Ohio, located just west of Columbus. Excepting a short time, he lived there until his death. His father owned a farm, a gristmill, and a sawmill at various points in the county. Following his father's example, John Roberts was simultaneously employed in farming, milling, and teaching. Many of Roberts's experiences were recorded in a collection ofjournals and diaries. He kept two journals, one for 1853-58 and the other for 1858-1913 (the latter containing birthday annuals). Roberts made regular entries in a series of diaries during 1858-19 14. Buckeye Schoolmaster is an abridgement of Roberts's journals and diaries for the period during which he ended his student days, entered a teaching career in one-room schools, married Emarine Truitt, and started a family. The editor deleted repetitious comments and superfluous words and phrases. Roberts's diaries for the years 1 860, 1 86 1 , and 1 862 are lost or missing. Compensating for their absence, the editor included excerpts from Mrs. Roberts's diary for 1862. The editor provides a brief general introduction to the book, short chapter introductions, and minimal parenthetical explanatory notes in the text. Any reader of Edward Eggleston's Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871), a classic realistic novel depicting rural life in nineteenth-century Indiana, must feel at home in Roberts's Madison County, Ohio. Roberts created a detailed source of information about many aspects of rural, village, and small-town society in an undoubtedly representative midwestern locale. Frequently commenting on his roles as student and teacher, Roberts recorded ordinary facts about textbooks, curricula, teaching methods, term lengths, discipline problems, and attendance matters. Also, he made comments about the preparation, certification, and remuneration of teachers. His records show that rural schoolhouses were cultural and social centers after dark. They were the sites of nighttime meetings held for spelling bees, debates, sermons, "singing school," "geography schools," and literary society and lyceum activities. Other social gatherings, both somber and gay, included camp meetings sponsored by Methodists, weddings, funerals, and "frolicks" (dances held in private homes). Roberts noted unseemly social behavior regarding drunkenness, fighting , fornication, adultery, and unwanted pregnancies. He related the social attitudes and cultural values of his family and acquaintances . Roberts, who held many strong opinions, made very disparaging remarks about African Americans, expressed suspicions about Irish Catholics, and supported the Know Nothings briefly. While not generally advocating women's rights, Roberts held that the education of young females deserved greater attention. He was a supporter ofthe temperance movement, an advocate of the Maine Law, and a member of the Democratic party. BOOK REVIEWS359 As a farmer, a traveler, and a general observer, he made notes of weather, crops, the price of grain, and the abundance of the harvest. Roberts made references to road conditions and road maintenance; also, he wrote about travel on foot, on horseback, by wagon or sleigh, and on the new railroad to Columbus. Frequently ill health, mortality, and the quality of medical practice were mentioned in Roberts's records, which refer to the early deaths of many ofhis recent schoolmates. This volume may appeal to general readers, as well as to students of popular culture, because its subject matter often is inherently interesting and its writing style is quite readable. Roberts made observations of life during the Civil War that are of interest to readers ofthis journal. He repeatedly expressed support of the Union cause. While not serving in the Union army, he criticized the policies of President Lincoln and the Republican party. In consequence some of his acquaintances called him a Copperhead traitor. Roberts made observations about various topics of life on the homefront, including the enlistment of volunteers, the reaction to conscription announcements, the raising of bounty monies, the hiring of substitutes, and the news of Confederate general John Hunt Morgan's invasion of Ohio. William W. Giffin Indiana State University Editor 's Note: In her review of The Battlefields ofthe...

L'adjectif dans la tradition grammaticale grecque

ABSTRACT : Greek grammarians treat adjectives (epilheta) in a way which reveals that they are doubly indebted to Aristotle, who describes epithela as superfluous words in the Rhetoric and who makes a distinction between quality and substance in the Categories. This Aristotelian legacy is enriched and redirected in the grammarians' works, where qualifying adjectives tend to be distinguished from substantives on account of their morphology (variation of gender and degree), their syntax (dependent position) and their semantic function (denoting a distinctive quality) ; however, the emergence of these features does not call into question the status of the adjective as a species of noun.

Heinemann Medical Dictionary

The compilers of this dictionary set out with the novel and laudable aim of listing only terms that have appeared in textbooks and journals published since 1980 and of excluding those that are already known to the majority of physicians. They have achieved an exemplary conciseness in their definitions, partly by omitting superfluous words and partly by a lavish use of abbreviations. Some entries, however, are not especially enlightening ( cholesterol the original steroid), some are bewilderingly bald ( miryachit Russian form of compulsive mimicry), and some are not definitions at all ( papillopathy usu. refers to optic disc). Numerous Greek and Latin stems and affixes are also defined or explained. (One wonders what is the use of an entry such as glomerulo- of renal when glomerulus itself is not defined.) Brief notes in square brackets at the end of many entries trace etymologies, identify eponyms, and give dates of the first

Solved problems, unsolved problems and non-problems in concurrency

This is an edited transcript of a talk given at last year's conference. To preserve the flavor of the talk and the questions, I have done very little editing---mostly eliminating superfluous words and phrases, correcting especially atrocious grammar, and making the obvious changes needed when replacing slides by figures. The tape recorder was not functioning for the first few minutes, so I had to recreate the beginning of the talk.

Qu Qiubai's Superfluous Words

The publication in Historical Studies [Lishi yanjiu] of "A Re-evaluation of Superfluous Words" by Chen Tiejian and "A Comprehensive Assessment Should Be Made of Qu Qiubai" by Wang Weili and Du Wenjun has provoked great interest and heated discussion among the third-year students in the University of Hangzhou history department. Recently they conducted a probing examination of Superfluous Words. Their discussion revolved around three questions: why did Qu Qiubai write this work, how should we characterize its major tendency, and what explains the erroneous ideas to be found in it.

A Comprehensive Assessment should be Made of Qu Qiubai

[After presenting a biographical sketch of Qu Qiubai, the authors turn to their main theme, the troublesome question of Qu's memoir, Superfluous Words.]

My Understanding of Superfluous Words

The first time I read Superfluous Words was in Yanan. Comrade Luo Fu [Zhang Wentian] spoke to me about it and said that some comrades believed the work most likely to be counterfeit. I then went to the library of the Central Propaganda Department and borrowed the journal that contained not only the work but also a description of the circumstances of Qu Qiubai's death. As I read the memoir it was as if I was looking at Qu Qiubai himself. I fully believed that it was written by him. (Of course, the possibility that the enemy had tampered with it could not be excluded completely.)